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Edit File : Opcode.pm \| Size : 15.52 KB
package Opcode; use 5.006_001; use strict; our($VERSION, @ISA, @EXPORT_OK); $VERSION = "1.39"; use Carp; use Exporter (); use XSLoader; BEGIN { @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT_OK = qw( opset ops_to_opset opset_to_ops opset_to_hex invert_opset empty_opset full_opset opdesc opcodes opmask define_optag opmask_add verify_opset opdump ); } sub opset (;@); sub opset_to_hex ($); sub opdump (;$); use subs @EXPORT_OK; XSLoader::load(); _init_optags(); sub ops_to_opset { opset @_ } # alias for old name sub opset_to_hex ($) { return "(invalid opset)" unless verify_opset($_[0]); unpack("h",$_[0]); } sub opdump (;$) { my $pat = shift; # handy utility: perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump File' foreach(opset_to_ops(full_opset)) { my $op = sprintf " %12s %s\n", $_, opdesc($_); next if defined $pat and $op !~ m/$pat/i; print $op; } } sub _init_optags { my(%all, %seen); @all{opset_to_ops(full_opset)} = (); # keys only local($_); local($/) = "\n=cut"; # skip to optags definition section <DATA>; $/ = "\n="; # now read in 'pod section' chunks while(<DATA>) { next unless m/^item\s+(:\w+)/; my $tag = $1; # Split into lines, keep only indented lines my @lines = grep { m/^\s/ } split(/\n/); foreach (@lines) { s/(?:\t\|--).// } # delete comments my @ops = map { split ' ' } @lines; # get op words foreach(@ops) { warn "$tag - $_ already tagged in $seen{$_}\n" if $seen{$_}; $seen{$_} = $tag; delete $all{$_}; } # opset will croak on invalid names define_optag($tag, opset(@ops)); } close(DATA); warn "Untagged opnames: ".join(' ',keys %all)."\n" if %all; } 1; __DATA__ =head1 NAME Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code =head1 SYNOPSIS use Opcode; =head1 DESCRIPTION Perl code is always compiled into an internal format before execution. Evaluating perl code (e.g. via "eval" or "do 'file'") causes the code to be compiled into an internal format and then, provided there was no error in the compilation, executed. The internal format is based on many distinct I<opcodes>. By default no opmask is in effect and any code can be compiled. The Opcode module allow you to define an I<operator mask> to be in effect when perl I<next> compiles any code. Attempting to compile code which contains a masked opcode will cause the compilation to fail with an error. The code will not be executed. =head1 NOTE The Opcode module is not usually used directly. See the ops pragma and Safe modules for more typical uses. =head1 WARNING The authors make B<no warranty>, implied or otherwise, about the suitability of this software for safety or security purposes. The authors shall not in any case be liable for special, incidental, consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from the use of this software. Your mileage will vary. If in any doubt B<do not use it>. =head1 Operator Names and Operator Lists The canonical list of operator names is the contents of the array PL_op_name defined and initialised in file F<opcode.h> of the Perl source distribution (and installed into the perl library). Each operator has both a terse name (its opname) and a more verbose or recognisable descriptive name. The opdesc function can be used to return a list of descriptions for a list of operators. Many of the functions and methods listed below take a list of operators as parameters. Most operator lists can be made up of several types of element. Each element can be one of =over 8 =item an operator name (opname) Operator names are typically small lowercase words like enterloop, leaveloop, last, next, redo etc. Sometimes they are rather cryptic like gv2cv, i_ncmp and ftsvtx. =item an operator tag name (optag) Operator tags can be used to refer to groups (or sets) of operators. Tag names always begin with a colon. The Opcode module defines several optags and the user can define others using the define_optag function. =item a negated opname or optag An opname or optag can be prefixed with an exclamation mark, e.g., !mkdir. Negating an opname or optag means remove the corresponding ops from the accumulated set of ops at that point. =item an operator set (opset) An I<opset> as a binary string of approximately 44 bytes which holds a set or zero or more operators. The opset and opset_to_ops functions can be used to convert from a list of operators to an opset and I<vice versa>. Wherever a list of operators can be given you can use one or more opsets. See also Manipulating Opsets below. =back =head1 Opcode Functions The Opcode package contains functions for manipulating operator names tags and sets. All are available for export by the package. =over 8 =item opcodes In a scalar context opcodes returns the number of opcodes in this version of perl (around 350 for perl-5.7.0). In a list context it returns a list of all the operator names. (Not yet implemented, use @names = opset_to_ops(full_opset).) =item opset (OP, ...) Returns an opset containing the listed operators. =item opset_to_ops (OPSET) Returns a list of operator names corresponding to those operators in the set. =item opset_to_hex (OPSET) Returns a string representation of an opset. Can be handy for debugging. =item full_opset Returns an opset which includes all operators. =item empty_opset Returns an opset which contains no operators. =item invert_opset (OPSET) Returns an opset which is the inverse set of the one supplied. =item verify_opset (OPSET, ...) Returns true if the supplied opset looks like a valid opset (is the right length etc) otherwise it returns false. If an optional second parameter is true then verify_opset will croak on an invalid opset instead of returning false. Most of the other Opcode functions call verify_opset automatically and will croak if given an invalid opset. =item define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET) Define OPTAG as a symbolic name for OPSET. Optag names always start with a colon C<:>. The optag name used must not be defined already (define_optag will croak if it is already defined). Optag names are global to the perl process and optag definitions cannot be altered or deleted once defined. It is strongly recommended that applications using Opcode should use a leading capital letter on their tag names since lowercase names are reserved for use by the Opcode module. If using Opcode within a module you should prefix your tags names with the name of your module to ensure uniqueness and thus avoid clashes with other modules. =item opmask_add (OPSET) Adds the supplied opset to the current opmask. Note that there is currently I<no> mechanism for unmasking ops once they have been masked. This is intentional. =item opmask Returns an opset corresponding to the current opmask. =item opdesc (OP, ...) This takes a list of operator names and returns the corresponding list of operator descriptions. =item opdump (PAT) Dumps to STDOUT a two column list of op names and op descriptions. If an optional pattern is given then only lines which match the (case insensitive) pattern will be output. It's designed to be used as a handy command line utility: perl -MOpcode=opdump -e opdump perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump Eval' =back =head1 Manipulating Opsets Opsets may be manipulated using the perl bit vector operators & (and), \| (or), ^ (xor) and ~ (negate/invert). However you should never rely on the numerical position of any opcode within the opset. In other words both sides of a bit vector operator should be opsets returned from Opcode functions. Also, since the number of opcodes in your current version of perl might not be an exact multiple of eight, there may be unused bits in the last byte of an upset. This should not cause any problems (Opcode functions ignore those extra bits) but it does mean that using the ~ operator will typically not produce the same 'physical' opset 'string' as the invert_opset function. =head1 TO DO (maybe) $bool = opset_eq($opset1, $opset2) true if opsets are logically equivalent $yes = opset_can($opset, @ops) true if $opset has all @ops set @diff = opset_diff($opset1, $opset2) => ('foo', '!bar', ...) =cut # the =cut above is used by _init_optags() to get here quickly =head1 Predefined Opcode Tags =over 5 =item :base_core null stub scalar pushmark wantarray const defined undef rv2sv sassign rv2av aassign aelem aelemfast aelemfast_lex aslice kvaslice av2arylen rv2hv helem hslice kvhslice each values keys exists delete aeach akeys avalues multideref argelem argdefelem argcheck preinc i_preinc predec i_predec postinc i_postinc postdec i_postdec int hex oct abs pow multiply i_multiply divide i_divide modulo i_modulo add i_add subtract i_subtract left_shift right_shift bit_and bit_xor bit_or nbit_and nbit_xor nbit_or sbit_and sbit_xor sbit_or negate i_negate not complement ncomplement scomplement lt i_lt gt i_gt le i_le ge i_ge eq i_eq ne i_ne ncmp i_ncmp slt sgt sle sge seq sne scmp substr vec stringify study pos length index rindex ord chr ucfirst lcfirst uc lc fc quotemeta trans transr chop schop chomp schomp match split qr list lslice splice push pop shift unshift reverse cond_expr flip flop andassign orassign dorassign and or dor xor warn die lineseq nextstate scope enter leave rv2cv anoncode prototype coreargs avhvswitch anonconst entersub leavesub leavesublv return method method_named method_super method_redir method_redir_super -- XXX loops via recursion? leaveeval -- needed for Safe to operate, is safe without entereval =item :base_mem These memory related ops are not included in :base_core because they can easily be used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all available memory). concat repeat join range anonlist anonhash Note that despite the existence of this optag a memory resource attack may still be possible using only :base_core ops. Disabling these ops is a I<very> heavy handed way to attempt to prevent a memory resource attack. It's probable that a specific memory limit mechanism will be added to perl in the near future. =item :base_loop These loop ops are not included in :base_core because they can easily be used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all available CPU time). grepstart grepwhile mapstart mapwhile enteriter iter enterloop leaveloop unstack last next redo goto =item :base_io These ops enable I<filehandle> (rather than filename) based input and output. These are safe on the assumption that only pre-existing filehandles are available for use. Usually, to create new filehandles other ops such as open would need to be enabled, if you don't take into account the magical open of ARGV. readline rcatline getc read formline enterwrite leavewrite print say sysread syswrite send recv eof tell seek sysseek readdir telldir seekdir rewinddir =item :base_orig These are a hotchpotch of opcodes still waiting to be considered gvsv gv gelem padsv padav padhv padcv padany padrange introcv clonecv once rv2gv refgen srefgen ref refassign lvref lvrefslice lvavref bless -- could be used to change ownership of objects (reblessing) regcmaybe regcreset regcomp subst substcont sprintf prtf -- can core dump crypt tie untie dbmopen dbmclose sselect select pipe_op sockpair getppid getpgrp setpgrp getpriority setpriority localtime gmtime entertry leavetry -- can be used to 'hide' fatal errors entergiven leavegiven enterwhen leavewhen break continue smartmatch custom -- where should this go =item :base_math These ops are not included in :base_core because of the risk of them being used to generate floating point exceptions (which would have to be caught using a $SIG{FPE} handler). atan2 sin cos exp log sqrt These ops are not included in :base_core because they have an effect beyond the scope of the compartment. rand srand =item :base_thread These ops are related to multi-threading. lock =item :default A handy tag name for a I<reasonable> default set of ops. (The current ops allowed are unstable while development continues. It will change.) :base_core :base_mem :base_loop :base_orig :base_thread This list used to contain :base_io prior to Opcode 1.07. If safety matters to you (and why else would you be using the Opcode module?) then you should not rely on the definition of this, or indeed any other, optag! =item :filesys_read stat lstat readlink ftatime ftblk ftchr ftctime ftdir fteexec fteowned fteread ftewrite ftfile ftis ftlink ftmtime ftpipe ftrexec ftrowned ftrread ftsgid ftsize ftsock ftsuid fttty ftzero ftrwrite ftsvtx fttext ftbinary fileno =item :sys_db ghbyname ghbyaddr ghostent shostent ehostent -- hosts gnbyname gnbyaddr gnetent snetent enetent -- networks gpbyname gpbynumber gprotoent sprotoent eprotoent -- protocols gsbyname gsbyport gservent sservent eservent -- services gpwnam gpwuid gpwent spwent epwent getlogin -- users ggrnam ggrgid ggrent sgrent egrent -- groups =item :browse A handy tag name for a I<reasonable> default set of ops beyond the :default optag. Like :default (and indeed all the other optags) its current definition is unstable while development continues. It will change. The :browse tag represents the next step beyond :default. It it a superset of the :default ops and adds :filesys_read the :sys_db. The intent being that scripts can access more (possibly sensitive) information about your system but not be able to change it. :default :filesys_read :sys_db =item :filesys_open sysopen open close umask binmode open_dir closedir -- other dir ops are in :base_io =item :filesys_write link unlink rename symlink truncate mkdir rmdir utime chmod chown fcntl -- not strictly filesys related, but possibly as dangerous? =item :subprocess backtick system fork wait waitpid glob -- access to Cshell via <`rm *`> =item :ownprocess exec exit kill time tms -- could be used for timing attacks (paranoid?) =item :others This tag holds groups of assorted specialist opcodes that don't warrant having optags defined for them. SystemV Interprocess Communications: msgctl msgget msgrcv msgsnd semctl semget semop shmctl shmget shmread shmwrite =item :load This tag holds opcodes related to loading modules and getting information about calling environment and args. require dofile caller runcv =item :still_to_be_decided chdir flock ioctl socket getpeername ssockopt bind connect listen accept shutdown gsockopt getsockname sleep alarm -- changes global timer state and signal handling sort -- assorted problems including core dumps tied -- can be used to access object implementing a tie pack unpack -- can be used to create/use memory pointers hintseval -- constant op holding eval hints entereval -- can be used to hide code from initial compile reset dbstate -- perl -d version of nextstate(ment) opcode =item :dangerous This tag is simply a bucket for opcodes that are unlikely to be used via a tag name but need to be tagged for completeness and documentation. syscall dump chroot =back =head1 SEE ALSO L<ops> -- perl pragma interface to Opcode module. L<Safe> -- Opcode and namespace limited execution compartments =head1 AUTHORS Originally designed and implemented by Malcolm Beattie, mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk as part of Safe version 1. Split out from Safe module version 1, named opcode tags and other changes added by Tim Bunce. =cut Back

Edit File : Opcode.pm | Size : 15.52 KB

package Opcode;

use 5.006_001;

use strict;

our($VERSION, @ISA, @EXPORT_OK);

$VERSION = "1.39";

use Carp;
use Exporter ();
use XSLoader;

BEGIN {
    @ISA = qw(Exporter);
    @EXPORT_OK = qw(
	opset ops_to_opset
	opset_to_ops opset_to_hex invert_opset
	empty_opset full_opset
	opdesc opcodes opmask define_optag
	opmask_add verify_opset opdump
    );
}

sub opset (;@);
sub opset_to_hex ($);
sub opdump (;$);
use subs @EXPORT_OK;

XSLoader::load();

_init_optags();

sub ops_to_opset { opset @_ }	# alias for old name

sub opset_to_hex ($) {
    return "(invalid opset)" unless verify_opset($_[0]);
    unpack("h*",$_[0]);
}

sub opdump (;$) {
	my $pat = shift;
    # handy utility: perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump File'
    foreach(opset_to_ops(full_opset)) {
        my $op = sprintf "  %12s  %s\n", $_, opdesc($_);
		next if defined $pat and $op !~ m/$pat/i;
		print $op;
    }
}

sub _init_optags {
    my(%all, %seen);
    @all{opset_to_ops(full_opset)} = (); # keys only

local($_);
    local($/) = "\n=cut"; # skip to optags definition section
    <DATA>;
    $/ = "\n=";		# now read in 'pod section' chunks
    while(<DATA>) {
	next unless m/^item\s+(:\w+)/;
	my $tag = $1;

# Split into lines, keep only indented lines
	my @lines = grep { m/^\s/    } split(/\n/);
	foreach (@lines) { s/(?:\t|--).*//  } # delete comments
	my @ops   = map  { split ' ' } @lines; # get op words

foreach(@ops) {
	    warn "$tag - $_ already tagged in $seen{$_}\n" if $seen{$_};
	    $seen{$_} = $tag;
	    delete $all{$_};
	}
	# opset will croak on invalid names
	define_optag($tag, opset(@ops));
    }
    close(DATA);
    warn "Untagged opnames: ".join(' ',keys %all)."\n" if %all;
}

__DATA__

=head1 NAME

Opcode - Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code

=head1 SYNOPSIS

use Opcode;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Perl code is always compiled into an internal format before execution.

Evaluating perl code (e.g. via "eval" or "do 'file'") causes
the code to be compiled into an internal format and then,
provided there was no error in the compilation, executed.
The internal format is based on many distinct I<opcodes>.

By default no opmask is in effect and any code can be compiled.

The Opcode module allow you to define an I<operator mask> to be in
effect when perl I<next> compiles any code.  Attempting to compile code
which contains a masked opcode will cause the compilation to fail
with an error. The code will not be executed.

=head1 NOTE

The Opcode module is not usually used directly. See the ops pragma and
Safe modules for more typical uses.

=head1 WARNING

The authors make B<no warranty>, implied or otherwise, about the
suitability of this software for safety or security purposes.

The authors shall not in any case be liable for special, incidental,
consequential, indirect or other similar damages arising from the use
of this software.

Your mileage will vary. If in any doubt B<do not use it>.

=head1 Operator Names and Operator Lists

The canonical list of operator names is the contents of the array
PL_op_name defined and initialised in file F<opcode.h> of the Perl
source distribution (and installed into the perl library).

Each operator has both a terse name (its opname) and a more verbose or
recognisable descriptive name. The opdesc function can be used to
return a list of descriptions for a list of operators.

Many of the functions and methods listed below take a list of
operators as parameters. Most operator lists can be made up of several
types of element. Each element can be one of

=over 8

=item an operator name (opname)

Operator names are typically small lowercase words like enterloop,
leaveloop, last, next, redo etc. Sometimes they are rather cryptic
like gv2cv, i_ncmp and ftsvtx.

=item an operator tag name (optag)

Operator tags can be used to refer to groups (or sets) of operators.
Tag names always begin with a colon. The Opcode module defines several
optags and the user can define others using the define_optag function.

=item a negated opname or optag

An opname or optag can be prefixed with an exclamation mark, e.g., !mkdir.
Negating an opname or optag means remove the corresponding ops from the
accumulated set of ops at that point.

=item an operator set (opset)

An I<opset> as a binary string of approximately 44 bytes which holds a
set or zero or more operators.

The opset and opset_to_ops functions can be used to convert from
a list of operators to an opset and I<vice versa>.

Wherever a list of operators can be given you can use one or more opsets.
See also Manipulating Opsets below.

=back

=head1 Opcode Functions

The Opcode package contains functions for manipulating operator names
tags and sets. All are available for export by the package.

=over 8

=item opcodes

In a scalar context opcodes returns the number of opcodes in this
version of perl (around 350 for perl-5.7.0).

In a list context it returns a list of all the operator names.
(Not yet implemented, use @names = opset_to_ops(full_opset).)

=item opset (OP, ...)

Returns an opset containing the listed operators.

=item opset_to_ops (OPSET)

Returns a list of operator names corresponding to those operators in
the set.

=item opset_to_hex (OPSET)

Returns a string representation of an opset. Can be handy for debugging.

=item full_opset

Returns an opset which includes all operators.

=item empty_opset

Returns an opset which contains no operators.

=item invert_opset (OPSET)

Returns an opset which is the inverse set of the one supplied.

=item verify_opset (OPSET, ...)

Returns true if the supplied opset looks like a valid opset (is the
right length etc) otherwise it returns false. If an optional second
parameter is true then verify_opset will croak on an invalid opset
instead of returning false.

Most of the other Opcode functions call verify_opset automatically
and will croak if given an invalid opset.

=item define_optag (OPTAG, OPSET)

Define OPTAG as a symbolic name for OPSET. Optag names always start
with a colon C<:>.

The optag name used must not be defined already (define_optag will
croak if it is already defined). Optag names are global to the perl
process and optag definitions cannot be altered or deleted once
defined.

It is strongly recommended that applications using Opcode should use a
leading capital letter on their tag names since lowercase names are
reserved for use by the Opcode module. If using Opcode within a module
you should prefix your tags names with the name of your module to
ensure uniqueness and thus avoid clashes with other modules.

=item opmask_add (OPSET)

Adds the supplied opset to the current opmask. Note that there is
currently I<no> mechanism for unmasking ops once they have been masked.
This is intentional.

=item opmask

Returns an opset corresponding to the current opmask.

=item opdesc (OP, ...)

This takes a list of operator names and returns the corresponding list
of operator descriptions.

=item opdump (PAT)

Dumps to STDOUT a two column list of op names and op descriptions.
If an optional pattern is given then only lines which match the
(case insensitive) pattern will be output.

It's designed to be used as a handy command line utility:

perl -MOpcode=opdump -e opdump
	perl -MOpcode=opdump -e 'opdump Eval'

=back

=head1 Manipulating Opsets

Opsets may be manipulated using the perl bit vector operators & (and), | (or),
^ (xor) and ~ (negate/invert).

However you should never rely on the numerical position of any opcode
within the opset. In other words both sides of a bit vector operator
should be opsets returned from Opcode functions.

Also, since the number of opcodes in your current version of perl might
not be an exact multiple of eight, there may be unused bits in the last
byte of an upset. This should not cause any problems (Opcode functions
ignore those extra bits) but it does mean that using the ~ operator
will typically not produce the same 'physical' opset 'string' as the
invert_opset function.

=head1 TO DO (maybe)

$bool = opset_eq($opset1, $opset2)	true if opsets are logically
					equivalent
    $yes = opset_can($opset, @ops)	true if $opset has all @ops set

@diff = opset_diff($opset1, $opset2) => ('foo', '!bar', ...)

=cut

# the =cut above is used by _init_optags() to get here quickly

=head1 Predefined Opcode Tags

=over 5

=item :base_core

null stub scalar pushmark wantarray const defined undef

rv2sv sassign

rv2av aassign aelem aelemfast aelemfast_lex aslice kvaslice
    av2arylen

rv2hv helem hslice kvhslice each values keys exists delete
    aeach akeys avalues multideref argelem argdefelem argcheck

preinc i_preinc predec i_predec postinc i_postinc
    postdec i_postdec int hex oct abs pow multiply i_multiply
    divide i_divide modulo i_modulo add i_add subtract i_subtract

left_shift right_shift bit_and bit_xor bit_or nbit_and
    nbit_xor nbit_or sbit_and sbit_xor sbit_or negate i_negate not
    complement ncomplement scomplement

lt i_lt gt i_gt le i_le ge i_ge eq i_eq ne i_ne ncmp i_ncmp
    slt sgt sle sge seq sne scmp

substr vec stringify study pos length index rindex ord chr

ucfirst lcfirst uc lc fc quotemeta trans transr chop schop
    chomp schomp

match split qr

list lslice splice push pop shift unshift reverse

cond_expr flip flop andassign orassign dorassign and or dor xor

warn die lineseq nextstate scope enter leave

rv2cv anoncode prototype coreargs avhvswitch anonconst

entersub leavesub leavesublv return method method_named
    method_super method_redir method_redir_super
     -- XXX loops via recursion?

leaveeval -- needed for Safe to operate, is safe
		 without entereval

=item :base_mem

These memory related ops are not included in :base_core because they
can easily be used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all
available memory).

concat repeat join range

anonlist anonhash

Note that despite the existence of this optag a memory resource attack
may still be possible using only :base_core ops.

Disabling these ops is a I<very> heavy handed way to attempt to prevent
a memory resource attack. It's probable that a specific memory limit
mechanism will be added to perl in the near future.

=item :base_loop

These loop ops are not included in :base_core because they can easily be
used to implement a resource attack (e.g., consume all available CPU time).

grepstart grepwhile
    mapstart mapwhile
    enteriter iter
    enterloop leaveloop unstack
    last next redo
    goto

=item :base_io

These ops enable I<filehandle> (rather than filename) based input and
output. These are safe on the assumption that only pre-existing
filehandles are available for use.  Usually, to create new filehandles
other ops such as open would need to be enabled, if you don't take into
account the magical open of ARGV.

readline rcatline getc read

formline enterwrite leavewrite

print say sysread syswrite send recv

eof tell seek sysseek

readdir telldir seekdir rewinddir

=item :base_orig

These are a hotchpotch of opcodes still waiting to be considered

gvsv gv gelem

padsv padav padhv padcv padany padrange introcv clonecv

once

rv2gv refgen srefgen ref refassign lvref lvrefslice lvavref

bless -- could be used to change ownership of objects
	     (reblessing)

regcmaybe regcreset regcomp subst substcont

sprintf prtf -- can core dump

crypt

tie untie

dbmopen dbmclose
    sselect select
    pipe_op sockpair

getppid getpgrp setpgrp getpriority setpriority
    localtime gmtime

entertry leavetry -- can be used to 'hide' fatal errors

entergiven leavegiven
    enterwhen leavewhen
    break continue
    smartmatch

custom -- where should this go

=item :base_math

These ops are not included in :base_core because of the risk of them being
used to generate floating point exceptions (which would have to be caught
using a $SIG{FPE} handler).

atan2 sin cos exp log sqrt

These ops are not included in :base_core because they have an effect
beyond the scope of the compartment.

rand srand

=item :base_thread

These ops are related to multi-threading.

lock

=item :default

A handy tag name for a I<reasonable> default set of ops.  (The current ops
allowed are unstable while development continues. It will change.)

:base_core :base_mem :base_loop :base_orig :base_thread

This list used to contain :base_io prior to Opcode 1.07.

If safety matters to you (and why else would you be using the Opcode module?)
then you should not rely on the definition of this, or indeed any other, optag!

=item :filesys_read

stat lstat readlink

ftatime ftblk ftchr ftctime ftdir fteexec fteowned
    fteread ftewrite ftfile ftis ftlink ftmtime ftpipe
    ftrexec ftrowned ftrread ftsgid ftsize ftsock ftsuid
    fttty ftzero ftrwrite ftsvtx

fttext ftbinary

fileno

=item :sys_db

ghbyname ghbyaddr ghostent shostent ehostent      -- hosts
    gnbyname gnbyaddr gnetent snetent enetent         -- networks
    gpbyname gpbynumber gprotoent sprotoent eprotoent -- protocols
    gsbyname gsbyport gservent sservent eservent      -- services

gpwnam gpwuid gpwent spwent epwent getlogin       -- users
    ggrnam ggrgid ggrent sgrent egrent                -- groups

=item :browse

A handy tag name for a I<reasonable> default set of ops beyond the
:default optag.  Like :default (and indeed all the other optags) its
current definition is unstable while development continues. It will change.

The :browse tag represents the next step beyond :default. It it a
superset of the :default ops and adds :filesys_read the :sys_db.
The intent being that scripts can access more (possibly sensitive)
information about your system but not be able to change it.

:default :filesys_read :sys_db

=item :filesys_open

sysopen open close
    umask binmode

open_dir closedir -- other dir ops are in :base_io

=item :filesys_write

link unlink rename symlink truncate

mkdir rmdir

utime chmod chown

fcntl -- not strictly filesys related, but possibly as
	     dangerous?

=item :subprocess

backtick system

fork

wait waitpid

glob -- access to Cshell via <`rm *`>

=item :ownprocess

exec exit kill

time tms -- could be used for timing attacks (paranoid?)

=item :others

This tag holds groups of assorted specialist opcodes that don't warrant
having optags defined for them.

SystemV Interprocess Communications:

msgctl msgget msgrcv msgsnd

semctl semget semop

shmctl shmget shmread shmwrite

=item :load

This tag holds opcodes related to loading modules and getting information
about calling environment and args.

require dofile 
    caller runcv

=item :still_to_be_decided

chdir
    flock ioctl

socket getpeername ssockopt
    bind connect listen accept shutdown gsockopt getsockname

sleep alarm -- changes global timer state and signal handling
    sort -- assorted problems including core dumps
    tied -- can be used to access object implementing a tie
    pack unpack -- can be used to create/use memory pointers

hintseval -- constant op holding eval hints

entereval -- can be used to hide code from initial compile

reset

dbstate -- perl -d version of nextstate(ment) opcode

=item :dangerous

This tag is simply a bucket for opcodes that are unlikely to be used via
a tag name but need to be tagged for completeness and documentation.

syscall dump chroot

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<ops> -- perl pragma interface to Opcode module.

L<Safe> -- Opcode and namespace limited execution compartments

=head1 AUTHORS

Originally designed and implemented by Malcolm Beattie,
mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk as part of Safe version 1.

Split out from Safe module version 1, named opcode tags and other
changes added by Tim Bunce.

=cut

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