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Edit File : SSL.pod \| Size : 83.08 KB
=head1 NAME IO::Socket::SSL - SSL sockets with IO::Socket interface =head1 SYNOPSIS use strict; use IO::Socket::SSL; # simple client my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.google.com:443'); print $cl "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"; print <$cl>; # simple server my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new( LocalAddr => '0.0.0.0:1234', Listen => 10, SSL_cert_file => 'server-cert.pem', SSL_key_file => 'server-key.pem', ); $srv->accept; =head1 DESCRIPTION IO::Socket::SSL makes using SSL/TLS much easier by wrapping the necessary functionality into the familiar L<IO::Socket> interface and providing secure defaults whenever possible. This way, existing applications can be made SSL-aware without much effort, at least if you do blocking I/O and don't use select or poll. But, under the hood, SSL is a complex beast. So there are lots of methods to make it do what you need if the default behavior is not adequate. Because it is easy to inadvertently introduce critical security bugs or just hard to debug problems, I would recommend studying the following documentation carefully. The documentation consists of the following parts: =over 4 =item * L</"Essential Information About SSL/TLS"> =item * L</"Basic SSL Client"> =item * L</"Basic SSL Server"> =item * L</"Common Usage Errors"> =item * L</"Common Problems with SSL"> =item * L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets"> =item * L</"Advanced Usage"> =item * L</"Integration Into Own Modules"> =item * L</"Description Of Methods"> =back Additional documentation can be found in =over 4 =item * L<IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept> - Doing Man-In-The-Middle with SSL =item * L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils> - Useful functions for certificates etc =back =head1 Essential Information About SSL/TLS SSL (Secure Socket Layer) or its successor TLS (Transport Layer Security) are protocols to facilitate end-to-end security. These protocols are used when accessing web sites (https), delivering or retrieving email, and in lots of other use cases. In the following documentation we will refer to both SSL and TLS as simply 'SSL'. SSL enables end-to-end security by providing two essential functions: =over 4 =item Encryption This part encrypts the data for transit between the communicating parties, so that nobody in between can read them. It also provides tamper resistance so that nobody in between can manipulate the data. =item Identification This part makes sure that you talk to the right peer. If the identification is done incorrectly it is easy to mount man-in-the-middle attacks, e.g. if Alice wants to talk to Bob it would be possible for Mallory to put itself in the middle, so that Alice talks to Mallory and Mallory to Bob. All the data would still be encrypted, but not end-to-end between Alice and Bob, but only between Alice and Mallory and then between Mallory and Bob. Thus Mallory would be able to read and modify all traffic between Alice and Bob. =back Identification is the part which is the hardest to understand and the easiest to get wrong. With SSL, the Identification is usually done with B<certificates> inside a B<PKI> (Public Key Infrastructure). These Certificates are comparable to an identity card, which contains information about the owner of the card. The card then is somehow B<signed> by the B<issuer> of the card, the B<CA> (Certificate Agency). To verify the identity of the peer the following must be done inside SSL: =over 4 =item * Get the certificate from the peer. If the peer does not present a certificate we cannot verify it. =item * Check if we trust the certificate, e.g. make sure it's not a forgery. We believe that a certificate is not a fake if we either know the certificate already or if we B<trust> the issuer (the CA) and can verify the issuers signature on the certificate. In reality there is often a hierarchy of certificate agencies and we only directly trust the root of this hierarchy. In this case the peer not only sends his own certificate, but also all B<intermediate certificates>. Verification will be done by building a B<trust path> from the trusted root up to the peers certificate and checking in each step if the we can verify the issuer's signature. This step often causes problems because the client does not know the necessary trusted root certificates. These are usually stored in a system dependent CA store, but often the browsers have their own CA store. =item * Check if the certificate is still valid. Each certificate has a lifetime and should not be used after that time because it might be compromised or the underlying cryptography got broken in the mean time. =item * Check if the subject of the certificate matches the peer. This is like comparing the picture on the identity card against the person representing the identity card. When connecting to a server this is usually done by comparing the hostname used for connecting against the names represented in the certificate. A certificate might contain multiple names or wildcards, so that it can be used for multiple hosts (e.g. .example.com and .example.org). Although nobody sane would accept an identity card where the picture does not match the person we see, it is a common implementation error with SSL to omit this check or get it wrong. =item * Check if the certificate was revoked by the issuer. This might be the case if the certificate was compromised somehow and now somebody else might use it to claim the wrong identity. Such revocations happened a lot after the heartbleed attack. For SSL there are two ways to verify a revocation, CRL and OCSP. With CRLs (Certificate Revocation List) the CA provides a list of serial numbers for revoked certificates. The client somehow has to download the list (which can be huge) and keep it up to date. With OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) the client can check a single certificate directly by asking the issuer. Revocation is the hardest part of the verification and none of today's browsers get it fully correct. But, they are still better than most other implementations which don't implement revocation checks or leave the hard parts to the developer. =back When accessing a web site with SSL or delivering mail in a secure way the identity is usually only checked one way, e.g. the client wants to make sure it talks to the right server, but the server usually does not care which client it talks to. But, sometimes the server wants to identify the client too and will request a certificate from the client which the server must verify in a similar way. =head1 Basic SSL Client A basic SSL client is simple: my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.example.com:443') or die "error=$!, ssl_error=$SSL_ERROR"; This will take the OpenSSL default CA store as the store for the trusted CA. This usually works on UNIX systems. If there are no certificates in the store it will try use L<Mozilla::CA> which provides the default CAs of Firefox. In the default settings, L<IO::Socket::SSL> will use a safer cipher set and SSL version, do a proper hostname check against the certificate, and use SNI (server name indication) to send the hostname inside the SSL handshake. This is necessary to work with servers which have different certificates behind the same IP address. It will also check the revocation of the certificate with OCSP, but currently only if the server provides OCSP stapling (for deeper checks see C<ocsp_resolver> method). Lots of options can be used to change ciphers, SSL version, location of CA and much more. See documentation of methods for details. With protocols like SMTP it is necessary to upgrade an existing socket to SSL. This can be done like this: my $client = IO::Socket::INET->new('mx.example.com:25') or die $!; # .. read greeting from server # .. send EHLO and read response # .. send STARTTLS command and read response # .. if response was successful we can upgrade the socket to SSL now: IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client, # explicitly set hostname we should use for SNI SSL_hostname => 'mx.example.com' ) or die $SSL_ERROR; A more complete example for a simple HTTP client: my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new( # where to connect PeerHost => "www.example.com", PeerPort => "https", # certificate verification - VERIFY_PEER is default SSL_verify_mode => SSL_VERIFY_PEER, # location of CA store # need only be given if default store should not be used SSL_ca_path => '/etc/ssl/certs', # typical CA path on Linux SSL_ca_file => '/etc/ssl/cert.pem', # typical CA file on BSD # or just use default path on system: IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca(), # either explicitly # or implicitly by not giving SSL_ca_* # easy hostname verification # It will use PeerHost as default name a verification # scheme as default, which is safe enough for most purposes. SSL_verifycn_name => 'foo.bar', SSL_verifycn_scheme => 'http', # SNI support - defaults to PeerHost SSL_hostname => 'foo.bar', ) or die "failed connect or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR"; # send and receive over SSL connection print $client "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"; print <$client>; And to do revocation checks with OCSP (only available with OpenSSL 1.0.0 or higher and L<Net::SSLeay> 1.59 or higher): # default will try OCSP stapling and check only leaf certificate my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst); # better yet: require checking of full chain my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new( PeerAddr => $dst, SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN, ); # even better: make OCSP errors fatal # (this will probably fail with lots of sites because of bad OCSP setups) # also use common OCSP response cache my $ocsp_cache = IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new; my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new( PeerAddr => $dst, SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN\|SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD, SSL_ocsp_cache => $ocsp_cache, ); # disable OCSP stapling in case server has problems with it my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new( PeerAddr => $dst, SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE, ); # check any certificates which are not yet checked by OCSP stapling or # where we have already cached results. For your own resolving combine # $ocsp->requests with $ocsp->add_response(uri,response). my $ocsp = $client->ocsp_resolver(); my $errors = $ocsp->resolve_blocking(); if ($errors) { warn "OCSP verification failed: $errors"; close($client); } =head1 Basic SSL Server A basic SSL server looks similar to other L<IO::Socket> servers, only that it also contains settings for certificate and key: # simple server my $server = IO::Socket::SSL->new( # where to listen LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1', LocalPort => 8080, Listen => 10, # which certificate to offer # with SNI support there can be different certificates per hostname SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem', SSL_key_file => 'key.pem', ) or die "failed to listen: $!"; # accept client my $client = $server->accept or die "failed to accept or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR"; This will automatically use a secure set of ciphers and SSL version and also supports Forward Secrecy with (Elliptic-Curve) Diffie-Hellmann Key Exchange. If you are doing a forking or threading server, we recommend that you do the SSL handshake inside the new process/thread so that the master is free for new connections. We recommend this because a client with improper or slow SSL handshake could make the server block in the handshake which would be bad to do on the listening socket: # inet server my $server = IO::Socket::INET->new( # where to listen LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1', LocalPort => 8080, Listen => 10, ); # accept client my $client = $server->accept or die; # SSL upgrade client (in new process/thread) IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client, SSL_server => 1, SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem', SSL_key_file => 'key.pem', ) or die "failed to ssl handshake: $SSL_ERROR"; Like with normal sockets, neither forking nor threading servers scale well. It is recommended to use non-blocking sockets instead, see L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets"> =head1 Common Usage Errors This is a list of typical errors seen with the use of L<IO::Socket::SSL>: =over 4 =item * Disabling verification with C<SSL_verify_mode>. As described in L</"Essential Information About SSL/TLS">, a proper identification of the peer is essential and failing to verify makes Man-In-The-Middle attacks possible. Nevertheless, lots of scripts and even public modules or applications disable verification, because it is probably the easiest way to make the thing work and usually nobody notices any security problems anyway. If the verification does not succeed with the default settings, one can do the following: =over 8 =item * Make sure the needed CAs are in the store, maybe use C<SSL_ca_file> or C<SSL_ca_path> to specify a different CA store. =item * If the validation fails because the certificate is self-signed and that's what you expect, you can use the C<SSL_fingerprint> option to accept specific leaf certificates by their certificate or pubkey fingerprint. =item * If the validation failed because the hostname does not match and you cannot access the host with the name given in the certificate, you can use C<SSL_verifycn_name> to specify the hostname you expect in the certificate. =back A common error pattern is also to disable verification if they found no CA store (different modules look at different "default" places). Because L<IO::Socket::SSL> is now able to provide a usable CA store on most platforms (UNIX, Mac OSX and Windows) it is better to use the defaults provided by L<IO::Socket::SSL>. If necessary these can be checked with the C<default_ca> method. =item * Polling of SSL sockets (e.g. select, poll and other event loops). If you sysread one byte on a normal socket it will result in a syscall to read one byte. Thus, if more than one byte is available on the socket it will be kept in the network stack of your OS and the next select or poll call will return the socket as readable. But, with SSL you don't deliver single bytes. Multiple data bytes are packaged and encrypted together in an SSL frame. Decryption can only be done on the whole frame, so a sysread for one byte actually reads the complete SSL frame from the socket, decrypts it and returns the first decrypted byte. Further sysreads will return more bytes from the same frame until all bytes are returned and the next SSL frame will be read from the socket. Thus, in order to decide if you can read more data (e.g. if sysread will block) you must check if there are still data in the current SSL frame by calling C<pending> and if there are no data pending you might check the underlying socket with select or poll. Another way might be if you try to sysread at least 16kByte all the time. 16kByte is the maximum size of an SSL frame and because sysread returns data from only a single SSL frame you can guarantee that there are no pending data. See also L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">. =item * Expecting exactly the same behavior as plain sockets. IO::Socket::SSL tries to emulate the usual socket behavior as good as possible, but full emulation can not be done. Specifically a read on the SSL socket might also result in a write on the TCP socket or a write on the SSL socket might result in a read on the TCP socket. Also C<accept> and B<close> on the SSL socket will result in writing and reading data to the TCP socket too. Especially the hidden writes might result in a connection reset if the underlying TCP socket is already closed by the peer. Unless signal PIPE is explicitly handled by the application this will ususally result in the application crashing. It is thus recommended to explicitly IGNORE signal PIPE so that the errors get propagated as EPIPE instead of causing a crash of the application. =item * Set 'SSL_version' or 'SSL_cipher_list' to a "better" value. L<IO::Socket::SSL> tries to set these values to reasonable, secure values which are compatible with the rest of the world. But, there are some scripts or modules out there which tried to be smart and get more secure or compatible settings. Unfortunately, they did this years ago and never updated these values, so they are still forced to do only 'TLSv1' (instead of also using TLSv12 or TLSv11). Or they set 'HIGH' as the cipher list and thought they were secure, but did not notice that 'HIGH' includes anonymous ciphers, e.g. without identification of the peer. So it is recommended to leave the settings at the secure defaults which L<IO::Socket::SSL> sets and which get updated from time to time to better fit the real world. =item * Make SSL settings inaccessible by the user, together with bad builtin settings. Some modules use L<IO::Socket::SSL>, but don't make the SSL settings available to the user. This is often combined with bad builtin settings or defaults (like switching verification off). Thus the user needs to hack around these restrictions by using C<set_args_filter_hack> or similar. =item * Use of constants as strings. Constants like C<SSL_VERIFY_PEER> or C<SSL_WANT_READ> should be used as constants and not be put inside quotes, because they represent numerical values. =item * Forking and handling the socket in parent and child. A B<fork> of the process will duplicate the internal user space SSL state of the socket. If both master and child interact with the socket by using their own SSL state strange error messages will happen. Such interaction includes explicit or implicit B<close> of the SSL socket. To avoid this the socket should be explicitly closed with B<SSL_no_shutdown>. =item * Forking and executing a new process. Since the SSL state is stored in user space it will be duplicated by a B<fork> but it will be lost when doing B<exec>. This means it is not possible to simply redirect stdin and stdout for the new process to the SSL socket by duplicating the relevant file handles. Instead explicitly exchanging plain data between child-process and SSL socket are needed. =back =head1 Common Problems with SSL SSL is a complex protocol with multiple implementations and each of these has their own quirks. While most of these implementations work together, it often gets problematic with older versions, minimal versions in load balancers, or plain wrong setups. Unfortunately these problems are hard to debug. Helpful for debugging are a knowledge of SSL internals, wireshark and the use of the debug settings of L<IO::Socket::SSL> and L<Net::SSLeay>, which can both be set with C<$IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG>. The following debugs levels are defined, but used not in any consistent way: =over 4 =item * 0 - No debugging (default). =item * 1 - Print out errors from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and ciphers from L<Net::SSLeay>. =item * 2 - Print also information about call flow from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and progress information from L<Net::SSLeay>. =item * 3 - Print also some data dumps from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and from L<Net::SSLeay>. =back Also, C<analyze-ssl.pl> from the ssl-tools repository at L<https://github.com/noxxi/p5-ssl-tools> might be a helpful tool when debugging SSL problems, as do the C<openssl> command line tool and a check with a different SSL implementation (e.g. a web browser). The following problems are not uncommon: =over 4 =item * Bad server setup: missing intermediate certificates. It is a regular problem that administrators fail to include all necessary certificates into their server setup, e.g. everything needed to build the trust chain from the trusted root. If they check the setup with the browser everything looks ok, because browsers work around these problems by caching any intermediate certificates and apply them to new connections if certificates are missing. But, fresh browser profiles which have never seen these intermediates cannot fill in the missing certificates and fail to verify; the same is true with L<IO::Socket::SSL>. =item * Old versions of servers or load balancers which do not understand specific TLS versions or croak on specific data. From time to time one encounters an SSL peer, which just closes the connection inside the SSL handshake. This can usually be worked around by downgrading the SSL version, e.g. by setting C<SSL_version>. Modern Browsers usually deal with such servers by automatically downgrading the SSL version and repeat the connection attempt until they succeed. Worse servers do not close the underlying TCP connection but instead just drop the relevant packet. This is harder to detect because it looks like a stalled connection. But downgrading the SSL version often works here too. A cause of such problems are often load balancers or security devices, which have hardware acceleration and only a minimal (and less robust) SSL stack. They can often be detected because they support much fewer ciphers than other implementations. =item * Bad or old OpenSSL versions. L<IO::Socket::SSL> uses OpenSSL with the help of the L<Net::SSLeay> library. It is recommend to have a recent version of this library, because it has more features and usually fewer known bugs. =item * Validation of client certificates fail. Make sure that the purpose of the certificate allows use as ssl client (check with C<< openssl x509 -purpose >>, that the necessary root certificate is in the path specified by C<SSL_ca> (or the default path) and that any intermediate certificates needed to build the trust chain are sent by the client. =item Validation of self-signed certificate fails even if it is given with C<SSL_ca> argument. The C<SSL_ca> arguments do not give a general trust store for arbitrary certificates but only specify a store for CA certificates which then can be used to verify other certificates. This especially means that certificates which are not a CA get simply ignored, notably self-signed certificates which do not also have the CA-flag set. This behavior of OpenSSL differs from the more general trust-store concept which can be found in browsers and where it is possible to simply added arbitrary certificates (CA or not) as trusted. =back =head1 Using Non-Blocking Sockets If you have a non-blocking socket, the expected behavior on read, write, accept or connect is to set C<$!> to EWOULDBLOCK if the operation cannot be completed immediately. Note that EWOULDBLOCK is the same as EAGAIN on UNIX systems, but is different on Windows. With SSL, handshakes might occur at any time, even within an established connection. In these cases it is necessary to finish the handshake before you can read or write data. This might result in situations where you want to read but must first finish the write of a handshake or where you want to write but must first finish a read. In these cases C<$!> is set to EAGAIN like expected, and additionally C<$SSL_ERROR> is set to either SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE. Thus if you get EWOULDBLOCK on a SSL socket you must check C<$SSL_ERROR> for SSL_WANT_* and adapt your event mask accordingly. Using readline on non-blocking sockets does not make much sense and I would advise against using it. And, while the behavior is not documented for other L<IO::Socket> classes, it will try to emulate the behavior seen there, e.g. to return the received data instead of blocking, even if the line is not complete. If an unrecoverable error occurs it will return nothing, even if it already received some data. Also, I would advise against using C<accept> with a non-blocking SSL object because it might block and this is not what most would expect. The reason for this is that C<accept> on a non-blocking TCP socket (e.g. L<IO::Socket::IP>, L<IO::Socket::INET>..) results in a new TCP socket which does not inherit the non-blocking behavior of the master socket. And thus, the initial SSL handshake on the new socket inside C<IO::Socket::SSL::accept> will be done in a blocking way. To work around this you are safer by doing a TCP accept and later upgrade the TCP socket in a non-blocking way with C<start_SSL> and C<accept_SSL>. my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst); $cl->blocking(0); my $sel = IO::Select->new($cl); while (1) { # with SSL a call for reading n bytes does not result in reading of n # bytes from the socket, but instead it must read at least one full SSL # frame. If the socket has no new bytes, but there are unprocessed data # from the SSL frame can_read will block! # wait for data on socket $sel->can_read(); # new data on socket or eof READ: # this does not read only 1 byte from socket, but reads the complete SSL # frame and then just returns one byte. On subsequent calls it than # returns more byte of the same SSL frame until it needs to read the # next frame. my $n = sysread( $cl,my $buf,1); if ( ! defined $n ) { die $! if not ${EWOULDBLOCK}; next if $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_READ; if ( $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_WRITE ) { # need to write data on renegotiation $sel->can_write; next; } die "something went wrong: $SSL_ERROR"; } elsif ( ! $n ) { last; # eof } else { # read next bytes # we might have still data within the current SSL frame # thus first process these data instead of waiting on the underlying # socket object goto READ if $cl->pending; # goto sysread next; # goto $sel->can_read } } Additionally there are differences to plain sockets when using select, poll, kqueue or similar technologies to get notified if data are available. Relying only on these calls is not sufficient in all cases since unread data might be internally buffered in the SSL stack. To detect such buffering B<pending()> need to be used. Alternatively the buffering can be avoided by using B<sysread> with the maximum size of an SSL frame. See L</"Common Usage Errors"> for details. =head1 Advanced Usage =head2 SNI Support Newer extensions to SSL can distinguish between multiple hostnames on the same IP address using Server Name Indication (SNI). Support for SNI on the client side was added somewhere in the OpenSSL 0.9.8 series, but with 1.0 a bug was fixed when the server could not decide about its hostname. Therefore client side SNI is only supported with OpenSSL 1.0 or higher in L<IO::Socket::SSL>. With a supported version, SNI is used automatically on the client side, if it can determine the hostname from C<PeerAddr> or C<PeerHost> (which are synonyms in the underlying IO::Socket:: classes and thus should never be set both or at least not to different values). On unsupported OpenSSL versions it will silently not use SNI. The hostname can also be given explicitly given with C<SSL_hostname>, but in this case it will throw in error, if SNI is not supported. To check for support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_client_sni() >>. On the server side, earlier versions of OpenSSL are supported, but only together with L<Net::SSLeay> version >= 1.50. To check for support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_server_sni() >>. If server side SNI is supported, you might specify different certificates per host with C<SSL_cert> and C<SSL_key>, and check the requested name using C<get_servername>. =head2 Talk Plain and SSL With The Same Socket It is often required to first exchange some plain data and then upgrade the socket to SSL after some kind of STARTTLS command. Protocols like FTPS even need a way to downgrade the socket again back to plain. The common way to do this would be to create a normal socket and use C<start_SSL> to upgrade and stop_SSL to downgrade: my $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(...) or die $!; ... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ... IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($sock,%sslargs) or die $SSL_ERROR; ... now $sock is an IO::Socket::SSL object ... ... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ... $sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR; ... now $sock is again an IO::Socket::INET object ... But, lots of modules just derive directly from L<IO::Socket::INET>. While this base class can be replaced with L<IO::Socket::SSL>, these modules cannot easily support different base classes for SSL and plain data and switch between these classes on a starttls command. To help in this case, L<IO::Socket::SSL> can be reduced to a plain socket on startup, and connect_SSL/accept_SSL/start_SSL can be used to enable SSL and C<stop_SSL> to talk plain again: my $sock = IO::Socket::SSL->new( PeerAddr => ... SSL_startHandshake => 0, %sslargs ) or die $!; ... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ... $sock->connect_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR; ... now $sock is an IO::Socket::SSL object ... ... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ... $sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR; ... $sock is still an IO::Socket::SSL object ... ... but data exchanged again in plain ... =head1 Integration Into Own Modules L<IO::Socket::SSL> behaves similarly to other L<IO::Socket> modules and thus could be integrated in the same way, but you have to take special care when using non-blocking I/O (like for handling timeouts) or using select or poll. Please study the documentation on how to deal with these differences. Also, it is recommended to not set or touch most of the C<SSL_> options, so that they keep their secure defaults. It is also recommended to let the user override these SSL specific settings without the need of global settings or hacks like C<set_args_filter_hack>. The notable exception is C<SSL_verifycn_scheme>. This should be set to the hostname verification scheme required by the module or protocol. =head1 Description Of Methods L<IO::Socket::SSL> inherits from another L<IO::Socket> module. The choice of the super class depends on the installed modules: =over 4 =item If L<IO::Socket::IP> with at least version 0.20 is installed it will use this module as super class, transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support. =item * If L<IO::Socket::INET6> is installed it will use this module as super class, transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support. =item * Otherwise it will fall back to L<IO::Socket::INET>, which is a perl core module. With L<IO::Socket::INET> you only get IPv4 support. =back Please be aware that with the IPv6 capable super classes, it will look first for the IPv6 address of a given hostname. If the resolver provides an IPv6 address, but the host cannot be reached by IPv6, there will be no automatic fallback to IPv4. To avoid these problems you can enforce IPv4 for a specific socket by using the C<Domain> or C<Family> option with the value AF_INET as described in L<IO::Socket::IP>. Alternatively you can enforce IPv4 globally by loading L<IO::Socket::SSL> with the option 'inet4', in which case it will use the IPv4 only class L<IO::Socket::INET> as the super class. L<IO::Socket::SSL> will provide all of the methods of its super class, but sometimes it will override them to match the behavior expected from SSL or to provide additional arguments. The new or changed methods are described below, but please also read the section about SSL specific error handling. =over 4 =item Error Handling If an SSL specific error occurs, the global variable C<$SSL_ERROR> will be set. If the error occurred on an existing SSL socket, the method C<errstr> will give access to the latest socket specific error. Both C<$SSL_ERROR> and the C<errstr> method give a dualvar similar to C<$!>, e.g. providing an error number in numeric context or an error description in string context. =item B<new(...)> Creates a new L<IO::Socket::SSL> object. You may use all the friendly options that came bundled with the super class (e.g. L<IO::Socket::IP>, L<IO::Socket::INET>, ...) plus (optionally) the ones described below. If you don't specify any SSL related options it will do its best in using secure defaults, e.g. choosing good ciphers, enabling proper verification, etc. =over 2 =item SSL_server Set this option to a true value if the socket should be used as a server. If this is not explicitly set it is assumed if the C<Listen> parameter is given when creating the socket. =item SSL_hostname This can be given to specify the hostname used for SNI, which is needed if you have multiple SSL hostnames on the same IP address. If not given it will try to determine the hostname from C<PeerAddr>, which will fail if only an IP was given or if this argument is used within C<start_SSL>. If you want to disable SNI, set this argument to ''. Currently only supported for the client side and will be ignored for the server side. See section "SNI Support" for details of SNI the support. =item SSL_startHandshake If this option is set to false (defaults to true) it will not start the SSL handshake yet. This has to be done later with C<accept_SSL> or C<connect_SSL>. Before the handshake is started read/write/etc. can be used to exchange plain data. =item SSL_keepSocketOnError If this option is set to true (defaults to false) it will not close the underlying TCP socket on errors. In most cases there is no real use for this behavior since both sides of the TCP connection will probably have a different idea of the current state of the connection. =item SSL_ca \| SSL_ca_file \| SSL_ca_path Usually you want to verify that the peer certificate has been signed by a trusted certificate authority. In this case you should use this option to specify the file (C<SSL_ca_file>) or directory (C<SSL_ca_path>) containing the certificateZ<>(s) of the trusted certificate authorities. C<SSL_ca_path> can also be an array or a string containing multiple path, where the path are separated by the platform specific separator. This separator is C<;> on DOS, Windows, Netware, C<,> on VMS and C<:> for all the other systems. If multiple path are given at least one of these must be accessible. You can also give a list of X509* certificate handles (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2cert>) with C<SSL_ca>. These will be added to the CA store before path and file and thus take precedence. If neither SSL_ca, nor SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path are set it will use C<default_ca()> to determine the user-set or system defaults. If you really don't want to set a CA set SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path to C<\undef> or SSL_ca to an empty list. (unfortunately C<''> is used by some modules using L<IO::Socket::SSL> when CA is not explicitly given). =item SSL_client_ca \| SSL_client_ca_file If verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER on the server side these options can be used to set the list of acceptable CAs for the client. This way the client can select they required certificate from a list of certificates. The value for these options is similar to C<SSL_ca> and C<SSL_ca_file>. =item SSL_fingerprint Sometimes you have a self-signed certificate or a certificate issued by an unknown CA and you really want to accept it, but don't want to disable verification at all. In this case you can specify the fingerprint of the certificate as C<'algo$hex_fingerprint'>. C<algo> is a fingerprint algorithm supported by OpenSSL, e.g. 'sha1','sha256'... and C<hex_fingerprint> is the hexadecimal representation of the binary fingerprint. Any colons inside the hex string will be ignored. If you want to use the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate instead of the certificate use the syntax C<'algo$pub$hex_fingerprint'> instead. To get the fingerprint of an established connection you can use C<get_fingerprint>. It is also possible to skip C<algo$>, i.e. only specifiy the fingerprint. In this case the likely algorithms will be automatically detected based on the length of the digest string. You can specify a list of fingerprints in case you have several acceptable certificates. If a fingerprint matches the topmost (i.e. leaf) certificate no additional validations can make the verification fail. =item SSL_cert_file \| SSL_cert \| SSL_key_file \| SSL_key If you create a server you usually need to specify a server certificate which should be verified by the client. Same is true for client certificates, which should be verified by the server. The certificate can be given as a file with SSL_cert_file or as an internal representation of an X509* object (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2cert>) with SSL_cert. If given as a file it will automatically detect the format. Supported file formats are PEM, DER and PKCS#12, where PEM and PKCS#12 can contain the certificate and the chain to use, while DER can only contain a single certificate. If given as a list of X509* please note, that the all the chain certificates (e.g. all except the first) will be "consumed" by openssl and will be freed if the SSL context gets destroyed - so you should never free them yourself. But the servers certificate (e.g. the first) will not be consumed by openssl and thus must be freed by the application. For each certificate a key is need, which can either be given as a file with SSL_key_file or as an internal representation of an EVP_PKEY* object with SSL_key (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2key>). If a key was already given within the PKCS#12 file specified by SSL_cert_file it will ignore any SSL_key or SSL_key_file. If no SSL_key or SSL_key_file was given it will try to use the PEM file given with SSL_cert_file again, maybe it contains the key too. If your SSL server should be able to use different certificates on the same IP address, depending on the name given by SNI, you can use a hash reference instead of a file with C<<hostname => cert_file>>. If your SSL server should be able to use both RSA and ECDSA certificates for the same domain/IP a similar hash reference like with SNI is given. The domain names used to specify the additional certificates should be C<hostname%whatever>, i.e. C<hostname%ecc> or similar. This needs at least OpenSSL 1.0.2. To let the server pick the certificate based on the clients cipher preference C<SSL_honor_cipher_order> should be set to false. In case certs and keys are needed but not given it might fall back to builtin defaults, see "Defaults for Cert, Key and CA". Examples: SSL_cert_file => 'mycert.pem', SSL_key_file => 'mykey.pem', SSL_cert_file => { "foo.example.org" => 'foo-cert.pem', "foo.example.org%ecc" => 'foo-ecc-cert.pem', "bar.example.org" => 'bar-cert.pem', # used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI '' => 'default-cert.pem', '%ecc' => 'default-ecc-cert.pem', }, SSL_key_file => { "foo.example.org" => 'foo-key.pem', "foo.example.org%ecc" => 'foo-ecc-key.pem', "bar.example.org" => 'bar-key.pem', # used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI '' => 'default-key.pem', '%ecc' => 'default-ecc-key.pem', } =item SSL_passwd_cb If your private key is encrypted, you might not want the default password prompt from Net::SSLeay. This option takes a reference to a subroutine that should return the password required to decrypt your private key. =item SSL_use_cert If this is true, it forces IO::Socket::SSL to use a certificate and key, even if you are setting up an SSL client. If this is set to 0 (the default), then you will only need a certificate and key if you are setting up a server. SSL_use_cert will implicitly be set if SSL_server is set. For convenience it is also set if it was not given but a cert was given for use (SSL_cert_file or similar). =item SSL_version Sets the version of the SSL protocol used to transmit data. 'SSLv23' uses a handshake compatible with SSL2.0, SSL3.0 and TLS1.x, while 'SSLv2', 'SSLv3', 'TLSv1', 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', or 'TLSv1_3' restrict handshake and protocol to the specified version. All values are case-insensitive. Instead of 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', and 'TLSv1_3' one can also use 'TLSv11', 'TLSv12', and 'TLSv13'. Support for 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', and 'TLSv1_3' requires recent versions of Net::SSLeay and openssl. The default SSL_version is defined by the underlying cryptographic library. Independent from the handshake format you can limit to set of accepted SSL versions by adding !version separated by ':'. For example, 'SSLv23:!SSLv3:!SSLv2' means that the handshake format is compatible to SSL2.0 and higher, but that the successful handshake is limited to TLS1.0 and higher, that is no SSL2.0 or SSL3.0 because both of these versions have serious security issues and should not be used anymore. You can also use !TLSv1_1 and !TLSv1_2 to disable TLS versions 1.1 and 1.2 while still allowing TLS version 1.0. Setting the version instead to 'TLSv1' might break interaction with older clients, which need and SSL2.0 compatible handshake. On the other side some clients just close the connection when they receive a TLS version 1.1 request. In this case setting the version to 'SSLv23:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!TLSv1_1:!TLSv1_2' might help. =item SSL_cipher_list If this option is set the cipher list for the connection will be set to the given value, e.g. something like 'ALL:!LOW:!EXP:!aNULL'. Look into the OpenSSL documentation (L<http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_STRINGS>) for more details. Unless you fail to contact your peer because of no shared ciphers it is recommended to leave this option at the default setting, which honors the system-wide PROFILE=SYSTEM cipher list. In case different cipher lists are needed for different SNI hosts a hash can be given with the host as key and the cipher suite as value, similar to B<SSL_cert>. =item SSL_honor_cipher_order If this option is true the cipher order the server specified is used instead of the order proposed by the client. This option defaults to true to make use of our secure cipher list setting. =item SSL_dh_file To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve. This setting cares about DH parameters. To support non-elliptic Diffie-Hellman key exchange a suitable file needs to be given here or the SSL_dh should be used with a appropriate value. See dhparam command in openssl for more information. If neither C<SSL_dh_file> nor C<SSL_dh> are set a builtin DH parameter with a length of 2048 bit is used to offer DH key exchange by default. If you don't want this (e.g. disable DH key exchange) explicitly set this or the C<SSL_dh> parameter to undef. =item SSL_dh Like SSL_dh_file, but instead of giving a file you use a preloaded or generated DH. =item SSL_ecdh_curve To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve. This setting cares about the ECDH curve(s). To support Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellmann key exchange the OID or NID of at least one suitable curve needs to be provided here. With OpenSSL 1.1.0+ this parameter defaults to C<auto>, which means that it lets OpenSSL pick the best settings. If support for CTX_set_ecdh_auto is implemented in Net::SSLeay (needs at least version 1.86) it will use this to implement the same default. Otherwise it will default to C<prime256v1> (builtin of OpenSSL) in order to offer ECDH key exchange by default. If setting groups or curves is supported by Net::SSLeay (needs at least version 1.86) then multiple curves can be given here in the order of the preference, i.e. C<P-521:P-384:P-256>. When used at the client side this will include the supported curves as extension in the TLS handshake. If you don't want to have ECDH key exchange this could be set to undef or set C<SSL_ciphers> to exclude all of these ciphers. You can check if ECDH support is available by calling C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_ecdh >>. =item SSL_verify_mode This option sets the verification mode for the peer certificate. You may combine SSL_VERIFY_PEER (verify_peer), SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT (fail verification if no peer certificate exists; ignored for clients), SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE (verify client once; ignored for clients). See OpenSSL man page for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information. The default is SSL_VERIFY_NONE for server (e.g. no check for client certificate) and SSL_VERIFY_PEER for client (check server certificate). =item SSL_verify_callback If you want to verify certificates yourself, you can pass a sub reference along with this parameter to do so. When the callback is called, it will be passed: =over 4 =item 1. a true/false value that indicates what OpenSSL thinks of the certificate, =item 2. a C-style memory address of the certificate store, =item 3. a string containing the certificate's issuer attributes and owner attributes, and =item 4. a string containing any errors encountered (0 if no errors). =item 5. a C-style memory address of the peer's own certificate (convertible to PEM form with Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509()). =item 6. The depth of the certificate in the chain. Depth 0 is the leaf certificate. =back The function should return 1 or 0, depending on whether it thinks the certificate is valid or invalid. The default is to let OpenSSL do all of the busy work. The callback will be called for each element in the certificate chain. See the OpenSSL documentation for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information. =item SSL_verifycn_scheme The scheme is used to correctly verify the identity inside the certificate by using the hostname of the peer. See the information about the verification schemes in B<verify_hostname>. If you don't specify a scheme it will use 'default', but only complain loudly if the name verification fails instead of letting the whole certificate verification fail. THIS WILL CHANGE, e.g. it will let the certificate verification fail in the future if the hostname does not match the certificate !!!! To override the name used in verification use B<SSL_verifycn_name>. The scheme 'default' is a superset of the usual schemes, which will accept the hostname in common name and subjectAltName and allow wildcards everywhere. While using this scheme is way more secure than no name verification at all you better should use the scheme specific to your application protocol, e.g. 'http', 'ftp'... If you are really sure, that you don't want to verify the identity using the hostname you can use 'none' as a scheme. In this case you'd better have alternative forms of verification, like a certificate fingerprint or do a manual verification later by calling B<verify_hostname> yourself. =item SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix This option is used to specify the behavior when checking wildcards certificates for public suffixes, e.g. no wildcard certificates for .com or .co.uk should be accepted, while .example.com or .example.co.uk is ok. If not specified it will simply use the builtin default of L<IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix>, you can create another object with from_string or from_file of this module. To disable verification of public suffix set this option to C<''>. =item SSL_verifycn_name Set the name which is used in verification of hostname. If SSL_verifycn_scheme is set and no SSL_verifycn_name is given it will try to use SSL_hostname or PeerHost and PeerAddr settings and fail if no name can be determined. If SSL_verifycn_scheme is not set it will use a default scheme and warn if it cannot determine a hostname, but it will not fail. Using PeerHost or PeerAddr works only if you create the connection directly with C<< IO::Socket::SSL->new >>, if an IO::Socket::INET object is upgraded with B<start_SSL> the name has to be given in B<SSL_verifycn_name> or B<SSL_hostname>. =item SSL_check_crl If you want to verify that the peer certificate has not been revoked by the signing authority, set this value to true. OpenSSL will search for the CRL in your SSL_ca_path, or use the file specified by SSL_crl_file. See the Net::SSLeay documentation for more details. Note that this functionality appears to be broken with OpenSSL < v0.9.7b, so its use with lower versions will result in an error. =item SSL_crl_file If you want to specify the CRL file to be used, set this value to the pathname to be used. This must be used in addition to setting SSL_check_crl. =item SSL_ocsp_mode Defines how certificate revocation is done using OCSP (Online Status Revocation Protocol). The default is to send a request for OCSP stapling to the server and if the server sends an OCSP response back the result will be used. Any other OCSP checking needs to be done manually with C<ocsp_resolver>. The following flags can be combined with C<\|>: =over 8 =item SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE Don't ask for OCSP stapling. This is the default if SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_NONE. =item SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE Try OCSP stapling, but don't complain if it gets no stapled response back. This is the default if SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER (the default). =item SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE Consider it a hard error, if the server does not send a stapled OCSP response back. Most servers currently send no stapled OCSP response back. =item SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD Fail hard on response errors, default is to fail soft like the browsers do. Soft errors mean, that the OCSP response is not usable, e.g. no response, error response, no valid signature etc. Certificate revocations inside a verified response are considered hard errors in any case. Soft errors inside a stapled response are never considered hard, e.g. it is expected that in this case an OCSP request will be send to the responsible OCSP responder. =item SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN This will set up the C<ocsp_resolver> so that all certificates from the peer chain will be checked, otherwise only the leaf certificate will be checked against revocation. =back =item SSL_ocsp_staple_callback If this callback is defined, it will be called with the SSL object and the OCSP response handle obtained from the peer, e.g. C<<$cb->($ssl,$resp)>>. If the peer did not provide a stapled OCSP response the function will be called with C<$resp=undef>. Because the OCSP response handle is no longer valid after leaving this function it should not by copied or freed. If access to the response is necessary after leaving this function it can be serialized with C<Net::SSLeay::i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE>. If no such callback is provided, it will use the default one, which verifies the response and uses it to check if the certificate(s) of the connection got revoked. =item SSL_ocsp_cache With this option a cache can be given for caching OCSP responses, which could be shared between different SSL contexts. If not given a cache specific to the SSL context only will be used. You can either create a new cache with C<< IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new([size]) >> or implement your own cache, which needs to have methods C<put($key,\%entry)> and C<get($key)> (returning C<\%entry>) where entry is the hash representation of the OCSP response with fields like C<nextUpdate>. The default implementation of the cache will consider responses valid as long as C<nextUpdate> is less then the current time. =item SSL_reuse_ctx If you have already set the above options for a previous instance of IO::Socket::SSL, then you can reuse the SSL context of that instance by passing it as the value for the SSL_reuse_ctx parameter. You may also create a new instance of the IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context class, using any context options that you desire without specifying connection options, and pass that here instead. If you use this option, all other context-related options that you pass in the same call to new() will be ignored unless the context supplied was invalid. Note that, contrary to versions of IO::Socket::SSL below v0.90, a global SSL context will not be implicitly used unless you use the set_default_context() function. =item SSL_create_ctx_callback With this callback you can make individual settings to the context after it got created and the default setup was done. The callback will be called with the CTX object from Net::SSLeay as the single argument. Example for limiting the server session cache size: SSL_create_ctx_callback => sub { my $ctx = shift; Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_cache_size($ctx,128); } =item SSL_session_cache_size If you make repeated connections to the same host/port and the SSL renegotiation time is an issue, you can turn on client-side session caching with this option by specifying a positive cache size. For successive connections, pass the SSL_reuse_ctx option to the new() calls (or use set_default_context()) to make use of the cached sessions. The session cache size refers to the number of unique host/port pairs that can be stored at one time; the oldest sessions in the cache will be removed if new ones are added. This option does not effect the session cache a server has for it's clients, e.g. it does not affect SSL objects with SSL_server set. Note that session caching with TLS 1.3 needs at least Net::SSLeay 1.86. =item SSL_session_cache Specifies session cache object which should be used instead of creating a new. Overrules SSL_session_cache_size. This option is useful if you want to reuse the cache, but not the rest of the context. A session cache object can be created using C<< IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache->new( cachesize ) >>. Use set_default_session_cache() to set a global cache object. =item SSL_session_key Specifies a key to use for lookups and inserts into client-side session cache. Per default ip:port of destination will be used, but sometimes you want to share the same session over multiple ports on the same server (like with FTPS). =item SSL_session_id_context This gives an id for the servers session cache. It's necessary if you want clients to connect with a client certificate. If not given but SSL_verify_mode specifies the need for client certificate a context unique id will be picked. =item SSL_error_trap When using the accept() or connect() methods, it may be the case that the actual socket connection works but the SSL negotiation fails, as in the case of an HTTP client connecting to an HTTPS server. Passing a subroutine ref attached to this parameter allows you to gain control of the orphaned socket instead of having it be closed forcibly. The subroutine, if called, will be passed two parameters: a reference to the socket on which the SSL negotiation failed and the full text of the error message. =item SSL_npn_protocols If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols advertised by SSL server as an array ref, e.g. ['spdy/2','http1.1']. On the client side it specifies the protocols offered by the client for NPN as an array ref. See also method C<next_proto_negotiated>. Next Protocol Negotiation (NPN) is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and openssl-1.0.1+. NPN is unavailable in TLSv1.3 protocol. To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_npn() >>. If you use this option with an unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will throw an error. =item SSL_alpn_protocols If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols supported by the SSL server as an array ref, e.g. ['http/2.0', 'spdy/3.1','http/1.1']. On the client side it specifies the protocols advertised by the client for ALPN as an array ref. See also method C<alpn_selected>. Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is available with Net::SSLeay 1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+. More details about the extension are in RFC7301. To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_alpn() >>. If you use this option with an unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will throw an error. Note that some client implementations may encounter problems if both NPN and ALPN are specified. Since ALPN is intended as a replacement for NPN, try providing ALPN protocols then fall back to NPN if that fails. =item SSL_ticket_keycb => [$sub,$data] \| $sub This is a callback used for stateless session reuse (Session Tickets, RFC 5077). This callback will be called as C<< $sub->($data,[$key_name]) >> where C<$data> is the argument given to SSL_ticket_keycb (or undef) and C<$key_name> depends on the mode: =over 8 =item encrypt ticket If a ticket needs to be encrypted the callback will be called without C<$key_name>. In this case it should return C<($current_key,$current_key_name>) where C<$current_key> is the current key (32 byte random data) and C<$current_key_name> the name associated with this key (exactly 16 byte). This C<$current_key_name> will be incorporated into the ticket. =item decrypt ticket If a ticket needs to be decrypted the callback will be called with C<$key_name> as found in the ticket. It should return C<($key,$current_key_name>) where C<$key> is the key associated with the given C<$key_name> and C<$current_key_name> the name associated with the currently active key. If C<$current_key_name> is different from the given C<$key_name> the callback will be called again to re-encrypt the ticket with the currently active key. If no key can be found which matches the given C<$key_name> then this function should return nothing (empty list). This mechanism should be used to limit the life time for each key encrypting the ticket. Compromise of a ticket encryption key might lead to decryption of SSL sessions which used session tickets protected by this key. =back Example: Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes(my $oldkey,32); Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes(my $newkey,32); my $oldkey_name = pack("a16",'oldsecret'); my $newkey_name = pack("a16",'newsecret'); my @keys = ( [ $newkey_name, $newkey ], # current active key [ $oldkey_name, $oldkey ], # already expired ); my $keycb = [ sub { my ($mykeys,$name) = @_; # return (current_key, current_key_name) if no name given return ($mykeys->[0][1],$mykeys->[0][0]) if ! $name; # return (matching_key, current_key_name) if we find a key matching # the given name for(my $i = 0; $i<@$mykeys; $i++) { next if $name ne $mykeys->[$i][0]; return ($mykeys->[$i][1],$mykeys->[0][0]); } # no matching key found return; },\@keys ]; my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new(..., SSL_ticket_keycb => $keycb); =back =item B<accept> This behaves similar to the accept function of the underlying socket class, but additionally does the initial SSL handshake. But because the underlying socket class does return a blocking file handle even when accept is called on a non-blocking socket, the SSL handshake on the new file object will be done in a blocking way. Please see the section about non-blocking I/O for details. If you don't like this behavior you should do accept on the TCP socket and then upgrade it with C<start_SSL> later. =item B<connect(...)> This behaves similar to the connect function but also does an SSL handshake. Because you cannot give SSL specific arguments to this function, you should better either use C<new> to create a connect SSL socket or C<start_SSL> to upgrade an established TCP socket to SSL. =item B<close(...)> Contrary to a close for a simple INET socket a close in SSL also mandates a proper shutdown of the SSL part. This is done by sending a close notify message by both peers. A naive implementation would thus wait until it receives the close notify message from the peer - which conflicts with the commonly expected semantic that a close will not block. The default behavior is thus to only send a close notify but not wait for the close notify of the peer. If this is required C<SSL_fast_shutdown> need to be explicitly set to false. There are also cases where a SSL shutdown should not be done at all. This is true for example when forking to let a child deal with the socket and closing the socket in the parent process. A naive explicit C<close> or an implicit close when destroying the socket in the parent would send a close notify to the peer which would make the SSL socket in the client process unusable. In this case an explicit C<close> with C<SSL_no_shutdown> set to true should be done in the parent process. For more details and other arguments see C<stop_SSL> which gets called from C<close> to shutdown the SSL state of the socket. =item B<sysread( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ] )> This function behaves from the outside the same as B<sysread> in other L<IO::Socket> objects, e.g. it returns at most LEN bytes of data. But in reality it reads not only LEN bytes from the underlying socket, but at a single SSL frame. It then returns up to LEN bytes it decrypted from this SSL frame. If the frame contained more data than requested it will return only LEN data, buffer the rest and return it on further read calls. This means, that it might be possible to read data, even if the underlying socket is not readable, so using poll or select might not be sufficient. sysread will only return data from a single SSL frame, e.g. either the pending data from the already buffered frame or it will read a frame from the underlying socket and return the decrypted data. It will not return data spanning several SSL frames in a single call. Also, calls to sysread might fail, because it must first finish an SSL handshake. To understand these behaviors is essential, if you write applications which use event loops and/or non-blocking sockets. Please read the specific sections in this documentation. =item B<syswrite( BUF, [ LEN, [ OFFSET ]] )> This functions behaves from the outside the same as B<syswrite> in other L<IO::Socket> objects, e.g. it will write at most LEN bytes to the socket, but there is no guarantee, that all LEN bytes are written. It will return the number of bytes written. Because it basically just calls SSL_write from OpenSSL syswrite will write at most a single SSL frame. This means, that no more than 16.384 bytes, which is the maximum size of an SSL frame, will be written at once. For non-blocking sockets SSL specific behavior applies. Pease read the specific section in this documentation. =item B<peek( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ])> This function has exactly the same syntax as B<sysread>, and performs nearly the same task but will not advance the read position so that successive calls to peek() with the same arguments will return the same results. This function requires OpenSSL 0.9.6a or later to work. =item B<pending()> This function gives you the number of bytes available without reading from the underlying socket object. This function is essential if you work with event loops, please see the section about polling SSL sockets. =item B<get_fingerprint([algo,certificate,pubkey])> This methods returns the fingerprint of the given certificate in the form C<algo$digest_hex>, where C<algo> is the used algorithm, default 'sha256'. If no certificate is given the peer certificate of the connection is used. If C<pubkey> is true it will not return the fingerprint of the certificate but instead the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate as C<algo$pub$digest_hex>. =item B<get_fingerprint_bin([algo,certificate,pubkey])> This methods returns the binary fingerprint of the given certificate by using the algorithm C<algo>, default 'sha256'. If no certificate is given the peer certificate of the connection is used. If C<pubkey> is true it will not return the fingerprint of the certificate but instead the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate. =item B<get_cipher()> Returns the string form of the cipher that the IO::Socket::SSL object is using. =item B<get_sslversion()> Returns the string representation of the SSL version of an established connection. =item B<get_sslversion_int()> Returns the integer representation of the SSL version of an established connection. =item B<get_session_reused()> This returns true if the session got reused and false otherwise. Note that with a reused session no certificates are send within the handshake and no ciphers are offered and thus functions which rely on this might not work. =item B<dump_peer_certificate()> Returns a parsable string with select fields from the peer SSL certificate. This method directly returns the result of the dump_peer_certificate() method of Net::SSLeay. =item B<peer_certificate($field;[$refresh])> If a peer certificate exists, this function can retrieve values from it. If no field is given the internal representation of certificate from Net::SSLeay is returned. If refresh is true it will not used a cached version, but check again in case the certificate of the connection has changed due to renegotiation. The following fields can be queried: =over 8 =item authority (alias issuer) The certificate authority which signed the certificate. =item owner (alias subject) The owner of the certificate. =item commonName (alias cn) - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.30 The common name, usually the server name for SSL certificates. =item subjectAltNames - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.33 Alternative names for the subject, usually different names for the same server, like example.org, example.com, .example.com. It returns a list of (typ,value) with typ GEN_DNS, GEN_IPADD etc (these constants are exported from IO::Socket::SSL). See Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames. =back =item B<sock_certificate($field)> This is similar to C<peer_certificate> but will return the sites own certificate. The same arguments for B<$field> can be used. If no B<$field> is given the certificate handle from the underlying OpenSSL will be returned. This handle will only be valid as long as the SSL connection exists and if used afterwards it might result in strange crashes of the application. =item B<peer_certificates> This returns all the certificates send by the peer, e.g. first the peers own certificate and then the rest of the chain. You might use B<CERT_asHash> from L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils> to inspect each of the certificates. This function depends on a version of Net::SSLeay >= 1.58 . =item B<get_servername> This gives the name requested by the client if Server Name Indication (SNI) was used. =item B<verify_hostname($hostname,$scheme,$publicsuffix)> This verifies the given hostname against the peer certificate using the given scheme. Hostname is usually what you specify within the PeerAddr. See the C<SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix> parameter for an explanation of suffix checking and for the possible values. Verification of hostname against a certificate is different between various applications and RFCs. Some scheme allow wildcards for hostnames, some only in subjectAltNames, and even their different wildcard schemes are possible. RFC 6125 provides a good overview. To ease the verification the following schemes are predefined (both protocol name and rfcXXXX name can be used): =over 8 =item rfc2818, xmpp (rfc3920), ftp (rfc4217) Extended wildcards in subjectAltNames and common name are possible, e.g. .example.org or even www.example.org. The common name will be only checked if no DNS names are given in subjectAltNames. =item http (alias www) While name checking is defined in rfc2818 the current browsers usually accept also an IP address (w/o wildcards) within the common name as long as no subjectAltNames are defined. Thus this is rfc2818 extended with this feature. =item smtp (rfc2595), imap, pop3, acap (rfc4642), netconf (rfc5538), syslog (rfc5425), snmp (rfc5953) Simple wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible, e.g. .example.org matches www.example.org but not lala.www.example.org. If nothing from subjectAltNames match it checks against the common name, where wildcards are also allowed to match the full leftmost label. =item ldap (rfc4513) Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames, but not in common name. Common name will be checked even if subjectAltNames exist. =item sip (rfc5922) No wildcards are allowed and common name is checked even if subjectAltNames exist. =item gist (rfc5971) Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common name, but common name will only be checked if their are no DNS names in subjectAltNames. =item default This is a superset of all the rules and is automatically used if no scheme is given but a hostname (instead of IP) is known. Extended wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common name and common name is checked always. =item none No verification will be done. Actually is does not make any sense to call verify_hostname in this case. =back The scheme can be given either by specifying the name for one of the above predefined schemes, or by using a hash which can have the following keys and values: =over 8 =item check_cn: 0\|'always'\|'when_only' Determines if the common name gets checked. If 'always' it will always be checked (like in ldap), if 'when_only' it will only be checked if no names are given in subjectAltNames (like in http), for any other values the common name will not be checked. =item wildcards_in_alt: 0\|'full_label'\|'anywhere' Determines if and where wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible. If 'full_label' only cases like .example.org will be possible (like in ldap), for 'anywhere' www.example.org is possible too (like http), dangerous things like but www..org or even '' will not be allowed. For compatibility with older versions 'leftmost' can be given instead of 'full_label'. =item wildcards_in_cn: 0\|'full_label'\|'anywhere' Similar to wildcards_in_alt, but checks the common name. There is no predefined scheme which allows wildcards in common names. =item ip_in_cn: 0\|1\|4\|6 Determines if an IP address is allowed in the common name (no wildcards are allowed). If set to 4 or 6 it only allows IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, any other true value allows both. =item callback: \&coderef If you give a subroutine for verification it will be called with the arguments ($hostname,$commonName,@subjectAltNames), where hostname is the name given for verification, commonName is the result from peer_certificate('cn') and subjectAltNames is the result from peer_certificate('subjectAltNames'). All other arguments for the verification scheme will be ignored in this case. =back =item B<next_proto_negotiated()> This method returns the name of negotiated protocol - e.g. 'http/1.1'. It works for both client and server side of SSL connection. NPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and openssl-1.0.1+. To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_npn() >>. =item B<alpn_selected()> Returns the protocol negotiated via ALPN as a string, e.g. 'http/1.1', 'http/2.0' or 'spdy/3.1'. ALPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+. To check support, use C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_alpn() >>. =item B<errstr()> Returns the last error (in string form) that occurred. If you do not have a real object to perform this method on, call IO::Socket::SSL::errstr() instead. For read and write errors on non-blocking sockets, this method may include the string C<SSL wants a read first!> or C<SSL wants a write first!> meaning that the other side is expecting to read from or write to the socket and wants to be satisfied before you get to do anything. But with version 0.98 you are better comparing the global exported variable $SSL_ERROR against the exported symbols SSL_WANT_READ and SSL_WANT_WRITE. =item B<opened()> This returns false if the socket could not be opened, 1 if the socket could be opened and the SSL handshake was successful done and -1 if the underlying IO::Handle is open, but the SSL handshake failed. =item B<< IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, ... ) >> This will convert a glob reference or a socket that you provide to an IO::Socket::SSL object. You may also pass parameters to specify context or connection options as with a call to new(). If you are using this function on an accept()ed socket, you must set the parameter "SSL_server" to 1, i.e. IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, SSL_server => 1). If you have a class that inherits from IO::Socket::SSL and you want the $socket to be blessed into your own class instead, use MyClass->start_SSL($socket) to achieve the desired effect. Note that if start_SSL() fails in SSL negotiation, $socket will remain blessed in its original class. For non-blocking sockets you better just upgrade the socket to IO::Socket::SSL and call accept_SSL or connect_SSL and the upgraded object. To just upgrade the socket set B<SSL_startHandshake> explicitly to 0. If you call start_SSL w/o this parameter it will revert to blocking behavior for accept_SSL and connect_SSL. If given the parameter "Timeout" it will stop if after the timeout no SSL connection was established. This parameter is only used for blocking sockets, if it is not given the default Timeout from the underlying IO::Socket will be used. =item B<stop_SSL(...)> This is the opposite of start_SSL(), connect_SSL() and accept_SSL(), e.g. it will shutdown the SSL connection and return to the class before start_SSL(). It gets the same arguments as close(), in fact close() calls stop_SSL() (but without downgrading the class). Will return true if it succeeded and undef if failed. This might be the case for non-blocking sockets. In this case $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK and the ssl error to SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE. In this case the call should be retried again with the same arguments once the socket is ready. For calling from C<stop_SSL> C<SSL_fast_shutdown> default to false, e.g. it waits for the close_notify of the peer. This is necessary in case you want to downgrade the socket and continue to use it as a plain socket. After stop_SSL the socket can again be used to exchange plain data. =item B<connect_SSL>, B<accept_SSL> These functions should be used to do the relevant handshake, if the socket got created with C<new> or upgraded with C<start_SSL> and C<SSL_startHandshake> was set to false. They will return undef until the handshake succeeded or an error got thrown. As long as the function returns undef and $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK one could retry the call after the socket got readable (SSL_WANT_READ) or writeable (SSL_WANT_WRITE). =item B<ocsp_resolver> This will create an OCSP resolver object, which can be used to create OCSP requests for the certificates of the SSL connection. Which certificates are verified depends on the setting of C<SSL_ocsp_mode>: by default only the leaf certificate will be checked, but with SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN all chain certificates will be checked. Because to create an OCSP request the certificate and its issuer certificate need to be known it is not possible to check certificates when the trust chain is incomplete or if the certificate is self-signed. The OCSP resolver gets created by calling C<< $ssl->ocsp_resolver >> and provides the following methods: =over 8 =item hard_error This returns the hard error when checking the OCSP response. Hard errors are certificate revocations. With the C<SSL_ocsp_mode> of SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD any soft error (e.g. failures to get signed information about the certificates) will be considered a hard error too. The OCSP resolving will stop on the first hard error. The method will return undef as long as no hard errors occurred and still requests to be resolved. If all requests got resolved and no hard errors occurred the method will return C<''>. =item soft_error This returns the soft error(s) which occurred when asking the OCSP responders. =item requests This will return a hash consisting of C<(url,request)>-tuples, e.g. which contain the OCSP request string and the URL where it should be sent too. The usual way to send such a request is as HTTP POST request with a content-type of C<application/ocsp-request> or as a GET request with the base64 and url-encoded request is added to the path of the URL. After you've handled all these requests and added the response with C<add_response> you should better call this method again to make sure, that no more requests are outstanding. IO::Socket::SSL will combine multiple OCSP requests for the same server inside a single request, but some server don't give a response to all these requests, so that one has to ask again with the remaining requests. =item add_response($uri,$response) This method takes the HTTP body of the response which got received when sending the OCSP request to C<$uri>. If no response was received or an error occurred one should either retry or consider C<$response> as empty which will trigger a soft error. The method returns the current value of C<hard_error>, e.g. a defined value when no more requests need to be done. =item resolve_blocking(%args) This combines C<requests> and C<add_response> which L<HTTP::Tiny> to do all necessary requests in a blocking way. C<%args> will be given to L<HTTP::Tiny> so that you can put proxy settings etc here. L<HTTP::Tiny> will be called with C<verify_SSL> of false, because the OCSP responses have their own signatures so no extra SSL verification is needed. If you don't want to use blocking requests you need to roll your own user agent with C<requests> and C<add_response>. =back =item B<< IO::Socket::SSL->new_from_fd($fd, [mode], %sslargs) >> This will convert a socket identified via a file descriptor into an SSL socket. Note that the argument list does not include a "MODE" argument; if you supply one, it will be thoughtfully ignored (for compatibility with IO::Socket::INET). Instead, a mode of '+<' is assumed, and the file descriptor passed must be able to handle such I/O because the initial SSL handshake requires bidirectional communication. Internally the given $fd will be upgraded to a socket object using the C<new_from_fd> method of the super class (L<IO::Socket::INET> or similar) and then C<start_SSL> will be called using the given C<%sslargs>. If C<$fd> is already an IO::Socket object you should better call C<start_SSL> directly. =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca([ path\|dir\| SSL_ca_file => ..., SSL_ca_path => ... ])> Determines or sets the default CA path. If existing path or dir or a hash is given it will set the default CA path to this value and never try to detect it automatically. If C<undef> is given it will forget any stored defaults and continue with detection of system defaults. If no arguments are given it will start detection of system defaults, unless it has already stored user-set or previously detected values. The detection of system defaults works similar to OpenSSL, e.g. it will check the directory specified in environment variable SSL_CERT_DIR or the path OPENSSLDIR/certs (SSLCERTS: on VMS) and the file specified in environment variable SSL_CERT_FILE or the path OPENSSLDIR/cert.pem (SSLCERTS:cert.pem on VMS). Contrary to OpenSSL it will check if the SSL_ca_path contains PEM files with the hash as file name and if the SSL_ca_file looks like PEM. If no usable system default can be found it will try to load and use L<Mozilla::CA> and if not available give up detection. The result of the detection will be saved to speed up future calls. The function returns the saved default CA as hash with SSL_ca_file and SSL_ca_path. =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_context(...)> You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a given context (unless specifically overridden in a call to new()). It accepts one argument, which should be either an IO::Socket::SSL object or an IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context object. See the SSL_reuse_ctx option of new() for more details. Note that this sets the default context globally, so use with caution (esp. in mod_perl scripts). =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_session_cache(...)> You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a given session cache (unless specifically overridden in a call to new()). It accepts one argument, which should be an IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache object or similar (e.g. something which implements get_session, add_session and del_session like IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache does). See the SSL_session_cache option of new() for more details. Note that this sets the default cache globally, so use with caution. =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_defaults(%args)> With this function one can set defaults for all SSL_* parameter used for creation of the context, like the SSL_verify* parameter. Any SSL_* parameter can be given or the following short versions: =over 8 =item mode - SSL_verify_mode =item callback - SSL_verify_callback =item scheme - SSL_verifycn_scheme =item name - SSL_verifycn_name =back =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_client_defaults(%args)> Similar to C<set_defaults>, but only sets the defaults for client mode. =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_server_defaults(%args)> Similar to C<set_defaults>, but only sets the defaults for server mode. =item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack(\&code\|'use_defaults')> Sometimes one has to use code which uses unwanted or invalid arguments for SSL, typically disabling SSL verification or setting wrong ciphers or SSL versions. With this hack it is possible to override these settings and restore sanity. Example: IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack( sub { my ($is_server,$args) = @_; if ( ! $is_server ) { # client settings - enable verification with default CA # and fallback hostname verification etc delete @{$args}{qw( SSL_verify_mode SSL_ca_file SSL_ca_path SSL_verifycn_scheme SSL_version )}; # and add some fingerprints for known certs which are signed by # unknown CAs or are self-signed $args->{SSL_fingerprint} = ... } }); With the short setting C<set_args_filter_hack('use_defaults')> it will prefer the default settings in all cases. These default settings can be modified with C<set_defaults>, C<set_client_defaults> and C<set_server_defaults>. =back The following methods are unsupported (not to mention futile!) and IO::Socket::SSL will emit a large CROAK() if you are silly enough to use them: =over 4 =item truncate =item stat =item ungetc =item setbuf =item setvbuf =item fdopen =item send/recv Note that send() and recv() cannot be reliably trapped by a tied filehandle (such as that used by IO::Socket::SSL) and so may send unencrypted data over the socket. Object-oriented calls to these functions will fail, telling you to use the print/printf/syswrite and read/sysread families instead. =back =head1 DEPRECATIONS The following functions are deprecated and are only retained for compatibility: =over 2 =item context_init() use the SSL_reuse_ctx option if you want to re-use a context =item socketToSSL() and socket_to_SSL() use IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL() instead =item kill_socket() use close() instead =item get_peer_certificate() use the peer_certificate() function instead. Used to return X509_Certificate with methods subject_name and issuer_name. Now simply returns $self which has these methods (although deprecated). =item issuer_name() use peer_certificate( 'issuer' ) instead =item subject_name() use peer_certificate( 'subject' ) instead =back =head1 EXAMPLES See the 'example' directory, the tests in 't' and also the tools in 'util'. =head1 BUGS If you use IO::Socket::SSL together with threads you should load it (e.g. use or require) inside the main thread before creating any other threads which use it. This way it is much faster because it will be initialized only once. Also there are reports that it might crash the other way. Creating an IO::Socket::SSL object in one thread and closing it in another thread will not work. IO::Socket::SSL does not work together with Storable::fd_retrieve/fd_store. See BUGS file for more information and how to work around the problem. Non-blocking and timeouts (which are based on non-blocking) are not supported on Win32, because the underlying IO::Socket::INET does not support non-blocking on this platform. If you have a server and it looks like you have a memory leak you might check the size of your session cache. Default for Net::SSLeay seems to be 20480, see the example for SSL_create_ctx_callback for how to limit it. TLS 1.3 support regarding session reuse is incomplete. =head1 SEE ALSO IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET6, IO::Socket::IP, Net::SSLeay. =head1 THANKS Many thanks to all who added patches or reported bugs or helped IO::Socket::SSL another way. Please keep reporting bugs and help with patches, even if they just fix the documentation. Special thanks to the team of Net::SSLeay for the good cooperation. =head1 AUTHORS Steffen Ullrich, <sullr at cpan.org> is the current maintainer. Peter Behroozi, <behrooz at fas.harvard.edu> (Note the lack of an "i" at the end of "behrooz") Marko Asplund, <marko.asplund at kronodoc.fi>, was the original author of IO::Socket::SSL. Patches incorporated from various people, see file Changes. =head1 COPYRIGHT The original versions of this module are Copyright (C) 1999-2002 Marko Asplund. The rewrite of this module is Copyright (C) 2002-2005 Peter Behroozi. Versions 0.98 and newer are Copyright (C) 2006-2014 Steffen Ullrich. This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. Back

Edit File : SSL.pod | Size : 83.08 KB

=head1 NAME

IO::Socket::SSL - SSL sockets with IO::Socket interface

=head1 SYNOPSIS

use strict;
    use IO::Socket::SSL;

# simple client
    my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.google.com:443');
    print $cl "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
    print <$cl>;

# simple server
    my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	LocalAddr => '0.0.0.0:1234',
	Listen => 10,
	SSL_cert_file => 'server-cert.pem',
	SSL_key_file => 'server-key.pem',
    );
    $srv->accept;

=head1 DESCRIPTION

IO::Socket::SSL makes using SSL/TLS much easier by wrapping the necessary
functionality into the familiar L<IO::Socket> interface and providing secure
defaults whenever possible.
This way, existing applications can be made SSL-aware without much effort, at
least if you do blocking I/O and don't use select or poll.

But, under the hood, SSL is a complex beast.
So there are lots of methods to make it do what you need if the default
behavior is not adequate.
Because it is easy to inadvertently introduce critical security bugs or just
hard to debug problems, I would recommend studying the following
documentation carefully.

The documentation consists of the following parts:

=over 4

=item * L</"Essential Information About SSL/TLS">

=item * L</"Basic SSL Client">

=item * L</"Basic SSL Server">

=item * L</"Common Usage Errors">

=item * L</"Common Problems with SSL">

=item * L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">

=item * L</"Advanced Usage">

=item * L</"Integration Into Own Modules">

=item * L</"Description Of Methods">

=back

Additional documentation can be found in

=over 4

=item * L<IO::Socket::SSL::Intercept> - Doing Man-In-The-Middle with SSL

=item * L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils> - Useful functions for certificates etc

=back

=head1 Essential Information About SSL/TLS

SSL (Secure Socket Layer) or its successor TLS (Transport Layer Security) are
protocols to facilitate end-to-end security. These protocols are used when
accessing web sites (https), delivering or retrieving email, and in lots of other
use cases.
In the following documentation we will refer to both SSL and TLS as simply 'SSL'.

SSL enables end-to-end security by providing two essential functions:

=over 4

=item Encryption

This part encrypts the data for transit between the communicating parties, so
that nobody in between can read them. It also provides tamper resistance so that
nobody in between can manipulate the data.

=item Identification

This part makes sure that you talk to the right peer.
If the identification is done incorrectly it is easy to mount man-in-the-middle
attacks, e.g. if Alice wants to talk to Bob it would be possible for Mallory to
put itself in the middle, so that Alice talks to Mallory and Mallory to Bob.
All the data would still be encrypted, but not end-to-end between Alice and Bob,
but only between Alice and Mallory and then between Mallory and Bob.
Thus Mallory would be able to read and modify all traffic between Alice and Bob.

=back

Identification is the part which is the hardest to understand and the easiest
to get wrong.

With SSL, the Identification is usually done with B<certificates> inside a B<PKI>
(Public Key Infrastructure).
These Certificates are comparable to an identity card, which contains
information about the owner of the card. The card then is somehow B<signed> by
the B<issuer> of the card, the B<CA> (Certificate Agency).

To verify the identity of the peer the following must be done inside SSL:

=over 4

=item *

Get the certificate from the peer.
If the peer does not present a certificate we cannot verify it.

=item *

Check if we trust the certificate, e.g. make sure it's not a forgery.

We believe that a certificate is not a fake if we either know the certificate
already or if we B<trust> the issuer (the CA) and can verify the issuers
signature on the certificate.
In reality there is often a hierarchy of certificate agencies and we only
directly trust the root of this hierarchy.
In this case the peer not only sends his own certificate, but also all
B<intermediate certificates>.
Verification will be done by building a B<trust path> from the trusted root up
to the peers certificate and checking in each step if the we can verify the
issuer's signature.

This step often causes problems because the client does not know the necessary
trusted root certificates. These are usually stored in a system dependent
CA store, but often the browsers have their own CA store.

=item *

Check if the certificate is still valid.
Each certificate has a lifetime and should not be used after that time because
it might be compromised or the underlying cryptography got broken in the mean
time.

=item *

Check if the subject of the certificate matches the peer.
This is like comparing the picture on the identity card against the person
representing the identity card.

When connecting to a server this is usually done by comparing the hostname used
for connecting against the names represented in the certificate.
A certificate might contain multiple names or wildcards, so that it can be used
for multiple hosts (e.g.  *.example.com and *.example.org).

Although nobody sane would accept an identity card where the picture does not
match the person we see, it is a common implementation error with SSL to omit
this check or get it wrong.

=item *

Check if the certificate was revoked by the issuer.
This might be the case if the certificate was compromised somehow and now
somebody else might use it to claim the wrong identity.
Such revocations happened a lot after the heartbleed attack.

For SSL there are two ways to verify a revocation, CRL and OCSP.
With CRLs (Certificate Revocation List) the CA provides a list of serial numbers
for revoked certificates. The client somehow has to download the list
(which can be huge) and keep it up to date.
With OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol) the client can check a single
certificate directly by asking the issuer.

Revocation is the hardest part of the verification and none of today's browsers
get it fully correct. But, they are still better than most other implementations
which don't implement revocation checks or leave the hard parts to the
developer.

=back

When accessing a web site with SSL or delivering mail in a secure way the
identity is usually only checked one way, e.g. the client wants to make sure it
talks to the right server, but the server usually does not care which client it
talks to.
But, sometimes the server wants to identify the client too and will request a
certificate from the client which the server must verify in a similar way.

=head1 Basic SSL Client

A basic SSL client is simple:

my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new('www.example.com:443')
	or die "error=$!, ssl_error=$SSL_ERROR";

This will take the OpenSSL default CA store as the store for the trusted CA.
This usually works on UNIX systems.
If there are no certificates in the store it will try use L<Mozilla::CA> which
provides the default CAs of Firefox.

In the default settings, L<IO::Socket::SSL> will use a safer cipher set and SSL
version, do a proper hostname check against the certificate, and use SNI (server
name indication) to send the hostname inside the SSL handshake. This is
necessary to work with servers which have different certificates behind the
same IP address.
It will also check the revocation of the certificate with OCSP, but currently
only if the server provides OCSP stapling (for deeper checks see
C<ocsp_resolver> method).

Lots of options can be used to change ciphers, SSL version, location of CA and
much more. See documentation of methods for details.

With protocols like SMTP it is necessary to upgrade an existing socket to SSL.
This can be done like this:

my $client = IO::Socket::INET->new('mx.example.com:25') or die $!;
    # .. read greeting from server
    # .. send EHLO and read response
    # .. send STARTTLS command and read response
    # .. if response was successful we can upgrade the socket to SSL now:
    IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
	# explicitly set hostname we should use for SNI
	SSL_hostname => 'mx.example.com'
    ) or die $SSL_ERROR;

A more complete example for a simple HTTP client:

my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	# where to connect
	PeerHost => "www.example.com",
	PeerPort => "https",

# certificate verification - VERIFY_PEER is default
	SSL_verify_mode => SSL_VERIFY_PEER,

# location of CA store
	# need only be given if default store should not be used
	SSL_ca_path => '/etc/ssl/certs', # typical CA path on Linux
	SSL_ca_file => '/etc/ssl/cert.pem', # typical CA file on BSD

# or just use default path on system:
	IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca(), # either explicitly
	# or implicitly by not giving SSL_ca_*

# easy hostname verification
	# It will use PeerHost as default name a verification
	# scheme as default, which is safe enough for most purposes.
	SSL_verifycn_name => 'foo.bar',
	SSL_verifycn_scheme => 'http',

# SNI support - defaults to PeerHost
	SSL_hostname => 'foo.bar',

) or die "failed connect or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR";

# send and receive over SSL connection
    print $client "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n";
    print <$client>;

And to do revocation checks with OCSP (only available with OpenSSL 1.0.0 or
higher and L<Net::SSLeay> 1.59 or higher):

# default will try OCSP stapling and check only leaf certificate
    my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst);

# better yet: require checking of full chain
    my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	PeerAddr => $dst,
	SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN,
    );

# even better: make OCSP errors fatal
    # (this will probably fail with lots of sites because of bad OCSP setups)
    # also use common OCSP response cache
    my $ocsp_cache = IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new;
    my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	PeerAddr => $dst,
	SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN|SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD,
	SSL_ocsp_cache => $ocsp_cache,
    );

# disable OCSP stapling in case server has problems with it
    my $client = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	PeerAddr => $dst,
	SSL_ocsp_mode => SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE,
    );

# check any certificates which are not yet checked by OCSP stapling or
    # where we have already cached results. For your own resolving combine
    # $ocsp->requests with $ocsp->add_response(uri,response).
    my $ocsp = $client->ocsp_resolver();
    my $errors = $ocsp->resolve_blocking();
    if ($errors) {
	warn "OCSP verification failed: $errors";
	close($client);
    }

=head1 Basic SSL Server

A basic SSL server looks similar to other L<IO::Socket> servers, only that it
also contains settings for certificate and key:

# simple server
    my $server = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	# where to listen
	LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1',
	LocalPort => 8080,
	Listen => 10,

# which certificate to offer
	# with SNI support there can be different certificates per hostname
	SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem',
	SSL_key_file => 'key.pem',
    ) or die "failed to listen: $!";

# accept client
    my $client = $server->accept or die
	"failed to accept or ssl handshake: $!,$SSL_ERROR";

This will automatically use a secure set of ciphers and SSL version and also
supports Forward Secrecy with (Elliptic-Curve) Diffie-Hellmann Key Exchange.

If you are doing a forking or threading server, we recommend that you do the SSL
handshake inside the new process/thread so that the master is free for new
connections.
We recommend this because a client with improper or slow SSL handshake could
make the server block in the handshake which would be bad to do on the
listening socket:

# inet server
    my $server = IO::Socket::INET->new(
	# where to listen
	LocalAddr => '127.0.0.1',
	LocalPort => 8080,
	Listen => 10,
    );

# accept client
    my $client = $server->accept or die;

# SSL upgrade client (in new process/thread)
    IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($client,
	SSL_server => 1,
	SSL_cert_file => 'cert.pem',
	SSL_key_file => 'key.pem',
    ) or die "failed to ssl handshake: $SSL_ERROR";

Like with normal sockets, neither forking nor threading servers scale well.
It is recommended to use non-blocking sockets instead, see
L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">

=head1 Common Usage Errors

This is a list of typical errors seen with the use of L<IO::Socket::SSL>:

=over 4

=item *

Disabling verification with C<SSL_verify_mode>.

As described in L</"Essential Information About SSL/TLS">, a proper
identification of the peer is essential and failing to verify makes
Man-In-The-Middle attacks possible.

Nevertheless, lots of scripts and even public modules or applications disable
verification, because it is probably the easiest way to make the thing work
and usually nobody notices any security problems anyway.

If the verification does not succeed with the default settings, one can do the
following:

=over 8

=item *

Make sure the needed CAs are in the store, maybe use C<SSL_ca_file> or
C<SSL_ca_path> to specify a different CA store.

=item *

If the validation fails because the certificate is self-signed and that's what
you expect, you can use the C<SSL_fingerprint> option to accept specific
leaf certificates by their certificate or pubkey fingerprint.

=item *

If the validation failed because the hostname does not match and you cannot
access the host with the name given in the certificate, you can use
C<SSL_verifycn_name> to specify the hostname you expect in the certificate.

=back

A common error pattern is also to disable verification if they found no CA
store (different modules look at different "default" places).
Because L<IO::Socket::SSL> is now able to provide a usable CA store on most
platforms (UNIX, Mac OSX and Windows) it is better to use the defaults provided
by L<IO::Socket::SSL>.
If necessary these can be checked with the C<default_ca> method.

=item *

Polling of SSL sockets (e.g. select, poll and other event loops).

If you sysread one byte on a normal socket it will result in a syscall to read
one byte. Thus, if more than one byte is available on the socket it will be kept
in the network stack of your OS and the next select or poll call will return the
socket as readable.
But, with SSL you don't deliver single bytes. Multiple data bytes are packaged
and encrypted together in an SSL frame. Decryption can only be done on the whole
frame, so a sysread for one byte actually reads the complete SSL frame from the
socket, decrypts it and returns the first decrypted byte. Further sysreads will
return more bytes from the same frame until all bytes are returned and the
next SSL frame will be read from the socket.

Thus, in order to decide if you can read more data (e.g. if sysread will block)
you must check if there are still data in the current SSL frame by calling
C<pending> and if there are no data pending you might check the underlying
socket with select or poll.
Another way might be if you try to sysread at least 16kByte all the time.
16kByte is the maximum size of an SSL frame and because sysread returns data
from only a single SSL frame you can guarantee that there are no pending
data.

See also L</"Using Non-Blocking Sockets">.

=item *

Expecting exactly the same behavior as plain sockets.

IO::Socket::SSL tries to emulate the usual socket behavior as good as possible,
but full emulation can not be done. Specifically a read on the SSL socket might
also result in a write on the TCP socket or a write on the SSL socket might
result in a read on the TCP socket. Also C<accept> and B<close> on the SSL
socket will result in writing and reading data to the TCP socket too.

Especially the hidden writes might result in a connection reset if the
underlying TCP socket is already closed by the peer. Unless signal PIPE is
explicitly handled by the application this will ususally result in the
application crashing. It is thus recommended to explicitly IGNORE signal PIPE so
that the errors get propagated as EPIPE instead of causing a crash of the
application.

=item *

Set 'SSL_version' or 'SSL_cipher_list' to a "better" value.

L<IO::Socket::SSL> tries to set these values to reasonable, secure values which
are compatible with the rest of the world.
But, there are some scripts or modules out there which tried to be smart and
get more secure or compatible settings.
Unfortunately, they did this years ago and never updated these values, so they
are still forced to do only 'TLSv1' (instead of also using TLSv12 or TLSv11).
Or they set 'HIGH' as the cipher list and thought they were secure, but did not
notice that 'HIGH' includes anonymous ciphers, e.g. without identification of
the peer.

So it is recommended to leave the settings at the secure defaults which
L<IO::Socket::SSL> sets and which get updated from time to time to
better fit the real world.

=item *

Make SSL settings inaccessible by the user, together with bad builtin settings.

Some modules use L<IO::Socket::SSL>, but don't make the SSL settings available
to the user. This is often combined with bad builtin settings or defaults (like
switching verification off).

Thus the user needs to hack around these restrictions by using
C<set_args_filter_hack> or similar.

=item *

Use of constants as strings.

Constants like C<SSL_VERIFY_PEER> or C<SSL_WANT_READ> should be used as
constants and not be put inside quotes, because they represent numerical values.

=item *

Forking and handling the socket in parent and child.

A B<fork> of the process will duplicate the internal user space SSL state of the
socket. If both master and child interact with the socket by using their own SSL
state strange error messages will happen. Such interaction includes explicit or
implicit B<close> of the SSL socket. To avoid this the socket should be explicitly
closed with B<SSL_no_shutdown>.

=item *

Forking and executing a new process.

Since the SSL state is stored in user space it will be duplicated by a B<fork> but
it will be lost when doing B<exec>. This means it is not possible to simply
redirect stdin and stdout for the new process to the SSL socket by duplicating
the relevant file handles. Instead explicitly exchanging plain data between
child-process and SSL socket are needed.

=back

=head1 Common Problems with SSL

SSL is a complex protocol with multiple implementations and each of these has
their own quirks. While most of these implementations work together, it often
gets problematic with older versions, minimal versions in load balancers, or plain
wrong setups.

Unfortunately these problems are hard to debug.
Helpful for debugging are a knowledge of SSL internals, wireshark and the use of
the debug settings of L<IO::Socket::SSL> and L<Net::SSLeay>, which can both be
set with C<$IO::Socket::SSL::DEBUG>.
The following debugs levels are defined, but used not in any consistent way:

=over 4

=item *

0 - No debugging (default).

=item *

1 - Print out errors from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and ciphers from L<Net::SSLeay>.

=item *

2 - Print also information about call flow from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and progress
information from L<Net::SSLeay>.

=item *

3 - Print also some data dumps from L<IO::Socket::SSL> and from L<Net::SSLeay>.

=back

Also, C<analyze-ssl.pl> from the ssl-tools repository at
L<https://github.com/noxxi/p5-ssl-tools>  might be a helpful tool when debugging
SSL problems, as do the C<openssl> command line tool and a check with a
different SSL implementation (e.g. a web browser).

The following problems are not uncommon:

=over 4

=item *

Bad server setup: missing intermediate certificates.

It is a regular problem that administrators fail to include all necessary
certificates into their server setup, e.g. everything needed to build the trust
chain from the trusted root.
If they check the setup with the browser everything looks ok, because browsers
work around these problems by caching any intermediate certificates and apply
them to new connections if certificates are missing.

But, fresh browser profiles which have never seen these intermediates cannot
fill in the missing certificates and fail to verify; the same is true with
L<IO::Socket::SSL>.

=item *

Old versions of servers or load balancers which do not understand specific TLS
versions or croak on specific data.

From time to time one encounters an SSL peer, which just closes the connection
inside the SSL handshake. This can usually be worked around by downgrading the
SSL version, e.g. by setting C<SSL_version>. Modern Browsers usually deal with
such servers by automatically downgrading the SSL version and repeat the
connection attempt until they succeed.

Worse servers do not close the underlying TCP connection but instead just
drop the relevant packet. This is harder to detect because it looks like a
stalled connection. But downgrading the SSL version often works here too.

A cause of such problems are often load balancers or security devices, which
have hardware acceleration and only a minimal (and less robust) SSL stack. They
can often be detected because they support much fewer ciphers than other
implementations.

=item *

Bad or old OpenSSL versions.

L<IO::Socket::SSL> uses OpenSSL with the help of the L<Net::SSLeay> library. It
is recommend to have a recent version of this library, because it has more
features and usually fewer known bugs.

=item *

Validation of client certificates fail.

Make sure that the purpose of the certificate allows use as ssl client (check
with C<< openssl x509 -purpose >>, that the necessary root certificate is in the
path specified by C<SSL_ca*> (or the default path) and that any intermediate
certificates needed to build the trust chain are sent by the client.

=item *

Validation of self-signed certificate fails even if it is given with
C<SSL_ca*> argument.

The C<SSL_ca*> arguments do not give a general trust store for arbitrary
certificates but only specify a store for CA certificates which then can be used
to verify other certificates.  This especially means that certificates which are
not a CA get simply ignored, notably self-signed certificates which do not also
have the CA-flag set.

This behavior of OpenSSL differs from the more general trust-store concept which
can be found in browsers and where it is possible to simply added arbitrary
certificates (CA or not) as trusted.

=back

=head1 Using Non-Blocking Sockets

If you have a non-blocking socket, the expected behavior on read, write, accept
or connect is to set C<$!> to EWOULDBLOCK if the operation cannot be completed
immediately. Note that EWOULDBLOCK is the same as EAGAIN on UNIX systems, but
is different on Windows.

With SSL, handshakes might occur at any time, even within an established
connection. In these cases it is necessary to finish the handshake before
you can read or write data. This might result in situations where you want to
read but must first finish the write of a handshake or where you want to write
but must first finish a read.
In these cases C<$!> is set to EAGAIN like expected, and additionally
C<$SSL_ERROR> is set to either SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE.
Thus if you get EWOULDBLOCK on a SSL socket you must check C<$SSL_ERROR> for
SSL_WANT_* and adapt your event mask accordingly.

Using readline on non-blocking sockets does not make much sense and I would
advise against using it.
And, while the behavior is not documented for other L<IO::Socket> classes, it
will try to emulate the behavior seen there, e.g. to return the received data
instead of blocking, even if the line is not complete. If an unrecoverable error
occurs it will return nothing, even if it already received some data.

Also, I would advise against using C<accept> with a non-blocking SSL object
because it might block and this is not what most would expect. The reason for
this is that C<accept> on a non-blocking TCP socket (e.g. L<IO::Socket::IP>,
L<IO::Socket::INET>..) results in a new TCP socket which does not inherit the
non-blocking behavior of the master socket. And thus, the initial SSL handshake
on the new socket inside C<IO::Socket::SSL::accept> will be done in a blocking
way. To work around this you are safer by doing a TCP accept and later upgrade the
TCP socket in a non-blocking way with C<start_SSL> and C<accept_SSL>.

my $cl = IO::Socket::SSL->new($dst);
    $cl->blocking(0);
    my $sel = IO::Select->new($cl);
    while (1) {
	# with SSL a call for reading n bytes does not result in reading of n
	# bytes from the socket, but instead it must read at least one full SSL
	# frame. If the socket has no new bytes, but there are unprocessed data
	# from the SSL frame can_read will block!

# wait for data on socket
	$sel->can_read();

# new data on socket or eof
	READ:
	# this does not read only 1 byte from socket, but reads the complete SSL
	# frame and then just returns one byte. On subsequent calls it than
	# returns more byte of the same SSL frame until it needs to read the
	# next frame.
	my $n = sysread( $cl,my $buf,1);
	if ( ! defined $n ) {
	    die $! if not ${EWOULDBLOCK};
	    next if $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_READ;
	    if ( $SSL_ERROR == SSL_WANT_WRITE ) {
		# need to write data on renegotiation
		$sel->can_write;
		next;
	    }
	    die "something went wrong: $SSL_ERROR";
	} elsif ( ! $n ) {
	    last; # eof
	} else {
	    # read next bytes
	    # we might have still data within the current SSL frame
	    # thus first process these data instead of waiting on the underlying
	    # socket object
	    goto READ if $cl->pending;    # goto sysread
	    next;                         # goto $sel->can_read
	}
    }

Additionally there are differences to plain sockets when using select, poll,
kqueue or similar technologies to get notified if data are available.
Relying only on these calls is not sufficient in all cases since unread data
might be internally buffered in the SSL stack. To detect such buffering
B<pending()> need to be used. Alternatively the buffering can be avoided by using
B<sysread> with the maximum size of an SSL frame. See L</"Common Usage Errors">
for details.

=head1 Advanced Usage

=head2 SNI Support

Newer extensions to SSL can distinguish between multiple hostnames on the same
IP address using Server Name Indication (SNI).

Support for SNI on the client side was added somewhere in the OpenSSL 0.9.8
series, but with 1.0 a bug was fixed when the server could not decide about
its hostname. Therefore client side SNI is only supported with OpenSSL 1.0 or
higher in L<IO::Socket::SSL>.
With a supported version, SNI is used automatically on the client side, if it
can determine the hostname from C<PeerAddr> or C<PeerHost> (which are synonyms
in the underlying IO::Socket:: classes and thus should never be set both or at
least not to different values).
On unsupported OpenSSL versions it will silently not use SNI.
The hostname can also be given explicitly given with C<SSL_hostname>, but in
this case it will throw in error, if SNI is not supported.
To check for support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_client_sni() >>.

On the server side, earlier versions of OpenSSL are supported, but only together
with L<Net::SSLeay> version >= 1.50.
To check for support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_server_sni() >>.
If server side SNI is supported, you might specify different certificates per
host with C<SSL_cert*> and C<SSL_key*>, and check the requested name using
C<get_servername>.

=head2 Talk Plain and SSL With The Same Socket

It is often required to first exchange some plain data and then upgrade the
socket to SSL after some kind of STARTTLS command. Protocols like FTPS even
need a way to downgrade the socket again back to plain.

The common way to do this would be to create a normal socket and use C<start_SSL>
to upgrade and stop_SSL to downgrade:

my $sock = IO::Socket::INET->new(...) or die $!;
    ... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ...
    IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($sock,%sslargs) or die $SSL_ERROR;
    ... now $sock is an IO::Socket::SSL object ...
    ... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ...
    $sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
    ... now $sock is again an IO::Socket::INET object ...

But, lots of modules just derive directly from L<IO::Socket::INET>.
While this base class can be replaced with L<IO::Socket::SSL>, these modules cannot
easily support different base classes for SSL and plain data and switch between
these classes on a starttls command.

To help in this case, L<IO::Socket::SSL> can be reduced to a plain socket on
startup, and connect_SSL/accept_SSL/start_SSL can be used to enable SSL and
C<stop_SSL> to talk plain again:

my $sock = IO::Socket::SSL->new(
	PeerAddr => ...
	SSL_startHandshake => 0,
	%sslargs
    ) or die $!;
    ... exchange plain data on $sock until starttls command ...
    $sock->connect_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
    ... now $sock is an IO::Socket::SSL object ...
    ... exchange data with SSL on $sock until stoptls command ...
    $sock->stop_SSL or die $SSL_ERROR;
    ... $sock is still an IO::Socket::SSL object ...
    ... but data exchanged again in plain ...

=head1 Integration Into Own Modules

L<IO::Socket::SSL> behaves similarly to other L<IO::Socket> modules and thus could
be integrated in the same way, but you have to take special care when using
non-blocking I/O (like for handling timeouts) or using select or poll.
Please study the documentation on how to deal with these differences.

Also, it is recommended to not set or touch most of the C<SSL_*> options, so
that they keep their secure defaults. It is also recommended to let the user
override these SSL specific settings without the need of global settings or hacks
like C<set_args_filter_hack>.

The notable exception is C<SSL_verifycn_scheme>.
This should be set to the hostname verification scheme required by the module or
protocol.

=head1 Description Of Methods

L<IO::Socket::SSL> inherits from another L<IO::Socket> module.
The choice of the super class depends on the installed modules:

=over 4

=item *

If L<IO::Socket::IP> with at least version 0.20 is installed it will use this
module as super class, transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support.

=item *

If L<IO::Socket::INET6> is installed it will use this module as super class,
transparently providing IPv6 and IPv4 support.

=item *

Otherwise it will fall back to L<IO::Socket::INET>, which is a perl core module.
With L<IO::Socket::INET> you only get IPv4 support.

=back

Please be aware that with the IPv6 capable super classes, it will look first
for the IPv6 address of a given hostname. If the resolver provides an IPv6
address, but the host cannot be reached by IPv6, there will be no automatic
fallback to IPv4.
To avoid these problems you can enforce IPv4 for a specific socket by
using the C<Domain> or C<Family> option with the value AF_INET as described in
L<IO::Socket::IP>. Alternatively you can enforce IPv4 globally by loading
L<IO::Socket::SSL> with the option 'inet4', in which case it will use the IPv4
only class L<IO::Socket::INET> as the super class.

L<IO::Socket::SSL> will provide all of the methods of its super class, but
sometimes it will override them to match the behavior expected from SSL or to
provide additional arguments.

The new or changed methods are described below, but please also read the
section about SSL specific error handling.

=over 4

=item Error Handling

If an SSL specific error occurs, the global variable C<$SSL_ERROR> will be set.
If the error occurred on an existing SSL socket, the method C<errstr> will
give access to the latest socket specific error.
Both C<$SSL_ERROR> and the C<errstr> method give a dualvar similar to C<$!>, e.g.
providing an error number in numeric context or an error description in string
context.

=item B<new(...)>

Creates a new L<IO::Socket::SSL> object.  You may use all the friendly options
that came bundled with the super class (e.g. L<IO::Socket::IP>,
L<IO::Socket::INET>, ...) plus (optionally) the ones described below.
If you don't specify any SSL related options it will do its best in using
secure defaults, e.g. choosing good ciphers, enabling proper verification, etc.

=over 2

=item SSL_server

Set this option to a true value if the socket should be used as a server.
If this is not explicitly set it is assumed if the C<Listen> parameter is given
when creating the socket.

=item SSL_hostname

This can be given to specify the hostname used for SNI, which is needed if you
have multiple SSL hostnames on the same IP address. If not given it will try to
determine the hostname from C<PeerAddr>, which will fail if only an IP was given or if
this argument is used within C<start_SSL>.

If you want to disable SNI, set this argument to ''.

Currently only supported for the client side and will be ignored for the server
side.

See section "SNI Support" for details of SNI the support.

=item SSL_startHandshake

If this option is set to false (defaults to true) it will not start the SSL
handshake yet. This has to be done later with C<accept_SSL> or C<connect_SSL>.
Before the handshake is started read/write/etc. can be used to exchange plain
data.

=item SSL_keepSocketOnError

If this option is set to true (defaults to false) it will not close the
underlying TCP socket on errors. In most cases there is no real use for this
behavior since both sides of the TCP connection will probably have a
different idea of the current state of the connection.

=item SSL_ca | SSL_ca_file | SSL_ca_path

Usually you want to verify that the peer certificate has been signed by a
trusted certificate authority. In this case you should use this option to
specify the file (C<SSL_ca_file>) or directory (C<SSL_ca_path>) containing the
certificateZ<>(s) of the trusted certificate authorities.

C<SSL_ca_path> can also be an array or a string containing multiple path, where
the path are separated by the platform specific separator. This separator is
C<;> on DOS, Windows, Netware, C<,> on VMS and C<:> for all the other systems.
If multiple path are given at least one of these must be accessible.

You can also give a list of X509* certificate handles (like you get from
L<Net::SSLeay> or L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2cert>) with C<SSL_ca>. These
will be added to the CA store before path and file and thus take precedence.
If neither SSL_ca, nor SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path are set it will use
C<default_ca()> to determine the user-set or system defaults.
If you really don't want to set a CA set SSL_ca_file or SSL_ca_path to
C<\undef> or SSL_ca to an empty list. (unfortunately C<''> is used by some
modules using L<IO::Socket::SSL> when CA is not explicitly given).

=item SSL_client_ca | SSL_client_ca_file

If verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER on the server side these options can be used to
set the list of acceptable CAs for the client. This way the client can select
they required certificate from a list of certificates.
The value for these options is similar to C<SSL_ca> and C<SSL_ca_file>.

=item SSL_fingerprint

Sometimes you have a self-signed certificate or a certificate issued by an
unknown CA and you really want to accept it, but don't want to disable
verification at all. In this case you can specify the fingerprint of the
certificate as C<'algo$hex_fingerprint'>. C<algo> is a fingerprint algorithm
supported by OpenSSL, e.g. 'sha1','sha256'... and C<hex_fingerprint> is the
hexadecimal representation of the binary fingerprint. Any colons inside the
hex string will be ignored.

If you want to use the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate instead
of the certificate use the syntax C<'algo$pub$hex_fingerprint'> instead.
To get the fingerprint of an established connection you can use
C<get_fingerprint>.

It is also possible to skip C<algo$>, i.e. only specifiy the fingerprint. In
this case the likely algorithms will be automatically detected based on the
length of the digest string.

You can specify a list of fingerprints in case you have several acceptable
certificates.
If a fingerprint matches the topmost (i.e. leaf) certificate no additional
validations can make the verification fail.

=item SSL_cert_file | SSL_cert | SSL_key_file | SSL_key

If you create a server you usually need to specify a server certificate which
should be verified by the client. Same is true for client certificates, which
should be verified by the server.
The certificate can be given as a file with SSL_cert_file or as an internal
representation of an X509* object (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or
L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2cert>) with SSL_cert.
If given as a file it will automatically detect the format.
Supported file formats are PEM, DER and PKCS#12, where PEM and PKCS#12 can
contain the certificate and the chain to use, while DER can only contain a single
certificate.

If given as a list of X509* please note, that the all the chain certificates
(e.g. all except the first) will be "consumed" by openssl and will be freed
if the SSL context gets destroyed - so you should never free them yourself. But
the servers certificate (e.g. the first) will not be consumed by openssl and
thus must be freed by the application.

For each certificate a key is need, which can either be given as a file with
SSL_key_file or as an internal representation of an EVP_PKEY* object with
SSL_key (like you get from L<Net::SSLeay> or
L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils::PEM_xxx2key>).
If a key was already given within the PKCS#12 file specified by SSL_cert_file
it will ignore any SSL_key or SSL_key_file.
If no SSL_key or SSL_key_file was given it will try to use the PEM file given
with SSL_cert_file again, maybe it contains the key too.

If your SSL server should be able to use different certificates on the same IP
address, depending on the name given by SNI, you can use a hash reference
instead of a file with C<<hostname => cert_file>>.

If your SSL server should be able to use both RSA and ECDSA certificates for the
same domain/IP a similar hash reference like with SNI is given. The
domain names used to specify the additional certificates should be
C<hostname%whatever>, i.e.  C<hostname%ecc> or similar. This needs at least
OpenSSL 1.0.2. To let the server pick the certificate based on the clients
cipher preference C<SSL_honor_cipher_order> should be set to false.

In case certs and keys are needed but not given it might fall back to builtin
defaults, see "Defaults for Cert, Key and CA".

Examples:

SSL_cert_file => 'mycert.pem',
 SSL_key_file => 'mykey.pem',

SSL_cert_file => {
    "foo.example.org" => 'foo-cert.pem',
    "foo.example.org%ecc" => 'foo-ecc-cert.pem',
    "bar.example.org" => 'bar-cert.pem',
    # used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI
    '' => 'default-cert.pem',
    '%ecc' => 'default-ecc-cert.pem',
 },
 SSL_key_file => {
    "foo.example.org" => 'foo-key.pem',
    "foo.example.org%ecc" => 'foo-ecc-key.pem',
    "bar.example.org" => 'bar-key.pem',
    # used when nothing matches or client does not support SNI
    '' => 'default-key.pem',
    '%ecc' => 'default-ecc-key.pem',
 }

=item SSL_passwd_cb

If your private key is encrypted, you might not want the default password prompt
from Net::SSLeay.  This option takes a reference to a subroutine that should
return the password required to decrypt your private key.

=item SSL_use_cert

If this is true, it forces IO::Socket::SSL to use a certificate and key, even if
you are setting up an SSL client.  If this is set to 0 (the default), then you
will only need a certificate and key if you are setting up a server.

SSL_use_cert will implicitly be set if SSL_server is set.
For convenience it is also set if it was not given but a cert was given for use
(SSL_cert_file or similar).

=item SSL_version

Sets the version of the SSL protocol used to transmit data.
'SSLv23' uses a handshake compatible with SSL2.0, SSL3.0 and TLS1.x, while
'SSLv2', 'SSLv3', 'TLSv1', 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', or 'TLSv1_3' restrict
handshake and protocol to the specified version.
All values are case-insensitive.  Instead of 'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', and
'TLSv1_3' one can also use 'TLSv11', 'TLSv12', and 'TLSv13'.  Support for
'TLSv1_1', 'TLSv1_2', and 'TLSv1_3' requires recent versions of Net::SSLeay
and openssl.
The default SSL_version is defined by the underlying cryptographic library.

Independent from the handshake format you can limit to set of accepted SSL
versions by adding !version separated by ':'.

For example, 'SSLv23:!SSLv3:!SSLv2' means that the
handshake format is compatible to SSL2.0 and higher, but that the successful
handshake is limited to TLS1.0 and higher, that is no SSL2.0 or SSL3.0 because
both of these versions have serious security issues and should not be used
anymore.
You can also use !TLSv1_1 and !TLSv1_2 to disable TLS versions 1.1 and 1.2 while
still allowing TLS version 1.0.

Setting the version instead to 'TLSv1' might break interaction with older
clients, which need and SSL2.0 compatible handshake. On the other
side some clients just close the connection when they receive a TLS version 1.1
request. In this case setting the version to
'SSLv23:!SSLv2:!SSLv3:!TLSv1_1:!TLSv1_2' might help.

=item SSL_cipher_list

If this option is set the cipher list for the connection will be set to the
given value, e.g. something like 'ALL:!LOW:!EXP:!aNULL'. Look into the OpenSSL
documentation (L<http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_STRINGS>)
for more details.

Unless you fail to contact your peer because of no shared ciphers it is
recommended to leave this option at the default setting, which honors the
system-wide PROFILE=SYSTEM cipher list.

In case different cipher lists are needed for different SNI hosts a hash can be
given with the host as key and the cipher suite as value, similar to
B<SSL_cert*>.

=item SSL_honor_cipher_order

If this option is true the cipher order the server specified is used instead
of the order proposed by the client. This option defaults to true to make use of
our secure cipher list setting.

=item SSL_dh_file

To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH
parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve. This setting cares
about DH parameters.

To support non-elliptic Diffie-Hellman key exchange a suitable file needs to
be given here or the SSL_dh should be used with a appropriate value.
See dhparam command in openssl for more information.

If neither C<SSL_dh_file> nor C<SSL_dh> are set a builtin DH parameter with a
length of 2048 bit is used to offer DH key exchange by default. If you don't
want this (e.g. disable DH key exchange) explicitly set this or the C<SSL_dh>
parameter to undef.

=item SSL_dh

Like SSL_dh_file, but instead of giving a file you use a preloaded or generated
DH*.

=item SSL_ecdh_curve

To create a server which provides forward secrecy you need to either give the DH
parameters or (better, because faster) the ECDH curve. This setting cares
about the ECDH curve(s).

To support Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellmann key exchange the OID or NID of at
least one suitable curve needs to be provided here.

With OpenSSL 1.1.0+ this parameter defaults to C<auto>, which means that it
lets OpenSSL pick the best settings. If support for CTX_set_ecdh_auto is
implemented in Net::SSLeay (needs at least version 1.86) it will use this to
implement the same default.  Otherwise it will default to C<prime256v1>
(builtin of OpenSSL) in order to offer ECDH key exchange by default.

If setting groups or curves is supported by Net::SSLeay (needs at least
version 1.86) then multiple curves can be given here in the order of the
preference, i.e.  C<P-521:P-384:P-256>. When used at the client side this
will include the supported curves as extension in the TLS handshake.

If you don't want to have ECDH key exchange this could be set to undef or
set C<SSL_ciphers> to exclude all of these ciphers.

You can check if ECDH support is available by calling
C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_ecdh >>.

=item SSL_verify_mode

This option sets the verification mode for the peer certificate.
You may combine SSL_VERIFY_PEER (verify_peer), SSL_VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT
(fail verification if no peer certificate exists; ignored for clients),
SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE (verify client once; ignored for clients).
See OpenSSL man page for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information.

The default is SSL_VERIFY_NONE for server  (e.g. no check for client
certificate) and SSL_VERIFY_PEER for client (check server certificate).

=item SSL_verify_callback

If you want to verify certificates yourself, you can pass a sub reference along
with this parameter to do so.  When the callback is called, it will be passed:

=over 4

=item 1.
a true/false value that indicates what OpenSSL thinks of the certificate,

=item 2.
a C-style memory address of the certificate store,

=item 3.
a string containing the certificate's issuer attributes and owner attributes,
and

=item 4.
a string containing any errors encountered (0 if no errors).

=item 5.
a C-style memory address of the peer's own certificate (convertible to
PEM form with Net::SSLeay::PEM_get_string_X509()).

=item 6.
The depth of the certificate in the chain. Depth 0 is the leaf certificate.

=back

The function should return 1 or 0, depending on whether it thinks the
certificate is valid or invalid.  The default is to let OpenSSL do all of the
busy work.

The callback will be called for each element in the certificate chain.

See the OpenSSL documentation for SSL_CTX_set_verify for more information.

=item SSL_verifycn_scheme

The scheme is used to correctly verify the identity inside the certificate
by using the hostname of the peer.
See the information about the verification schemes in B<verify_hostname>.

If you don't specify a scheme it will use 'default', but only complain loudly if
the name verification fails instead of letting the whole certificate
verification fail. THIS WILL CHANGE, e.g. it will let the certificate
verification fail in the future if the hostname does not match the certificate
!!!!  To override the name used in verification use B<SSL_verifycn_name>.

The scheme 'default' is a superset of the usual schemes, which will accept the
hostname in common name and subjectAltName and allow wildcards everywhere.
While using this scheme is way more secure than no name verification at all you
better should use the scheme specific to your application protocol, e.g. 'http',
'ftp'...

If you are really sure, that you don't want to verify the identity using the
hostname  you can use 'none' as a scheme. In this case you'd better have
alternative forms of verification, like a certificate fingerprint or do a manual
verification later by calling B<verify_hostname> yourself.

=item SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix

This option is used to specify the behavior when checking wildcards certificates
for public suffixes, e.g. no wildcard certificates for *.com or *.co.uk should
be accepted, while *.example.com or *.example.co.uk is ok.

If not specified it will simply use the builtin default of
L<IO::Socket::SSL::PublicSuffix>, you can create another object with
from_string or from_file of this module.

To disable verification of public suffix set this option to C<''>.

=item SSL_verifycn_name

Set the name which is used in verification of hostname. If SSL_verifycn_scheme
is set and no SSL_verifycn_name is given it will try to use SSL_hostname or
PeerHost and PeerAddr settings and fail if no name can be determined.
If SSL_verifycn_scheme is not set it will use a default scheme and warn if it
cannot determine a hostname, but it will not fail.

Using PeerHost or PeerAddr works only if you create the connection directly
with C<< IO::Socket::SSL->new >>, if an IO::Socket::INET object is upgraded
with B<start_SSL> the name has to be given in B<SSL_verifycn_name> or
B<SSL_hostname>.

=item SSL_check_crl

If you want to verify that the peer certificate has not been revoked
by the signing authority, set this value to true. OpenSSL will search
for the CRL in your SSL_ca_path, or use the file specified by
SSL_crl_file.  See the Net::SSLeay documentation for more details.
Note that this functionality appears to be broken with OpenSSL <
v0.9.7b, so its use with lower versions will result in an error.

=item SSL_crl_file

If you want to specify the CRL file to be used, set this value to the
pathname to be used.  This must be used in addition to setting
SSL_check_crl.

=item SSL_ocsp_mode

Defines how certificate revocation is done using OCSP (Online Status Revocation
Protocol). The default is to send a request for OCSP stapling to the server and
if the server sends an OCSP response back the result will be used.

Any other OCSP checking needs to be done manually with C<ocsp_resolver>.

The following flags can be combined with C<|>:

=over 8

=item SSL_OCSP_NO_STAPLE

Don't ask for OCSP stapling.
This is the default if SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_NONE.

=item SSL_OCSP_TRY_STAPLE

Try OCSP stapling, but don't complain if it gets no stapled response back.
This is the default if SSL_verify_mode is VERIFY_PEER (the default).

=item SSL_OCSP_MUST_STAPLE

Consider it a hard error, if the server does not send a stapled OCSP response
back. Most servers currently send no stapled OCSP response back.

=item SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD

Fail hard on response errors, default is to fail soft like the browsers do.
Soft errors mean, that the OCSP response is not usable, e.g. no response,
error response, no valid signature etc.
Certificate revocations inside a verified response are considered hard errors
in any case.

Soft errors inside a stapled response are never considered hard, e.g. it is
expected that in this case an OCSP request will be send to the responsible
OCSP responder.

=item SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN

This will set up the C<ocsp_resolver> so that all certificates from the peer
chain will be checked, otherwise only the leaf certificate will be checked
against revocation.

=back

=item SSL_ocsp_staple_callback

If this callback is defined, it will be called with the SSL object and the OCSP
response handle obtained from the peer, e.g. C<<$cb->($ssl,$resp)>>.
If the peer did not provide a stapled OCSP response the function will be called
with C<$resp=undef>.
Because the OCSP response handle is no longer valid after leaving this function
it should not by copied or freed. If access to the response is necessary after
leaving this function it can be serialized with
C<Net::SSLeay::i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE>.

If no such callback is provided, it will use the default one, which verifies the
response and uses it to check if the certificate(s) of the connection got
revoked.

=item SSL_ocsp_cache

With this option a cache can be given for caching OCSP responses, which could
be shared between different SSL contexts. If not given a cache specific to the
SSL context only will be used.

You can either create a new cache with
C<< IO::Socket::SSL::OCSP_Cache->new([size]) >> or implement your own cache,
which needs to have methods C<put($key,\%entry)> and C<get($key)> (returning
C<\%entry>) where entry is the hash representation of the OCSP response with
fields like C<nextUpdate>. The default implementation of the cache will consider
responses valid as long as C<nextUpdate> is less then the current time.

=item SSL_reuse_ctx

If you have already set the above options for a previous instance of
IO::Socket::SSL, then you can reuse the SSL context of that instance by passing
it as the value for the SSL_reuse_ctx parameter.  You may also create a
new instance of the IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context class, using any context
options that you desire without specifying connection options, and pass that
here instead.

If you use this option, all other context-related options that you pass
in the same call to new() will be ignored unless the context supplied was
invalid.  Note that, contrary to versions of IO::Socket::SSL below v0.90, a
global SSL context will not be implicitly used unless you use the
set_default_context() function.

=item SSL_create_ctx_callback

With this callback you can make individual settings to the context after it
got created and the default setup was done.
The callback will be called with the CTX object from Net::SSLeay as the single
argument.

Example for limiting the server session cache size:

SSL_create_ctx_callback => sub {
      my $ctx = shift;
      Net::SSLeay::CTX_sess_set_cache_size($ctx,128);
  }

=item SSL_session_cache_size

If you make repeated connections to the same host/port and the SSL renegotiation
time is an issue, you can turn on client-side session caching with this option
by specifying a positive cache size.  For successive connections, pass the
SSL_reuse_ctx option to the new() calls (or use set_default_context()) to make
use of the cached sessions.  The session cache size refers to the number of
unique host/port pairs that can be stored at one time; the oldest sessions in
the cache will be removed if new ones are added.

This option does not effect the session cache a server has for it's clients,
e.g. it does not affect SSL objects with SSL_server set.

Note that session caching with TLS 1.3 needs at least Net::SSLeay 1.86.

=item SSL_session_cache

Specifies session cache object which should be used instead of creating a new.
Overrules SSL_session_cache_size.
This option is useful if you want to reuse the cache, but not the rest of
the context.

A session cache object can be created using
C<< IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache->new( cachesize ) >>.

Use set_default_session_cache() to set a global cache object.

=item SSL_session_key

Specifies a key to use for lookups and inserts into client-side session cache.
Per default ip:port of destination will be used, but sometimes you want to
share the same session over multiple ports on the same server (like with FTPS).

=item SSL_session_id_context

This gives an id for the servers session cache. It's necessary if you want
clients to connect with a client certificate. If not given but SSL_verify_mode
specifies the need for client certificate a context unique id will be picked.

=item SSL_error_trap

When using the accept() or connect() methods, it may be the case that the
actual socket connection works but the SSL negotiation fails, as in the case of
an HTTP client connecting to an HTTPS server.  Passing a subroutine ref attached
to this parameter allows you to gain control of the orphaned socket instead of
having it be closed forcibly.
The subroutine, if called, will be passed two parameters:
a reference to the socket on which the SSL negotiation failed and the full
text of the error message.

=item SSL_npn_protocols

If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols advertised by SSL
server as an array ref, e.g. ['spdy/2','http1.1'].
On the client side it specifies the protocols offered by the client for NPN
as an array ref.
See also method C<next_proto_negotiated>.

Next Protocol Negotiation (NPN) is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and
openssl-1.0.1+. NPN is unavailable in TLSv1.3 protocol.
To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_npn() >>.
If you use this option with an unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will
throw an error.

=item SSL_alpn_protocols

If used on the server side it specifies list of protocols supported by the SSL
server as an array ref, e.g. ['http/2.0', 'spdy/3.1','http/1.1'].
On the client side it specifies the protocols advertised by the client for ALPN
as an array ref.
See also method C<alpn_selected>.

Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN) is available with Net::SSLeay
1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+. More details about the extension are in RFC7301. To
check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_alpn() >>. If you use
this option with an unsupported Net::SSLeay/OpenSSL it will throw an error.

Note that some client implementations may encounter problems if both NPN and
ALPN are specified. Since ALPN is intended as a replacement for NPN, try
providing ALPN protocols then fall back to NPN if that fails.

=item SSL_ticket_keycb => [$sub,$data] | $sub

This is a callback used for stateless session reuse (Session Tickets, RFC 5077).

This callback will be called as C<< $sub->($data,[$key_name]) >> where C<$data>
is the argument given to SSL_ticket_keycb (or undef) and C<$key_name> depends
on the mode:

=over 8

=item encrypt ticket

If a ticket needs to be encrypted the callback will be called without
C<$key_name>. In this case it should return C<($current_key,$current_key_name>)
where C<$current_key> is the current key (32 byte random data) and
C<$current_key_name> the name associated with this key (exactly 16 byte). This
C<$current_key_name> will be incorporated into the ticket.

=item decrypt ticket

If a ticket needs to be decrypted the callback will be called with C<$key_name>
as found in the ticket. It should return C<($key,$current_key_name>) where
C<$key> is the key associated with the given C<$key_name> and
C<$current_key_name> the name associated with the currently active key.
If C<$current_key_name> is different from the given C<$key_name> the callback
will be called again to re-encrypt the ticket with the currently active key.

If no key can be found which matches the given C<$key_name> then this function
should return nothing (empty list).

This mechanism should be used to limit the life time for each key encrypting the
ticket. Compromise of a ticket encryption key might lead to decryption of SSL
sessions which used session tickets protected by this key.

=back

Example:

Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes(my $oldkey,32);
    Net::SSLeay::RAND_bytes(my $newkey,32);
    my $oldkey_name = pack("a16",'oldsecret');
    my $newkey_name = pack("a16",'newsecret');

my @keys = (
       [ $newkey_name, $newkey ], # current active key
       [ $oldkey_name, $oldkey ], # already expired
    );

my $keycb = [ sub {
       my ($mykeys,$name) = @_;

# return (current_key, current_key_name) if no name given
       return ($mykeys->[0][1],$mykeys->[0][0]) if ! $name;

# return (matching_key, current_key_name) if we find a key matching
       # the given name
       for(my $i = 0; $i<@$mykeys; $i++) {
	   next if $name ne $mykeys->[$i][0];
	   return ($mykeys->[$i][1],$mykeys->[0][0]);
       }

# no matching key found
       return;
    },\@keys ];

my $srv = IO::Socket::SSL->new(..., SSL_ticket_keycb => $keycb);

=back

=item B<accept>

This behaves similar to the accept function of the underlying socket class, but
additionally does the initial SSL handshake. But because the underlying socket
class does return a blocking file handle even when accept is called on a
non-blocking socket, the SSL handshake on the new file object will be done in a
blocking way. Please see the section about non-blocking I/O for details.
If you don't like this behavior you should do accept on the TCP socket and then
upgrade it with C<start_SSL> later.

=item B<connect(...)>

This behaves similar to the connect function but also does an SSL handshake.
Because you cannot give SSL specific arguments to this function, you should
better either use C<new> to create a connect SSL socket or C<start_SSL> to
upgrade an established TCP socket to SSL.

=item B<close(...)>

Contrary to a close for a simple INET socket a close in SSL also mandates a
proper shutdown of the SSL part. This is done by sending a close notify message
by both peers.

A naive implementation would thus wait until it receives the
close notify message from the peer - which conflicts with the commonly expected
semantic that a close will not block. The default behavior is thus to only send
a close notify but not  wait for the close notify of the peer. If this is
required C<SSL_fast_shutdown> need to be explicitly set to false.

There are also cases where a SSL shutdown should not be done at all. This is
true for example when forking to let a child deal with the socket and closing
the socket in the parent process. A naive explicit C<close> or an implicit close
when destroying the socket in the parent would send a close notify to the peer
which would make the SSL socket in the client process unusable. In this case an
explicit C<close> with C<SSL_no_shutdown> set to true should be done in the
parent process.

For more details and other arguments see C<stop_SSL> which gets called from
C<close> to shutdown the SSL state of the socket.

=item B<sysread( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ] )>

This function behaves from the outside the same as B<sysread> in other
L<IO::Socket> objects, e.g. it returns at most LEN bytes of data.
But in reality it reads not only LEN bytes from the underlying socket, but at
a single SSL frame. It then returns up to LEN bytes it decrypted from this SSL
frame. If the frame contained more data than requested it will return only LEN
data, buffer the rest and return it on further read calls.
This means, that it might be possible to read data, even if the underlying
socket is not readable, so using poll or select might not be sufficient.

sysread will only return data from a single SSL frame, e.g. either the pending
data from the already buffered frame or it will read a frame from the underlying
socket and return the decrypted data. It will not return data spanning several
SSL frames in a single call.

Also, calls to sysread might fail, because it must first finish an SSL
handshake.

To understand these behaviors is essential, if you write applications which use
event loops and/or non-blocking sockets. Please read the specific sections in
this documentation.

=item B<syswrite( BUF, [ LEN, [ OFFSET ]] )>

This functions behaves from the outside the same as B<syswrite> in other
L<IO::Socket> objects, e.g. it will write at most LEN bytes to the socket, but
there is no guarantee, that all LEN bytes are written. It will return the number
of bytes written.
Because it basically just calls SSL_write from OpenSSL syswrite will write at
most a single SSL frame. This means, that no more than 16.384 bytes, which is
the maximum size of an SSL frame, will be written at once.

For non-blocking sockets SSL specific behavior applies.
Pease read the specific section in this documentation.

=item B<peek( BUF, LEN, [ OFFSET ])>

This function has exactly the same syntax as B<sysread>, and performs nearly the
same task but will not advance the read position so that successive calls to
peek() with the same arguments will return the same results.  This function
requires OpenSSL 0.9.6a or later to work.

=item B<pending()>

This function gives you the number of bytes available without reading from the
underlying socket object. This function is essential if you work with event
loops, please see the section about polling SSL sockets.

=item B<get_fingerprint([algo,certificate,pubkey])>

This methods returns the fingerprint of the given certificate in the form
C<algo$digest_hex>, where C<algo> is the used algorithm, default 'sha256'.
If no certificate is given the peer certificate of the connection is used.
If C<pubkey> is true it will not return the fingerprint of the certificate but
instead the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate as
C<algo$pub$digest_hex>.

=item B<get_fingerprint_bin([algo,certificate,pubkey])>

This methods returns the binary fingerprint of the given certificate by using
the algorithm C<algo>, default 'sha256'.
If no certificate is given the peer certificate of the connection is used.
If C<pubkey> is true it will not return the fingerprint of the certificate but
instead the fingerprint of the pubkey inside the certificate.

=item B<get_cipher()>

Returns the string form of the cipher that the IO::Socket::SSL object is using.

=item B<get_sslversion()>

Returns the string representation of the SSL version of an established
connection.

=item B<get_sslversion_int()>

Returns the integer representation of the SSL version of an established
connection.

=item B<get_session_reused()>

This returns true if the session got reused and false otherwise. Note that with
a reused session no certificates are send within the handshake and no ciphers
are offered and thus functions which rely on this might not work.

=item B<dump_peer_certificate()>

Returns a parsable string with select fields from the peer SSL certificate.
This method directly returns the result of the dump_peer_certificate() method of
Net::SSLeay.

=item B<peer_certificate($field;[$refresh])>

If a peer certificate exists, this function can retrieve values from it.
If no field is given the internal representation of certificate from Net::SSLeay
is returned.
If refresh is true it will not used a cached version, but check again in case
the certificate of the connection has changed due to renegotiation.

The following fields can be queried:

=over 8

=item authority (alias issuer)

The certificate authority which signed the certificate.

=item owner (alias subject)

The owner of the certificate.

=item commonName (alias cn) - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.30

The common name, usually the server name for SSL certificates.

=item subjectAltNames - only for Net::SSLeay version >=1.33

Alternative names for the subject, usually different names for the same
server, like example.org, example.com, *.example.com.

It returns a list of (typ,value) with typ GEN_DNS, GEN_IPADD etc (these
constants are exported from IO::Socket::SSL).
See Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subjectAltNames.

=back

=item B<sock_certificate($field)>

This is similar to C<peer_certificate> but will return the sites own
certificate. The same arguments for B<$field> can be used.
If no B<$field> is given the certificate handle from the underlying OpenSSL will
be returned. This handle will only be valid as long as the SSL connection exists
and if used afterwards it might result in strange crashes of the application.

=item B<peer_certificates>

This returns all the certificates send by the peer, e.g. first the peers own
certificate and then the rest of the chain. You might use B<CERT_asHash> from
L<IO::Socket::SSL::Utils> to inspect each of the certificates.

This function depends on a version of Net::SSLeay >= 1.58 .

=item B<get_servername>

This gives the name requested by the client if Server Name Indication
(SNI) was used.

=item B<verify_hostname($hostname,$scheme,$publicsuffix)>

This verifies the given hostname against the peer certificate using the
given scheme. Hostname is usually what you specify within the PeerAddr.
See the C<SSL_verifycn_publicsuffix> parameter for an explanation of suffix
checking and for the possible values.

Verification of hostname against a certificate is different between various
applications and RFCs. Some scheme allow wildcards for hostnames, some only
in subjectAltNames, and even their different wildcard schemes are possible.
RFC 6125 provides a good overview.

To ease the verification the following schemes are predefined (both protocol
name and rfcXXXX name can be used):

=over 8

=item rfc2818, xmpp (rfc3920), ftp (rfc4217)

Extended wildcards in subjectAltNames and common name are possible, e.g.
*.example.org or even www*.example.org. The common
name will be only checked if no DNS names are given in subjectAltNames.

=item http (alias www)

While name checking is defined in rfc2818 the current browsers usually accept
also an IP address (w/o wildcards) within the common name as long as no
subjectAltNames are defined. Thus this is rfc2818 extended with this feature.

=item smtp (rfc2595), imap, pop3, acap (rfc4642), netconf (rfc5538), syslog (rfc5425), snmp (rfc5953)

Simple wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible, e.g. *.example.org matches
www.example.org but not lala.www.example.org. If nothing from subjectAltNames
match it checks against the common name, where wildcards are also allowed to
match the full leftmost label.

=item ldap (rfc4513)

Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames, but not in common name.
Common name will be checked even if subjectAltNames exist.

=item sip (rfc5922)

No wildcards are allowed and common name is checked even if subjectAltNames
exist.

=item gist (rfc5971)

Simple wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common name, but common name
will only be checked if their are no DNS names in subjectAltNames.

=item default

This is a superset of all the rules and is automatically used if no scheme is
given but a hostname (instead of IP) is known.
Extended wildcards are allowed in subjectAltNames and common name and common
name is checked always.

=item none

No verification will be done.
Actually is does not make any sense to call verify_hostname in this case.

=back

The scheme can be given either by specifying the name for one of the above
predefined schemes, or by using a hash which can have the following keys and
values:

=over 8

=item check_cn:  0|'always'|'when_only'

Determines if the common name gets checked. If 'always' it will always be
checked (like in ldap), if 'when_only' it will only be checked if no names are
given in subjectAltNames (like in http), for any other values the common name
will not be checked.

=item wildcards_in_alt: 0|'full_label'|'anywhere'

Determines if and where wildcards in subjectAltNames are possible. If
'full_label' only cases like *.example.org will be possible (like in ldap), for
'anywhere' www*.example.org is possible too (like http), dangerous things like
but www.*.org or even '*' will not be allowed.
For compatibility with older versions 'leftmost' can be given instead of
'full_label'.

=item wildcards_in_cn: 0|'full_label'|'anywhere'

Similar to wildcards_in_alt, but checks the common name. There is no predefined
scheme which allows wildcards in common names.

=item ip_in_cn: 0|1|4|6

Determines if an IP address is allowed in the common name (no wildcards are
allowed). If set to 4 or 6 it only allows IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, any other
true value allows both.

=item callback: \&coderef

If you give a subroutine for verification it will be called with the arguments
($hostname,$commonName,@subjectAltNames), where hostname is the name given for
verification, commonName is the result from peer_certificate('cn') and
subjectAltNames is the result from peer_certificate('subjectAltNames').

All other arguments for the verification scheme will be ignored in this case.

=back

=item B<next_proto_negotiated()>

This method returns the name of negotiated protocol - e.g. 'http/1.1'. It works
for both client and server side of SSL connection.

NPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.46+ and openssl-1.0.1+.
To check support you might call C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_npn() >>.

=item B<alpn_selected()>

Returns the protocol negotiated via ALPN as a string, e.g. 'http/1.1',
'http/2.0' or 'spdy/3.1'.

ALPN support is available with Net::SSLeay 1.56+ and openssl-1.0.2+.
To check support, use C<< IO::Socket::SSL->can_alpn() >>.

=item B<errstr()>

Returns the last error (in string form) that occurred.	If you do not have a
real object to perform this method on, call IO::Socket::SSL::errstr() instead.

For read and write errors on non-blocking sockets, this method may include the
string C<SSL wants a read first!> or C<SSL wants a write first!> meaning that
the other side is expecting to read from or write to the socket and wants to be
satisfied before you get to do anything. But with version 0.98 you are better
comparing the global exported variable $SSL_ERROR against the exported symbols
SSL_WANT_READ and SSL_WANT_WRITE.

=item B<opened()>

This returns false if the socket could not be opened, 1 if the socket could be
opened and the SSL handshake was successful done and -1 if the underlying
IO::Handle is open, but the SSL handshake failed.

=item B<< IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, ... ) >>

This will convert a glob reference or a socket that you provide to an
IO::Socket::SSL object.	 You may also pass parameters to specify context or
connection options as with a call to new().  If you are using this function on
an accept()ed socket, you must set the parameter "SSL_server" to 1, i.e.
IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL($socket, SSL_server => 1).  If you have a class that
inherits from IO::Socket::SSL and you want the $socket to be blessed into your
own class instead, use MyClass->start_SSL($socket) to achieve the desired
effect.

Note that if start_SSL() fails in SSL negotiation, $socket will remain blessed
in its original class.	 For non-blocking sockets you better just upgrade the
socket to IO::Socket::SSL and call accept_SSL or connect_SSL and the upgraded
object. To just upgrade the socket set B<SSL_startHandshake> explicitly to 0. If
you call start_SSL w/o this parameter it will revert to blocking behavior for
accept_SSL and connect_SSL.

If given the parameter "Timeout" it will stop if after the timeout no SSL
connection was established. This parameter is only used for blocking sockets, if
it is not given the default Timeout from the underlying IO::Socket will be
used.

=item B<stop_SSL(...)>

This is the opposite of start_SSL(), connect_SSL() and accept_SSL(), e.g. it
will shutdown the SSL connection and return to the class before start_SSL(). It
gets the same arguments as close(), in fact close() calls stop_SSL() (but
without downgrading the class).

Will return true if it succeeded and undef if failed. This might be the case for
non-blocking sockets. In this case $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK and the ssl error to
SSL_WANT_READ or SSL_WANT_WRITE. In this case the call should be retried again
with the same arguments once the socket is ready.

For calling from C<stop_SSL> C<SSL_fast_shutdown> default to false, e.g. it
waits for the close_notify of the peer. This is necessary in case you want to
downgrade the socket and continue to use it as a plain socket.

After stop_SSL the socket can again be used to exchange plain data.

=item B<connect_SSL>, B<accept_SSL>

These functions should be used to do the relevant handshake, if the socket got
created with C<new> or upgraded with C<start_SSL> and C<SSL_startHandshake> was
set to false.
They will return undef until the handshake succeeded or an error got thrown.
As long as the function returns undef and $! is set to EWOULDBLOCK one could
retry the call after the socket got readable (SSL_WANT_READ) or writeable
(SSL_WANT_WRITE).

=item B<ocsp_resolver>

This will create an OCSP resolver object, which can be used to create OCSP
requests for the certificates of the SSL connection. Which certificates are
verified depends on the setting of C<SSL_ocsp_mode>: by default only the leaf
certificate will be checked, but with SSL_OCSP_FULL_CHAIN all chain
certificates will be checked.

Because to create an OCSP request the certificate and its issuer certificate
need to be known it is not possible to check certificates when the trust chain
is incomplete or if the certificate is self-signed.

The OCSP resolver gets created by calling C<< $ssl->ocsp_resolver >> and
provides the following methods:

=over 8

=item hard_error

This returns the hard error when checking the OCSP response.
Hard errors are certificate revocations. With the C<SSL_ocsp_mode> of
SSL_OCSP_FAIL_HARD any soft error (e.g. failures to get signed information
about the certificates) will be considered a hard error too.

The OCSP resolving will stop on the first hard error.

The method will return undef as long as no hard errors occurred and still
requests to be resolved. If all requests got resolved and no hard errors
occurred the method will return C<''>.

=item soft_error

This returns the soft error(s) which occurred when asking the OCSP responders.

=item requests

This will return a hash consisting of C<(url,request)>-tuples, e.g. which
contain the OCSP request string and the URL where it should be sent too. The
usual way to send such a request is as HTTP POST request with a content-type
of C<application/ocsp-request> or as a GET request with the base64 and
url-encoded request is added to the path of the URL.

After you've handled all these requests and added the response with
C<add_response> you should better call this method again to make sure, that no
more requests are outstanding. IO::Socket::SSL will combine multiple OCSP
requests for the same server inside a single request, but some server don't
give a response to all these requests, so that one has to ask again with the
remaining requests.

=item add_response($uri,$response)

This method takes the HTTP body of the response which got received when sending
the OCSP request to C<$uri>. If no response was received or an error occurred
one should either retry or consider C<$response> as empty which will trigger a
soft error.

The method returns the current value of C<hard_error>, e.g. a defined value
when no more requests need to be done.

=item resolve_blocking(%args)

This combines C<requests> and C<add_response> which L<HTTP::Tiny> to do all
necessary requests in a blocking way. C<%args> will be given to L<HTTP::Tiny>
so that you can put proxy settings etc here. L<HTTP::Tiny> will be called with
C<verify_SSL> of false, because the OCSP responses have their own signatures so
no extra SSL verification is needed.

If you don't want to use blocking requests you need to roll your own user agent
with C<requests> and C<add_response>.

=back

=item B<< IO::Socket::SSL->new_from_fd($fd, [mode], %sslargs) >>

This will convert a socket identified via a file descriptor into an SSL socket.
Note that the argument list does not include a "MODE" argument; if you supply
one, it will be thoughtfully ignored (for compatibility with IO::Socket::INET).
Instead, a mode of '+<' is assumed, and the file descriptor passed must be able
to handle such I/O because the initial SSL handshake requires bidirectional
communication.

Internally the given $fd will be upgraded to a socket object using the
C<new_from_fd> method of the super class (L<IO::Socket::INET> or similar) and
then C<start_SSL> will be called using the given C<%sslargs>.
If C<$fd> is already an IO::Socket object you should better call C<start_SSL>
directly.

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::default_ca([ path|dir| SSL_ca_file => ..., SSL_ca_path => ... ])>

Determines or sets the default CA path.
If existing path or dir or a hash is given it will set the default CA path to
this value and never try to detect it automatically.
If C<undef> is given it will forget any stored defaults and continue with
detection of system defaults.
If no arguments are given it will start detection of system defaults, unless it
has already stored user-set or previously detected values.

The detection of system defaults works similar to OpenSSL, e.g. it will check
the directory specified in environment variable SSL_CERT_DIR or the path
OPENSSLDIR/certs (SSLCERTS: on VMS) and the file specified in environment
variable SSL_CERT_FILE or the path OPENSSLDIR/cert.pem (SSLCERTS:cert.pem on
VMS). Contrary to OpenSSL it will check if the SSL_ca_path contains PEM files
with the hash as file name and if the SSL_ca_file looks like PEM.
If no usable system default can be found it will try to load and use
L<Mozilla::CA> and if not available give up detection.
The result of the detection will be saved to speed up future calls.

The function returns the saved default CA as hash with SSL_ca_file and
SSL_ca_path.

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_context(...)>

You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a given context
(unless specifically overridden in a call to new()).
It accepts one argument, which should be either an IO::Socket::SSL object or an
IO::Socket::SSL::SSL_Context object.
See the SSL_reuse_ctx option of new() for more details.
Note that this sets the default context globally, so use with caution (esp. in
mod_perl scripts).

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_default_session_cache(...)>

You may use this to make IO::Socket::SSL automatically re-use a given session
cache (unless specifically overridden in a call to new()).
It accepts one argument, which should be an IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache
object or similar (e.g. something which implements get_session, add_session and
del_session like IO::Socket::SSL::Session_Cache does).
See the SSL_session_cache option of new() for more details.
Note that this sets the default cache globally, so use with caution.

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_defaults(%args)>

With this function one can set defaults for all SSL_* parameter used for
creation of the context, like the SSL_verify* parameter. Any SSL_* parameter can
be given or the following short versions:

=over 8

=item mode - SSL_verify_mode

=item callback - SSL_verify_callback

=item scheme - SSL_verifycn_scheme

=item name - SSL_verifycn_name

=back

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_client_defaults(%args)>

Similar to C<set_defaults>, but only sets the defaults for client mode.

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_server_defaults(%args)>

Similar to C<set_defaults>, but only sets the defaults for server mode.

=item B<IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack(\&code|'use_defaults')>

Sometimes one has to use code which uses unwanted or invalid arguments for SSL,
typically disabling SSL verification or setting wrong ciphers or SSL versions.
With this hack it is possible to override these settings and restore sanity.
Example:

IO::Socket::SSL::set_args_filter_hack( sub {
	my ($is_server,$args) = @_;
	if ( ! $is_server ) {
	    # client settings - enable verification with default CA
	    # and fallback hostname verification etc
	    delete @{$args}{qw(
		SSL_verify_mode
		SSL_ca_file
		SSL_ca_path
		SSL_verifycn_scheme
		SSL_version
	    )};
	    # and add some fingerprints for known certs which are signed by
	    # unknown CAs or are self-signed
	    $args->{SSL_fingerprint} = ...
	}
    });

With the short setting C<set_args_filter_hack('use_defaults')> it will prefer
the default settings in all cases. These default settings can be modified with
C<set_defaults>, C<set_client_defaults> and C<set_server_defaults>.

=back

The following methods are unsupported (not to mention futile!) and
IO::Socket::SSL will emit a large CROAK() if you are silly enough to use them:

=over 4

=item truncate

=item stat

=item ungetc

=item setbuf

=item setvbuf

=item fdopen

=item send/recv

Note that send() and recv() cannot be reliably trapped by a tied filehandle
(such as that used by IO::Socket::SSL) and so may send unencrypted data over the
socket.	 Object-oriented calls to these functions will fail, telling you to use
the print/printf/syswrite and read/sysread families instead.

=back

=head1 DEPRECATIONS

The following functions are deprecated and are only retained for compatibility:

=over 2

=item context_init()

use the SSL_reuse_ctx option if you want to re-use a context

=item socketToSSL() and socket_to_SSL()

use IO::Socket::SSL->start_SSL() instead

=item kill_socket()

use close() instead

=item get_peer_certificate()

use the peer_certificate() function instead.
Used to return X509_Certificate with methods subject_name and issuer_name.
Now simply returns $self which has these methods (although deprecated).

=item issuer_name()

use peer_certificate( 'issuer' ) instead

=item subject_name()

use peer_certificate( 'subject' ) instead

=back

=head1 EXAMPLES

See the 'example' directory, the tests in 't' and also the tools in 'util'.

=head1 BUGS

If you use IO::Socket::SSL together with threads you should load it (e.g. use or
require) inside the main thread before creating any other threads which use it.
This way it is much faster because it will be initialized only once. Also there
are reports that it might crash the other way.

Creating an IO::Socket::SSL object in one thread and closing it in another
thread will not work.

IO::Socket::SSL does not work together with Storable::fd_retrieve/fd_store.
See BUGS file for more information and how to work around the problem.

Non-blocking and timeouts (which are based on non-blocking) are not
supported on Win32, because the underlying IO::Socket::INET does not support
non-blocking on this platform.

If you have a server and it looks like you have a memory leak you might
check the size of your session cache. Default for Net::SSLeay seems to be
20480, see the example for SSL_create_ctx_callback for how to limit it.

TLS 1.3 support regarding session reuse is incomplete.

=head1 SEE ALSO

IO::Socket::INET, IO::Socket::INET6, IO::Socket::IP, Net::SSLeay.

=head1 THANKS

Many thanks to all who added patches or reported bugs or helped IO::Socket::SSL
another way. Please keep reporting bugs and help with patches, even if they just
fix the documentation.

Special thanks to the team of Net::SSLeay for the good cooperation.

=head1 AUTHORS

Steffen Ullrich, <sullr at cpan.org> is the current maintainer.

Peter Behroozi, <behrooz at fas.harvard.edu> (Note the lack of an "i" at the end of "behrooz")

Marko Asplund, <marko.asplund at kronodoc.fi>, was the original author of IO::Socket::SSL.

Patches incorporated from various people, see file Changes.

=head1 COPYRIGHT

This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

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