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Edit File : __init__.py \| Size : 20.57 KB
""" Virtual environment (venv) package for Python. Based on PEP 405. Copyright (C) 2011-2014 Vinay Sajip. Licensed to the PSF under a contributor agreement. """ import logging import os import shutil import subprocess import sys import sysconfig import types logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) class EnvBuilder: """ This class exists to allow virtual environment creation to be customized. The constructor parameters determine the builder's behaviour when called upon to create a virtual environment. By default, the builder makes the system (global) site-packages dir unavailable to the created environment. If invoked using the Python -m option, the default is to use copying on Windows platforms but symlinks elsewhere. If instantiated some other way, the default is to not use symlinks. :param system_site_packages: If True, the system (global) site-packages dir is available to created environments. :param clear: If True, delete the contents of the environment directory if it already exists, before environment creation. :param symlinks: If True, attempt to symlink rather than copy files into virtual environment. :param upgrade: If True, upgrade an existing virtual environment. :param with_pip: If True, ensure pip is installed in the virtual environment :param prompt: Alternative terminal prefix for the environment. """ def __init__(self, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None): self.system_site_packages = system_site_packages self.clear = clear self.symlinks = symlinks self.upgrade = upgrade self.with_pip = with_pip self.prompt = prompt def create(self, env_dir): """ Create a virtual environment in a directory. :param env_dir: The target directory to create an environment in. """ env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir) context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir) # See issue 24875. We need system_site_packages to be False # until after pip is installed. true_system_site_packages = self.system_site_packages self.system_site_packages = False self.create_configuration(context) self.setup_python(context) if self.with_pip: self._setup_pip(context) if not self.upgrade: self.setup_scripts(context) self.post_setup(context) if true_system_site_packages: # We had set it to False before, now # restore it and rewrite the configuration self.system_site_packages = True self.create_configuration(context) def clear_directory(self, path): for fn in os.listdir(path): fn = os.path.join(path, fn) if os.path.islink(fn) or os.path.isfile(fn): os.remove(fn) elif os.path.isdir(fn): shutil.rmtree(fn) def ensure_directories(self, env_dir): """ Create the directories for the environment. Returns a context object which holds paths in the environment, for use by subsequent logic. """ def create_if_needed(d): if not os.path.exists(d): os.makedirs(d) elif os.path.islink(d) or os.path.isfile(d): raise ValueError('Unable to create directory %r' % d) if os.path.exists(env_dir) and self.clear: self.clear_directory(env_dir) context = types.SimpleNamespace() context.env_dir = env_dir context.env_name = os.path.split(env_dir)[1] prompt = self.prompt if self.prompt is not None else context.env_name context.prompt = '(%s) ' % prompt create_if_needed(env_dir) executable = sys._base_executable dirname, exename = os.path.split(os.path.abspath(executable)) context.executable = executable context.python_dir = dirname context.python_exe = exename if sys.platform == 'win32': binname = 'Scripts' incpath = 'Include' libpath = os.path.join(env_dir, 'Lib', 'site-packages') else: binname = 'bin' incpath = 'include' libpath = os.path.join(env_dir, 'lib', 'python%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2], 'site-packages') context.inc_path = path = os.path.join(env_dir, incpath) create_if_needed(path) create_if_needed(libpath) # Issue 21197: create lib64 as a symlink to lib on 64-bit non-OS X POSIX if ((sys.maxsize > 2*32) and (os.name == 'posix') and (sys.platform != 'darwin')): link_path = os.path.join(env_dir, 'lib64') if not os.path.exists(link_path): # Issue #21643 os.symlink('lib', link_path) context.bin_path = binpath = os.path.join(env_dir, binname) context.bin_name = binname context.env_exe = os.path.join(binpath, exename) create_if_needed(binpath) return context def create_configuration(self, context): """ Create a configuration file indicating where the environment's Python was copied from, and whether the system site-packages should be made available in the environment. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ context.cfg_path = path = os.path.join(context.env_dir, 'pyvenv.cfg') with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: f.write('home = %s\n' % context.python_dir) if self.system_site_packages: incl = 'true' else: incl = 'false' f.write('include-system-site-packages = %s\n' % incl) f.write('version = %d.%d.%d\n' % sys.version_info[:3]) if self.prompt is not None: f.write(f'prompt = {self.prompt!r}\n') if os.name != 'nt': def symlink_or_copy(self, src, dst, relative_symlinks_ok=False): """ Try symlinking a file, and if that fails, fall back to copying. """ force_copy = not self.symlinks if not force_copy: try: if not os.path.islink(dst): # can't link to itself! if relative_symlinks_ok: assert os.path.dirname(src) == os.path.dirname(dst) os.symlink(os.path.basename(src), dst) else: os.symlink(src, dst) except Exception: # may need to use a more specific exception logger.warning('Unable to symlink %r to %r', src, dst) force_copy = True if force_copy: shutil.copyfile(src, dst) else: def symlink_or_copy(self, src, dst, relative_symlinks_ok=False): """ Try symlinking a file, and if that fails, fall back to copying. """ bad_src = os.path.lexists(src) and not os.path.exists(src) if self.symlinks and not bad_src and not os.path.islink(dst): try: if relative_symlinks_ok: assert os.path.dirname(src) == os.path.dirname(dst) os.symlink(os.path.basename(src), dst) else: os.symlink(src, dst) return except Exception: # may need to use a more specific exception logger.warning('Unable to symlink %r to %r', src, dst) # On Windows, we rewrite symlinks to our base python.exe into # copies of venvlauncher.exe basename, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src)) srcfn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "scripts", "nt", basename + ext) # Builds or venv's from builds need to remap source file # locations, as we do not put them into Lib/venv/scripts if sysconfig.is_python_build(True) or not os.path.isfile(srcfn): if basename.endswith('_d'): ext = '_d' + ext basename = basename[:-2] if basename == 'python': basename = 'venvlauncher' elif basename == 'pythonw': basename = 'venvwlauncher' src = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(src), basename + ext) else: src = srcfn if not os.path.exists(src): if not bad_src: logger.warning('Unable to copy %r', src) return shutil.copyfile(src, dst) def setup_python(self, context): """ Set up a Python executable in the environment. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ binpath = context.bin_path path = context.env_exe copier = self.symlink_or_copy dirname = context.python_dir if os.name != 'nt': copier(context.executable, path) if not os.path.islink(path): os.chmod(path, 0o755) for suffix in ('python', 'python3'): path = os.path.join(binpath, suffix) if not os.path.exists(path): # Issue 18807: make copies if # symlinks are not wanted copier(context.env_exe, path, relative_symlinks_ok=True) if not os.path.islink(path): os.chmod(path, 0o755) else: if self.symlinks: # For symlinking, we need a complete copy of the root directory # If symlinks fail, you'll get unnecessary copies of files, but # we assume that if you've opted into symlinks on Windows then # you know what you're doing. suffixes = [ f for f in os.listdir(dirname) if os.path.normcase(os.path.splitext(f)[1]) in ('.exe', '.dll') ] if sysconfig.is_python_build(True): suffixes = [ f for f in suffixes if os.path.normcase(f).startswith(('python', 'vcruntime')) ] else: suffixes = ['python.exe', 'python_d.exe', 'pythonw.exe', 'pythonw_d.exe'] for suffix in suffixes: src = os.path.join(dirname, suffix) if os.path.lexists(src): copier(src, os.path.join(binpath, suffix)) if sysconfig.is_python_build(True): # copy init.tcl for root, dirs, files in os.walk(context.python_dir): if 'init.tcl' in files: tcldir = os.path.basename(root) tcldir = os.path.join(context.env_dir, 'Lib', tcldir) if not os.path.exists(tcldir): os.makedirs(tcldir) src = os.path.join(root, 'init.tcl') dst = os.path.join(tcldir, 'init.tcl') shutil.copyfile(src, dst) break def _setup_pip(self, context): """Installs or upgrades pip in a virtual environment""" # We run ensurepip in isolated mode to avoid side effects from # environment vars, the current directory and anything else # intended for the global Python environment cmd = [context.env_exe, '-Im', 'ensurepip', '--upgrade', '--default-pip'] subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) def setup_scripts(self, context): """ Set up scripts into the created environment from a directory. This method installs the default scripts into the environment being created. You can prevent the default installation by overriding this method if you really need to, or if you need to specify a different location for the scripts to install. By default, the 'scripts' directory in the venv package is used as the source of scripts to install. """ path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) path = os.path.join(path, 'scripts') self.install_scripts(context, path) def post_setup(self, context): """ Hook for post-setup modification of the venv. Subclasses may install additional packages or scripts here, add activation shell scripts, etc. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ pass def replace_variables(self, text, context): """ Replace variable placeholders in script text with context-specific variables. Return the text passed in , but with variables replaced. :param text: The text in which to replace placeholder variables. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. """ text = text.replace('__VENV_DIR__', context.env_dir) text = text.replace('__VENV_NAME__', context.env_name) text = text.replace('__VENV_PROMPT__', context.prompt) text = text.replace('__VENV_BIN_NAME__', context.bin_name) text = text.replace('__VENV_PYTHON__', context.env_exe) return text def install_scripts(self, context, path): """ Install scripts into the created environment from a directory. :param context: The information for the environment creation request being processed. :param path: Absolute pathname of a directory containing script. Scripts in the 'common' subdirectory of this directory, and those in the directory named for the platform being run on, are installed in the created environment. Placeholder variables are replaced with environment- specific values. """ binpath = context.bin_path plen = len(path) for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path): if root == path: # at top-level, remove irrelevant dirs for d in dirs[:]: if d not in ('common', os.name): dirs.remove(d) continue # ignore files in top level for f in files: if (os.name == 'nt' and f.startswith('python') and f.endswith(('.exe', '.pdb'))): continue srcfile = os.path.join(root, f) suffix = root[plen:].split(os.sep)[2:] if not suffix: dstdir = binpath else: dstdir = os.path.join(binpath, suffix) if not os.path.exists(dstdir): os.makedirs(dstdir) dstfile = os.path.join(dstdir, f) with open(srcfile, 'rb') as f: data = f.read() if not srcfile.endswith(('.exe', '.pdb')): try: data = data.decode('utf-8') data = self.replace_variables(data, context) data = data.encode('utf-8') except UnicodeError as e: data = None logger.warning('unable to copy script %r, ' 'may be binary: %s', srcfile, e) if data is not None: with open(dstfile, 'wb') as f: f.write(data) shutil.copymode(srcfile, dstfile) def create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False, symlinks=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None): """Create a virtual environment in a directory.""" builder = EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=system_site_packages, clear=clear, symlinks=symlinks, with_pip=with_pip, prompt=prompt) builder.create(env_dir) def main(args=None): compatible = True if sys.version_info < (3, 3): compatible = False elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'): compatible = False if not compatible: raise ValueError('This script is only for use with Python >= 3.3') else: import argparse parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__, description='Creates virtual Python ' 'environments in one or ' 'more target ' 'directories.', epilog='Once an environment has been ' 'created, you may wish to ' 'activate it, e.g. by ' 'sourcing an activate script ' 'in its bin directory.') parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+', help='A directory to create the environment in.') parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False, action='store_true', dest='system_site', help='Give the virtual environment access to the ' 'system site-packages dir.') if os.name == 'nt': use_symlinks = False else: use_symlinks = True group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group() group.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks, action='store_true', dest='symlinks', help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, ' 'when symlinks are not the default for ' 'the platform.') group.add_argument('--copies', default=not use_symlinks, action='store_false', dest='symlinks', help='Try to use copies rather than symlinks, ' 'even when symlinks are the default for ' 'the platform.') parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true', dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the ' 'environment directory if it ' 'already exists, before ' 'environment creation.') parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true', dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the environment ' 'directory to use this version ' 'of Python, assuming Python ' 'has been upgraded in-place.') parser.add_argument('--without-pip', dest='with_pip', default=True, action='store_false', help='Skips installing or upgrading pip in the ' 'virtual environment (pip is bootstrapped ' 'by default)') parser.add_argument('--prompt', help='Provides an alternative prompt prefix for ' 'this environment.') options = parser.parse_args(args) if options.upgrade and options.clear: raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.') builder = EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site, clear=options.clear, symlinks=options.symlinks, upgrade=options.upgrade, with_pip=options.with_pip, prompt=options.prompt) for d in options.dirs: builder.create(d) if __name__ == '__main__': rc = 1 try: main() rc = 0 except Exception as e: print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr) sys.exit(rc) Back

Edit File : __init__.py | Size : 20.57 KB

"""
Virtual environment (venv) package for Python. Based on PEP 405.

Copyright (C) 2011-2014 Vinay Sajip.
Licensed to the PSF under a contributor agreement.
"""
import logging
import os
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys
import sysconfig
import types

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

class EnvBuilder:
    """
    This class exists to allow virtual environment creation to be
    customized. The constructor parameters determine the builder's
    behaviour when called upon to create a virtual environment.

By default, the builder makes the system (global) site-packages dir
    *un*available to the created environment.

If invoked using the Python -m option, the default is to use copying
    on Windows platforms but symlinks elsewhere. If instantiated some
    other way, the default is to *not* use symlinks.

:param system_site_packages: If True, the system (global) site-packages
                                 dir is available to created environments.
    :param clear: If True, delete the contents of the environment directory if
                  it already exists, before environment creation.
    :param symlinks: If True, attempt to symlink rather than copy files into
                     virtual environment.
    :param upgrade: If True, upgrade an existing virtual environment.
    :param with_pip: If True, ensure pip is installed in the virtual
                     environment
    :param prompt: Alternative terminal prefix for the environment.
    """

def __init__(self, system_site_packages=False, clear=False,
                 symlinks=False, upgrade=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None):
        self.system_site_packages = system_site_packages
        self.clear = clear
        self.symlinks = symlinks
        self.upgrade = upgrade
        self.with_pip = with_pip
        self.prompt = prompt

def create(self, env_dir):
        """
        Create a virtual environment in a directory.

:param env_dir: The target directory to create an environment in.

"""
        env_dir = os.path.abspath(env_dir)
        context = self.ensure_directories(env_dir)
        # See issue 24875. We need system_site_packages to be False
        # until after pip is installed.
        true_system_site_packages = self.system_site_packages
        self.system_site_packages = False
        self.create_configuration(context)
        self.setup_python(context)
        if self.with_pip:
            self._setup_pip(context)
        if not self.upgrade:
            self.setup_scripts(context)
            self.post_setup(context)
        if true_system_site_packages:
            # We had set it to False before, now
            # restore it and rewrite the configuration
            self.system_site_packages = True
            self.create_configuration(context)

def clear_directory(self, path):
        for fn in os.listdir(path):
            fn = os.path.join(path, fn)
            if os.path.islink(fn) or os.path.isfile(fn):
                os.remove(fn)
            elif os.path.isdir(fn):
                shutil.rmtree(fn)

def ensure_directories(self, env_dir):
        """
        Create the directories for the environment.

Returns a context object which holds paths in the environment,
        for use by subsequent logic.
        """

def create_if_needed(d):
            if not os.path.exists(d):
                os.makedirs(d)
            elif os.path.islink(d) or os.path.isfile(d):
                raise ValueError('Unable to create directory %r' % d)

if os.path.exists(env_dir) and self.clear:
            self.clear_directory(env_dir)
        context = types.SimpleNamespace()
        context.env_dir = env_dir
        context.env_name = os.path.split(env_dir)[1]
        prompt = self.prompt if self.prompt is not None else context.env_name
        context.prompt = '(%s) ' % prompt
        create_if_needed(env_dir)
        executable = sys._base_executable
        dirname, exename = os.path.split(os.path.abspath(executable))
        context.executable = executable
        context.python_dir = dirname
        context.python_exe = exename
        if sys.platform == 'win32':
            binname = 'Scripts'
            incpath = 'Include'
            libpath = os.path.join(env_dir, 'Lib', 'site-packages')
        else:
            binname = 'bin'
            incpath = 'include'
            libpath = os.path.join(env_dir, 'lib',
                                   'python%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2],
                                   'site-packages')
        context.inc_path = path = os.path.join(env_dir, incpath)
        create_if_needed(path)
        create_if_needed(libpath)
        # Issue 21197: create lib64 as a symlink to lib on 64-bit non-OS X POSIX
        if ((sys.maxsize > 2**32) and (os.name == 'posix') and
            (sys.platform != 'darwin')):
            link_path = os.path.join(env_dir, 'lib64')
            if not os.path.exists(link_path):   # Issue #21643
                os.symlink('lib', link_path)
        context.bin_path = binpath = os.path.join(env_dir, binname)
        context.bin_name = binname
        context.env_exe = os.path.join(binpath, exename)
        create_if_needed(binpath)
        return context

def create_configuration(self, context):
        """
        Create a configuration file indicating where the environment's Python
        was copied from, and whether the system site-packages should be made
        available in the environment.

:param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        context.cfg_path = path = os.path.join(context.env_dir, 'pyvenv.cfg')
        with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            f.write('home = %s\n' % context.python_dir)
            if self.system_site_packages:
                incl = 'true'
            else:
                incl = 'false'
            f.write('include-system-site-packages = %s\n' % incl)
            f.write('version = %d.%d.%d\n' % sys.version_info[:3])
            if self.prompt is not None:
                f.write(f'prompt = {self.prompt!r}\n')

if os.name != 'nt':
        def symlink_or_copy(self, src, dst, relative_symlinks_ok=False):
            """
            Try symlinking a file, and if that fails, fall back to copying.
            """
            force_copy = not self.symlinks
            if not force_copy:
                try:
                    if not os.path.islink(dst): # can't link to itself!
                        if relative_symlinks_ok:
                            assert os.path.dirname(src) == os.path.dirname(dst)
                            os.symlink(os.path.basename(src), dst)
                        else:
                            os.symlink(src, dst)
                except Exception:   # may need to use a more specific exception
                    logger.warning('Unable to symlink %r to %r', src, dst)
                    force_copy = True
            if force_copy:
                shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
    else:
        def symlink_or_copy(self, src, dst, relative_symlinks_ok=False):
            """
            Try symlinking a file, and if that fails, fall back to copying.
            """
            bad_src = os.path.lexists(src) and not os.path.exists(src)
            if self.symlinks and not bad_src and not os.path.islink(dst):
                try:
                    if relative_symlinks_ok:
                        assert os.path.dirname(src) == os.path.dirname(dst)
                        os.symlink(os.path.basename(src), dst)
                    else:
                        os.symlink(src, dst)
                    return
                except Exception:   # may need to use a more specific exception
                    logger.warning('Unable to symlink %r to %r', src, dst)

# On Windows, we rewrite symlinks to our base python.exe into
            # copies of venvlauncher.exe
            basename, ext = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(src))
            srcfn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
                                 "scripts",
                                 "nt",
                                 basename + ext)
            # Builds or venv's from builds need to remap source file
            # locations, as we do not put them into Lib/venv/scripts
            if sysconfig.is_python_build(True) or not os.path.isfile(srcfn):
                if basename.endswith('_d'):
                    ext = '_d' + ext
                    basename = basename[:-2]
                if basename == 'python':
                    basename = 'venvlauncher'
                elif basename == 'pythonw':
                    basename = 'venvwlauncher'
                src = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(src), basename + ext)
            else:
                src = srcfn
            if not os.path.exists(src):
                if not bad_src:
                    logger.warning('Unable to copy %r', src)
                return

shutil.copyfile(src, dst)

def setup_python(self, context):
        """
        Set up a Python executable in the environment.

:param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        binpath = context.bin_path
        path = context.env_exe
        copier = self.symlink_or_copy
        dirname = context.python_dir
        if os.name != 'nt':
            copier(context.executable, path)
            if not os.path.islink(path):
                os.chmod(path, 0o755)
            for suffix in ('python', 'python3'):
                path = os.path.join(binpath, suffix)
                if not os.path.exists(path):
                    # Issue 18807: make copies if
                    # symlinks are not wanted
                    copier(context.env_exe, path, relative_symlinks_ok=True)
                    if not os.path.islink(path):
                        os.chmod(path, 0o755)
        else:
            if self.symlinks:
                # For symlinking, we need a complete copy of the root directory
                # If symlinks fail, you'll get unnecessary copies of files, but
                # we assume that if you've opted into symlinks on Windows then
                # you know what you're doing.
                suffixes = [
                    f for f in os.listdir(dirname) if
                    os.path.normcase(os.path.splitext(f)[1]) in ('.exe', '.dll')
                ]
                if sysconfig.is_python_build(True):
                    suffixes = [
                        f for f in suffixes if
                        os.path.normcase(f).startswith(('python', 'vcruntime'))
                    ]
            else:
                suffixes = ['python.exe', 'python_d.exe', 'pythonw.exe',
                            'pythonw_d.exe']

for suffix in suffixes:
                src = os.path.join(dirname, suffix)
                if os.path.lexists(src):
                    copier(src, os.path.join(binpath, suffix))

if sysconfig.is_python_build(True):
                # copy init.tcl
                for root, dirs, files in os.walk(context.python_dir):
                    if 'init.tcl' in files:
                        tcldir = os.path.basename(root)
                        tcldir = os.path.join(context.env_dir, 'Lib', tcldir)
                        if not os.path.exists(tcldir):
                            os.makedirs(tcldir)
                        src = os.path.join(root, 'init.tcl')
                        dst = os.path.join(tcldir, 'init.tcl')
                        shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
                        break

def _setup_pip(self, context):
        """Installs or upgrades pip in a virtual environment"""
        # We run ensurepip in isolated mode to avoid side effects from
        # environment vars, the current directory and anything else
        # intended for the global Python environment
        cmd = [context.env_exe, '-Im', 'ensurepip', '--upgrade',
                                                    '--default-pip']
        subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)

def setup_scripts(self, context):
        """
        Set up scripts into the created environment from a directory.

This method installs the default scripts into the environment
        being created. You can prevent the default installation by overriding
        this method if you really need to, or if you need to specify
        a different location for the scripts to install. By default, the
        'scripts' directory in the venv package is used as the source of
        scripts to install.
        """
        path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
        path = os.path.join(path, 'scripts')
        self.install_scripts(context, path)

def post_setup(self, context):
        """
        Hook for post-setup modification of the venv. Subclasses may install
        additional packages or scripts here, add activation shell scripts, etc.

:param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        pass

def replace_variables(self, text, context):
        """
        Replace variable placeholders in script text with context-specific
        variables.

Return the text passed in , but with variables replaced.

:param text: The text in which to replace placeholder variables.
        :param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        """
        text = text.replace('__VENV_DIR__', context.env_dir)
        text = text.replace('__VENV_NAME__', context.env_name)
        text = text.replace('__VENV_PROMPT__', context.prompt)
        text = text.replace('__VENV_BIN_NAME__', context.bin_name)
        text = text.replace('__VENV_PYTHON__', context.env_exe)
        return text

def install_scripts(self, context, path):
        """
        Install scripts into the created environment from a directory.

:param context: The information for the environment creation request
                        being processed.
        :param path:    Absolute pathname of a directory containing script.
                        Scripts in the 'common' subdirectory of this directory,
                        and those in the directory named for the platform
                        being run on, are installed in the created environment.
                        Placeholder variables are replaced with environment-
                        specific values.
        """
        binpath = context.bin_path
        plen = len(path)
        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path):
            if root == path: # at top-level, remove irrelevant dirs
                for d in dirs[:]:
                    if d not in ('common', os.name):
                        dirs.remove(d)
                continue # ignore files in top level
            for f in files:
                if (os.name == 'nt' and f.startswith('python')
                        and f.endswith(('.exe', '.pdb'))):
                    continue
                srcfile = os.path.join(root, f)
                suffix = root[plen:].split(os.sep)[2:]
                if not suffix:
                    dstdir = binpath
                else:
                    dstdir = os.path.join(binpath, *suffix)
                if not os.path.exists(dstdir):
                    os.makedirs(dstdir)
                dstfile = os.path.join(dstdir, f)
                with open(srcfile, 'rb') as f:
                    data = f.read()
                if not srcfile.endswith(('.exe', '.pdb')):
                    try:
                        data = data.decode('utf-8')
                        data = self.replace_variables(data, context)
                        data = data.encode('utf-8')
                    except UnicodeError as e:
                        data = None
                        logger.warning('unable to copy script %r, '
                                       'may be binary: %s', srcfile, e)
                if data is not None:
                    with open(dstfile, 'wb') as f:
                        f.write(data)
                    shutil.copymode(srcfile, dstfile)

def create(env_dir, system_site_packages=False, clear=False,
                    symlinks=False, with_pip=False, prompt=None):
    """Create a virtual environment in a directory."""
    builder = EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=system_site_packages,
                         clear=clear, symlinks=symlinks, with_pip=with_pip,
                         prompt=prompt)
    builder.create(env_dir)

def main(args=None):
    compatible = True
    if sys.version_info < (3, 3):
        compatible = False
    elif not hasattr(sys, 'base_prefix'):
        compatible = False
    if not compatible:
        raise ValueError('This script is only for use with Python >= 3.3')
    else:
        import argparse

parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=__name__,
                                         description='Creates virtual Python '
                                                     'environments in one or '
                                                     'more target '
                                                     'directories.',
                                         epilog='Once an environment has been '
                                                'created, you may wish to '
                                                'activate it, e.g. by '
                                                'sourcing an activate script '
                                                'in its bin directory.')
        parser.add_argument('dirs', metavar='ENV_DIR', nargs='+',
                            help='A directory to create the environment in.')
        parser.add_argument('--system-site-packages', default=False,
                            action='store_true', dest='system_site',
                            help='Give the virtual environment access to the '
                                 'system site-packages dir.')
        if os.name == 'nt':
            use_symlinks = False
        else:
            use_symlinks = True
        group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
        group.add_argument('--symlinks', default=use_symlinks,
                           action='store_true', dest='symlinks',
                           help='Try to use symlinks rather than copies, '
                                'when symlinks are not the default for '
                                'the platform.')
        group.add_argument('--copies', default=not use_symlinks,
                           action='store_false', dest='symlinks',
                           help='Try to use copies rather than symlinks, '
                                'even when symlinks are the default for '
                                'the platform.')
        parser.add_argument('--clear', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='clear', help='Delete the contents of the '
                                               'environment directory if it '
                                               'already exists, before '
                                               'environment creation.')
        parser.add_argument('--upgrade', default=False, action='store_true',
                            dest='upgrade', help='Upgrade the environment '
                                               'directory to use this version '
                                               'of Python, assuming Python '
                                               'has been upgraded in-place.')
        parser.add_argument('--without-pip', dest='with_pip',
                            default=True, action='store_false',
                            help='Skips installing or upgrading pip in the '
                                 'virtual environment (pip is bootstrapped '
                                 'by default)')
        parser.add_argument('--prompt',
                            help='Provides an alternative prompt prefix for '
                                 'this environment.')
        options = parser.parse_args(args)
        if options.upgrade and options.clear:
            raise ValueError('you cannot supply --upgrade and --clear together.')
        builder = EnvBuilder(system_site_packages=options.system_site,
                             clear=options.clear,
                             symlinks=options.symlinks,
                             upgrade=options.upgrade,
                             with_pip=options.with_pip,
                             prompt=options.prompt)
        for d in options.dirs:
            builder.create(d)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    rc = 1
    try:
        main()
        rc = 0
    except Exception as e:
        print('Error: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(rc)

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