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Edit File : _abcoll.py \| Size : 18.18 KB
# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved. # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement. """Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) for collections, according to PEP 3119. DON'T USE THIS MODULE DIRECTLY! The classes here should be imported via collections; they are defined here only to alleviate certain bootstrapping issues. Unit tests are in test_collections. """ from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod import sys __all__ = ["Hashable", "Iterable", "Iterator", "Sized", "Container", "Callable", "Set", "MutableSet", "Mapping", "MutableMapping", "MappingView", "KeysView", "ItemsView", "ValuesView", "Sequence", "MutableSequence", ] ### ONE-TRICK PONIES ### def _hasattr(C, attr): try: return any(attr in B.__dict__ for B in C.__mro__) except AttributeError: # Old-style class return hasattr(C, attr) class Hashable: __metaclass__ = ABCMeta @abstractmethod def __hash__(self): return 0 @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Hashable: try: for B in C.__mro__: if "__hash__" in B.__dict__: if B.__dict__["__hash__"]: return True break except AttributeError: # Old-style class if getattr(C, "__hash__", None): return True return NotImplemented class Iterable: __metaclass__ = ABCMeta @abstractmethod def __iter__(self): while False: yield None @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Iterable: if _hasattr(C, "__iter__"): return True return NotImplemented Iterable.register(str) class Iterator(Iterable): @abstractmethod def next(self): 'Return the next item from the iterator. When exhausted, raise StopIteration' raise StopIteration def __iter__(self): return self @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Iterator: if _hasattr(C, "next") and _hasattr(C, "__iter__"): return True return NotImplemented class Sized: __metaclass__ = ABCMeta @abstractmethod def __len__(self): return 0 @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Sized: if _hasattr(C, "__len__"): return True return NotImplemented class Container: __metaclass__ = ABCMeta @abstractmethod def __contains__(self, x): return False @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Container: if _hasattr(C, "__contains__"): return True return NotImplemented class Callable: __metaclass__ = ABCMeta @abstractmethod def __call__(self, args, kwds): return False @classmethod def __subclasshook__(cls, C): if cls is Callable: if _hasattr(C, "__call__"): return True return NotImplemented ### SETS ### class Set(Sized, Iterable, Container): """A set is a finite, iterable container. This class provides concrete generic implementations of all methods except for __contains__, __iter__ and __len__. To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the semantics are fixed), redefine __le__ and __ge__, then the other operations will automatically follow suit. """ def __le__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): return NotImplemented if len(self) > len(other): return False for elem in self: if elem not in other: return False return True def __lt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): return NotImplemented return len(self) < len(other) and self.__le__(other) def __gt__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): return NotImplemented return len(self) > len(other) and self.__ge__(other) def __ge__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): return NotImplemented if len(self) < len(other): return False for elem in other: if elem not in self: return False return True def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): return NotImplemented return len(self) == len(other) and self.__le__(other) def __ne__(self, other): return not (self == other) @classmethod def _from_iterable(cls, it): '''Construct an instance of the class from any iterable input. Must override this method if the class constructor signature does not accept an iterable for an input. ''' return cls(it) def __and__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Iterable): return NotImplemented return self._from_iterable(value for value in other if value in self) __rand__ = __and__ def isdisjoint(self, other): 'Return True if two sets have a null intersection.' for value in other: if value in self: return False return True def __or__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Iterable): return NotImplemented chain = (e for s in (self, other) for e in s) return self._from_iterable(chain) __ror__ = __or__ def __sub__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): if not isinstance(other, Iterable): return NotImplemented other = self._from_iterable(other) return self._from_iterable(value for value in self if value not in other) def __rsub__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): if not isinstance(other, Iterable): return NotImplemented other = self._from_iterable(other) return self._from_iterable(value for value in other if value not in self) def __xor__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Set): if not isinstance(other, Iterable): return NotImplemented other = self._from_iterable(other) return (self - other) \| (other - self) __rxor__ = __xor__ # Sets are not hashable by default, but subclasses can change this __hash__ = None def _hash(self): """Compute the hash value of a set. Note that we don't define __hash__: not all sets are hashable. But if you define a hashable set type, its __hash__ should call this function. This must be compatible __eq__. All sets ought to compare equal if they contain the same elements, regardless of how they are implemented, and regardless of the order of the elements; so there's not much freedom for __eq__ or __hash__. We match the algorithm used by the built-in frozenset type. """ MAX = sys.maxint MASK = 2 MAX + 1 n = len(self) h = 1927868237 * (n + 1) h &= MASK for x in self: hx = hash(x) h ^= (hx ^ (hx << 16) ^ 89869747) * 3644798167 h &= MASK h = h * 69069 + 907133923 h &= MASK if h > MAX: h -= MASK + 1 if h == -1: h = 590923713 return h Set.register(frozenset) class MutableSet(Set): """A mutable set is a finite, iterable container. This class provides concrete generic implementations of all methods except for __contains__, __iter__, __len__, add(), and discard(). To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the semantics are fixed), all you have to do is redefine __le__ and then the other operations will automatically follow suit. """ @abstractmethod def add(self, value): """Add an element.""" raise NotImplementedError @abstractmethod def discard(self, value): """Remove an element. Do not raise an exception if absent.""" raise NotImplementedError def remove(self, value): """Remove an element. If not a member, raise a KeyError.""" if value not in self: raise KeyError(value) self.discard(value) def pop(self): """Return the popped value. Raise KeyError if empty.""" it = iter(self) try: value = next(it) except StopIteration: raise KeyError self.discard(value) return value def clear(self): """This is slow (creates N new iterators!) but effective.""" try: while True: self.pop() except KeyError: pass def __ior__(self, it): for value in it: self.add(value) return self def __iand__(self, it): for value in (self - it): self.discard(value) return self def __ixor__(self, it): if it is self: self.clear() else: if not isinstance(it, Set): it = self._from_iterable(it) for value in it: if value in self: self.discard(value) else: self.add(value) return self def __isub__(self, it): if it is self: self.clear() else: for value in it: self.discard(value) return self MutableSet.register(set) ### MAPPINGS ### class Mapping(Sized, Iterable, Container): """A Mapping is a generic container for associating key/value pairs. This class provides concrete generic implementations of all methods except for __getitem__, __iter__, and __len__. """ @abstractmethod def __getitem__(self, key): raise KeyError def get(self, key, default=None): 'D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.' try: return self[key] except KeyError: return default def __contains__(self, key): try: self[key] except KeyError: return False else: return True def iterkeys(self): 'D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D' return iter(self) def itervalues(self): 'D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D' for key in self: yield self[key] def iteritems(self): 'D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D' for key in self: yield (key, self[key]) def keys(self): "D.keys() -> list of D's keys" return list(self) def items(self): "D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples" return [(key, self[key]) for key in self] def values(self): "D.values() -> list of D's values" return [self[key] for key in self] # Mappings are not hashable by default, but subclasses can change this __hash__ = None def __eq__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, Mapping): return NotImplemented return dict(self.items()) == dict(other.items()) def __ne__(self, other): return not (self == other) class MappingView(Sized): def __init__(self, mapping): self._mapping = mapping def __len__(self): return len(self._mapping) def __repr__(self): return '{0.__class__.__name__}({0._mapping!r})'.format(self) class KeysView(MappingView, Set): @classmethod def _from_iterable(self, it): return set(it) def __contains__(self, key): return key in self._mapping def __iter__(self): for key in self._mapping: yield key KeysView.register(type({}.viewkeys())) class ItemsView(MappingView, Set): @classmethod def _from_iterable(self, it): return set(it) def __contains__(self, item): key, value = item try: v = self._mapping[key] except KeyError: return False else: return v == value def __iter__(self): for key in self._mapping: yield (key, self._mapping[key]) ItemsView.register(type({}.viewitems())) class ValuesView(MappingView): def __contains__(self, value): for key in self._mapping: if value == self._mapping[key]: return True return False def __iter__(self): for key in self._mapping: yield self._mapping[key] ValuesView.register(type({}.viewvalues())) class MutableMapping(Mapping): """A MutableMapping is a generic container for associating key/value pairs. This class provides concrete generic implementations of all methods except for __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__, __iter__, and __len__. """ @abstractmethod def __setitem__(self, key, value): raise KeyError @abstractmethod def __delitem__(self, key): raise KeyError __marker = object() def pop(self, key, default=__marker): '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised. ''' try: value = self[key] except KeyError: if default is self.__marker: raise return default else: del self[key] return value def popitem(self): '''D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. ''' try: key = next(iter(self)) except StopIteration: raise KeyError value = self[key] del self[key] return key, value def clear(self): 'D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.' try: while True: self.popitem() except KeyError: pass def update(args, kwds): ''' D.update([E, ]F) -> None. Update D from mapping/iterable E and F. If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v ''' if not args: raise TypeError("descriptor 'update' of 'MutableMapping' object " "needs an argument") self = args[0] args = args[1:] if len(args) > 1: raise TypeError('update expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args)) if args: other = args[0] if isinstance(other, Mapping): for key in other: self[key] = other[key] elif hasattr(other, "keys"): for key in other.keys(): self[key] = other[key] else: for key, value in other: self[key] = value for key, value in kwds.items(): self[key] = value def setdefault(self, key, default=None): 'D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D' try: return self[key] except KeyError: self[key] = default return default MutableMapping.register(dict) ### SEQUENCES ### class Sequence(Sized, Iterable, Container): """All the operations on a read-only sequence. Concrete subclasses must override __new__ or __init__, __getitem__, and __len__. """ @abstractmethod def __getitem__(self, index): raise IndexError def __iter__(self): i = 0 try: while True: v = self[i] yield v i += 1 except IndexError: return def __contains__(self, value): for v in self: if v == value: return True return False def __reversed__(self): for i in reversed(range(len(self))): yield self[i] def index(self, value): '''S.index(value) -> integer -- return first index of value. Raises ValueError if the value is not present. ''' for i, v in enumerate(self): if v == value: return i raise ValueError def count(self, value): 'S.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value' return sum(1 for v in self if v == value) Sequence.register(tuple) Sequence.register(basestring) Sequence.register(buffer) Sequence.register(xrange) class MutableSequence(Sequence): """All the operations on a read-only sequence. Concrete subclasses must provide __new__ or __init__, __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__, __len__, and insert(). """ @abstractmethod def __setitem__(self, index, value): raise IndexError @abstractmethod def __delitem__(self, index): raise IndexError @abstractmethod def insert(self, index, value): 'S.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index' raise IndexError def append(self, value): 'S.append(object) -- append object to the end of the sequence' self.insert(len(self), value) def reverse(self): 'S.reverse() -- reverse IN PLACE*' n = len(self) for i in range(n//2): self[i], self[n-i-1] = self[n-i-1], self[i] def extend(self, values): 'S.extend(iterable) -- extend sequence by appending elements from the iterable' for v in values: self.append(v) def pop(self, index=-1): '''S.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last). Raise IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range. ''' v = self[index] del self[index] return v def remove(self, value): '''S.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. Raise ValueError if the value is not present. ''' del self[self.index(value)] def __iadd__(self, values): self.extend(values) return self MutableSequence.register(list) Back

Edit File : _abcoll.py | Size : 18.18 KB

# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.

"""Abstract Base Classes (ABCs) for collections, according to PEP 3119.

DON'T USE THIS MODULE DIRECTLY!  The classes here should be imported
via collections; they are defined here only to alleviate certain
bootstrapping issues.  Unit tests are in test_collections.
"""

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
import sys

__all__ = ["Hashable", "Iterable", "Iterator",
           "Sized", "Container", "Callable",
           "Set", "MutableSet",
           "Mapping", "MutableMapping",
           "MappingView", "KeysView", "ItemsView", "ValuesView",
           "Sequence", "MutableSequence",
           ]

### ONE-TRICK PONIES ###

def _hasattr(C, attr):
    try:
        return any(attr in B.__dict__ for B in C.__mro__)
    except AttributeError:
        # Old-style class
        return hasattr(C, attr)

class Hashable:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

@abstractmethod
    def __hash__(self):
        return 0

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
        if cls is Hashable:
            try:
                for B in C.__mro__:
                    if "__hash__" in B.__dict__:
                        if B.__dict__["__hash__"]:
                            return True
                        break
            except AttributeError:
                # Old-style class
                if getattr(C, "__hash__", None):
                    return True
        return NotImplemented

class Iterable:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

@abstractmethod
    def __iter__(self):
        while False:
            yield None

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
        if cls is Iterable:
            if _hasattr(C, "__iter__"):
                return True
        return NotImplemented

Iterable.register(str)

class Iterator(Iterable):

@abstractmethod
    def next(self):
        'Return the next item from the iterator. When exhausted, raise StopIteration'
        raise StopIteration

def __iter__(self):
        return self

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
        if cls is Iterator:
            if _hasattr(C, "next") and _hasattr(C, "__iter__"):
                return True
        return NotImplemented

class Sized:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

@abstractmethod
    def __len__(self):
        return 0

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
        if cls is Sized:
            if _hasattr(C, "__len__"):
                return True
        return NotImplemented

class Container:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

@abstractmethod
    def __contains__(self, x):
        return False

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
        if cls is Container:
            if _hasattr(C, "__contains__"):
                return True
        return NotImplemented

class Callable:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

@abstractmethod
    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
        return False

@classmethod
    def __subclasshook__(cls, C):
        if cls is Callable:
            if _hasattr(C, "__call__"):
                return True
        return NotImplemented

### SETS ###

class Set(Sized, Iterable, Container):
    """A set is a finite, iterable container.

This class provides concrete generic implementations of all
    methods except for __contains__, __iter__ and __len__.

To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the
    semantics are fixed), redefine __le__ and __ge__,
    then the other operations will automatically follow suit.
    """

def __le__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            return NotImplemented
        if len(self) > len(other):
            return False
        for elem in self:
            if elem not in other:
                return False
        return True

def __lt__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            return NotImplemented
        return len(self) < len(other) and self.__le__(other)

def __gt__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            return NotImplemented
        return len(self) > len(other) and self.__ge__(other)

def __ge__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            return NotImplemented
        if len(self) < len(other):
            return False
        for elem in other:
            if elem not in self:
                return False
        return True

def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            return NotImplemented
        return len(self) == len(other) and self.__le__(other)

def __ne__(self, other):
        return not (self == other)

@classmethod
    def _from_iterable(cls, it):
        '''Construct an instance of the class from any iterable input.

Must override this method if the class constructor signature
        does not accept an iterable for an input.
        '''
        return cls(it)

def __and__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Iterable):
            return NotImplemented
        return self._from_iterable(value for value in other if value in self)

__rand__ = __and__

def isdisjoint(self, other):
        'Return True if two sets have a null intersection.'
        for value in other:
            if value in self:
                return False
        return True

def __or__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Iterable):
            return NotImplemented
        chain = (e for s in (self, other) for e in s)
        return self._from_iterable(chain)

__ror__ = __or__

def __sub__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            if not isinstance(other, Iterable):
                return NotImplemented
            other = self._from_iterable(other)
        return self._from_iterable(value for value in self
                                   if value not in other)

def __rsub__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            if not isinstance(other, Iterable):
                return NotImplemented
            other = self._from_iterable(other)
        return self._from_iterable(value for value in other
                                   if value not in self)

def __xor__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Set):
            if not isinstance(other, Iterable):
                return NotImplemented
            other = self._from_iterable(other)
        return (self - other) | (other - self)

__rxor__ = __xor__

# Sets are not hashable by default, but subclasses can change this
    __hash__ = None

def _hash(self):
        """Compute the hash value of a set.

Note that we don't define __hash__: not all sets are hashable.
        But if you define a hashable set type, its __hash__ should
        call this function.

This must be compatible __eq__.

All sets ought to compare equal if they contain the same
        elements, regardless of how they are implemented, and
        regardless of the order of the elements; so there's not much
        freedom for __eq__ or __hash__.  We match the algorithm used
        by the built-in frozenset type.
        """
        MAX = sys.maxint
        MASK = 2 * MAX + 1
        n = len(self)
        h = 1927868237 * (n + 1)
        h &= MASK
        for x in self:
            hx = hash(x)
            h ^= (hx ^ (hx << 16) ^ 89869747)  * 3644798167
            h &= MASK
        h = h * 69069 + 907133923
        h &= MASK
        if h > MAX:
            h -= MASK + 1
        if h == -1:
            h = 590923713
        return h

Set.register(frozenset)

class MutableSet(Set):
    """A mutable set is a finite, iterable container.

This class provides concrete generic implementations of all
    methods except for __contains__, __iter__, __len__,
    add(), and discard().

To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the
    semantics are fixed), all you have to do is redefine __le__ and
    then the other operations will automatically follow suit.
    """

@abstractmethod
    def add(self, value):
        """Add an element."""
        raise NotImplementedError

@abstractmethod
    def discard(self, value):
        """Remove an element.  Do not raise an exception if absent."""
        raise NotImplementedError

def remove(self, value):
        """Remove an element. If not a member, raise a KeyError."""
        if value not in self:
            raise KeyError(value)
        self.discard(value)

def pop(self):
        """Return the popped value.  Raise KeyError if empty."""
        it = iter(self)
        try:
            value = next(it)
        except StopIteration:
            raise KeyError
        self.discard(value)
        return value

def clear(self):
        """This is slow (creates N new iterators!) but effective."""
        try:
            while True:
                self.pop()
        except KeyError:
            pass

def __ior__(self, it):
        for value in it:
            self.add(value)
        return self

def __iand__(self, it):
        for value in (self - it):
            self.discard(value)
        return self

def __ixor__(self, it):
        if it is self:
            self.clear()
        else:
            if not isinstance(it, Set):
                it = self._from_iterable(it)
            for value in it:
                if value in self:
                    self.discard(value)
                else:
                    self.add(value)
        return self

def __isub__(self, it):
        if it is self:
            self.clear()
        else:
            for value in it:
                self.discard(value)
        return self

MutableSet.register(set)

### MAPPINGS ###

class Mapping(Sized, Iterable, Container):

"""A Mapping is a generic container for associating key/value
    pairs.

This class provides concrete generic implementations of all
    methods except for __getitem__, __iter__, and __len__.

"""

@abstractmethod
    def __getitem__(self, key):
        raise KeyError

def get(self, key, default=None):
        'D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.'
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            return default

def __contains__(self, key):
        try:
            self[key]
        except KeyError:
            return False
        else:
            return True

def iterkeys(self):
        'D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D'
        return iter(self)

def itervalues(self):
        'D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D'
        for key in self:
            yield self[key]

def iteritems(self):
        'D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D'
        for key in self:
            yield (key, self[key])

def keys(self):
        "D.keys() -> list of D's keys"
        return list(self)

def items(self):
        "D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples"
        return [(key, self[key]) for key in self]

def values(self):
        "D.values() -> list of D's values"
        return [self[key] for key in self]

# Mappings are not hashable by default, but subclasses can change this
    __hash__ = None

def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, Mapping):
            return NotImplemented
        return dict(self.items()) == dict(other.items())

def __ne__(self, other):
        return not (self == other)

class MappingView(Sized):

def __init__(self, mapping):
        self._mapping = mapping

def __len__(self):
        return len(self._mapping)

def __repr__(self):
        return '{0.__class__.__name__}({0._mapping!r})'.format(self)

class KeysView(MappingView, Set):

@classmethod
    def _from_iterable(self, it):
        return set(it)

def __contains__(self, key):
        return key in self._mapping

def __iter__(self):
        for key in self._mapping:
            yield key

KeysView.register(type({}.viewkeys()))

class ItemsView(MappingView, Set):

@classmethod
    def _from_iterable(self, it):
        return set(it)

def __contains__(self, item):
        key, value = item
        try:
            v = self._mapping[key]
        except KeyError:
            return False
        else:
            return v == value

def __iter__(self):
        for key in self._mapping:
            yield (key, self._mapping[key])

ItemsView.register(type({}.viewitems()))

class ValuesView(MappingView):

def __contains__(self, value):
        for key in self._mapping:
            if value == self._mapping[key]:
                return True
        return False

def __iter__(self):
        for key in self._mapping:
            yield self._mapping[key]

ValuesView.register(type({}.viewvalues()))

class MutableMapping(Mapping):

"""A MutableMapping is a generic container for associating
    key/value pairs.

This class provides concrete generic implementations of all
    methods except for __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__,
    __iter__, and __len__.

"""

@abstractmethod
    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        raise KeyError

@abstractmethod
    def __delitem__(self, key):
        raise KeyError

__marker = object()

def pop(self, key, default=__marker):
        '''D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.
          If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.
        '''
        try:
            value = self[key]
        except KeyError:
            if default is self.__marker:
                raise
            return default
        else:
            del self[key]
            return value

def popitem(self):
        '''D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair
           as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.
        '''
        try:
            key = next(iter(self))
        except StopIteration:
            raise KeyError
        value = self[key]
        del self[key]
        return key, value

def clear(self):
        'D.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from D.'
        try:
            while True:
                self.popitem()
        except KeyError:
            pass

def update(*args, **kwds):
        ''' D.update([E, ]**F) -> None.  Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.
            If E present and has a .keys() method, does:     for k in E: D[k] = E[k]
            If E present and lacks .keys() method, does:     for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v
            In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v
        '''
        if not args:
            raise TypeError("descriptor 'update' of 'MutableMapping' object "
                            "needs an argument")
        self = args[0]
        args = args[1:]
        if len(args) > 1:
            raise TypeError('update expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' %
                            len(args))
        if args:
            other = args[0]
            if isinstance(other, Mapping):
                for key in other:
                    self[key] = other[key]
            elif hasattr(other, "keys"):
                for key in other.keys():
                    self[key] = other[key]
            else:
                for key, value in other:
                    self[key] = value
        for key, value in kwds.items():
            self[key] = value

def setdefault(self, key, default=None):
        'D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D'
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            self[key] = default
        return default

MutableMapping.register(dict)

### SEQUENCES ###

class Sequence(Sized, Iterable, Container):
    """All the operations on a read-only sequence.

Concrete subclasses must override __new__ or __init__,
    __getitem__, and __len__.
    """

@abstractmethod
    def __getitem__(self, index):
        raise IndexError

def __iter__(self):
        i = 0
        try:
            while True:
                v = self[i]
                yield v
                i += 1
        except IndexError:
            return

def __contains__(self, value):
        for v in self:
            if v == value:
                return True
        return False

def __reversed__(self):
        for i in reversed(range(len(self))):
            yield self[i]

def index(self, value):
        '''S.index(value) -> integer -- return first index of value.
           Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
        '''
        for i, v in enumerate(self):
            if v == value:
                return i
        raise ValueError

def count(self, value):
        'S.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value'
        return sum(1 for v in self if v == value)

Sequence.register(tuple)
Sequence.register(basestring)
Sequence.register(buffer)
Sequence.register(xrange)

class MutableSequence(Sequence):

"""All the operations on a read-only sequence.

Concrete subclasses must provide __new__ or __init__,
    __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__, __len__, and insert().

"""

@abstractmethod
    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
        raise IndexError

@abstractmethod
    def __delitem__(self, index):
        raise IndexError

@abstractmethod
    def insert(self, index, value):
        'S.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index'
        raise IndexError

def append(self, value):
        'S.append(object) -- append object to the end of the sequence'
        self.insert(len(self), value)

def reverse(self):
        'S.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*'
        n = len(self)
        for i in range(n//2):
            self[i], self[n-i-1] = self[n-i-1], self[i]

def extend(self, values):
        'S.extend(iterable) -- extend sequence by appending elements from the iterable'
        for v in values:
            self.append(v)

def pop(self, index=-1):
        '''S.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last).
           Raise IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range.
        '''
        v = self[index]
        del self[index]
        return v

def remove(self, value):
        '''S.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value.
           Raise ValueError if the value is not present.
        '''
        del self[self.index(value)]

def __iadd__(self, values):
        self.extend(values)
        return self

MutableSequence.register(list)

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