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Edit File : _zoneinfo.py \| Size : 24.10 KB
import bisect import calendar import collections import functools import re import weakref from datetime import datetime, timedelta, tzinfo from . import _common, _tzpath EPOCH = datetime(1970, 1, 1) EPOCHORDINAL = datetime(1970, 1, 1).toordinal() # It is relatively expensive to construct new timedelta objects, and in most # cases we're looking at the same deltas, like integer numbers of hours, etc. # To improve speed and memory use, we'll keep a dictionary with references # to the ones we've already used so far. # # Loading every time zone in the 2020a version of the time zone database # requires 447 timedeltas, which requires approximately the amount of space # that ZoneInfo("America/New_York") with 236 transitions takes up, so we will # set the cache size to 512 so that in the common case we always get cache # hits, but specifically crafted ZoneInfo objects don't leak arbitrary amounts # of memory. @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=512) def _load_timedelta(seconds): return timedelta(seconds=seconds) class ZoneInfo(tzinfo): _strong_cache_size = 8 _strong_cache = collections.OrderedDict() _weak_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary() __module__ = "zoneinfo" def __init_subclass__(cls): cls._strong_cache = collections.OrderedDict() cls._weak_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary() def __new__(cls, key): instance = cls._weak_cache.get(key, None) if instance is None: instance = cls._weak_cache.setdefault(key, cls._new_instance(key)) instance._from_cache = True # Update the "strong" cache cls._strong_cache[key] = cls._strong_cache.pop(key, instance) if len(cls._strong_cache) > cls._strong_cache_size: cls._strong_cache.popitem(last=False) return instance @classmethod def no_cache(cls, key): obj = cls._new_instance(key) obj._from_cache = False return obj @classmethod def _new_instance(cls, key): obj = super().__new__(cls) obj._key = key obj._file_path = obj._find_tzfile(key) if obj._file_path is not None: file_obj = open(obj._file_path, "rb") else: file_obj = _common.load_tzdata(key) with file_obj as f: obj._load_file(f) return obj @classmethod def from_file(cls, fobj, /, key=None): obj = super().__new__(cls) obj._key = key obj._file_path = None obj._load_file(fobj) obj._file_repr = repr(fobj) # Disable pickling for objects created from files obj.__reduce__ = obj._file_reduce return obj @classmethod def clear_cache(cls, , only_keys=None): if only_keys is not None: for key in only_keys: cls._weak_cache.pop(key, None) cls._strong_cache.pop(key, None) else: cls._weak_cache.clear() cls._strong_cache.clear() @property def key(self): return self._key def utcoffset(self, dt): return self._find_trans(dt).utcoff def dst(self, dt): return self._find_trans(dt).dstoff def tzname(self, dt): return self._find_trans(dt).tzname def fromutc(self, dt): """Convert from datetime in UTC to datetime in local time""" if not isinstance(dt, datetime): raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument") if dt.tzinfo is not self: raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self") timestamp = self._get_local_timestamp(dt) num_trans = len(self._trans_utc) if num_trans >= 1 and timestamp < self._trans_utc[0]: tti = self._tti_before fold = 0 elif ( num_trans == 0 or timestamp > self._trans_utc[-1] ) and not isinstance(self._tz_after, _ttinfo): tti, fold = self._tz_after.get_trans_info_fromutc( timestamp, dt.year ) elif num_trans == 0: tti = self._tz_after fold = 0 else: idx = bisect.bisect_right(self._trans_utc, timestamp) if num_trans > 1 and timestamp >= self._trans_utc[1]: tti_prev, tti = self._ttinfos[idx - 2 : idx] elif timestamp > self._trans_utc[-1]: tti_prev = self._ttinfos[-1] tti = self._tz_after else: tti_prev = self._tti_before tti = self._ttinfos[0] # Detect fold shift = tti_prev.utcoff - tti.utcoff fold = shift.total_seconds() > timestamp - self._trans_utc[idx - 1] dt += tti.utcoff if fold: return dt.replace(fold=1) else: return dt def _find_trans(self, dt): if dt is None: if self._fixed_offset: return self._tz_after else: return _NO_TTINFO ts = self._get_local_timestamp(dt) lt = self._trans_local[dt.fold] num_trans = len(lt) if num_trans and ts < lt[0]: return self._tti_before elif not num_trans or ts > lt[-1]: if isinstance(self._tz_after, _TZStr): return self._tz_after.get_trans_info(ts, dt.year, dt.fold) else: return self._tz_after else: # idx is the transition that occurs after this timestamp, so we # subtract off 1 to get the current ttinfo idx = bisect.bisect_right(lt, ts) - 1 assert idx >= 0 return self._ttinfos[idx] def _get_local_timestamp(self, dt): return ( (dt.toordinal() - EPOCHORDINAL) 86400 + dt.hour * 3600 + dt.minute * 60 + dt.second ) def __str__(self): if self._key is not None: return f"{self._key}" else: return repr(self) def __repr__(self): if self._key is not None: return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(key={self._key!r})" else: return f"{self.__class__.__name__}.from_file({self._file_repr})" def __reduce__(self): return (self.__class__._unpickle, (self._key, self._from_cache)) def _file_reduce(self): import pickle raise pickle.PicklingError( "Cannot pickle a ZoneInfo file created from a file stream." ) @classmethod def _unpickle(cls, key, from_cache, /): if from_cache: return cls(key) else: return cls.no_cache(key) def _find_tzfile(self, key): return _tzpath.find_tzfile(key) def _load_file(self, fobj): # Retrieve all the data as it exists in the zoneinfo file trans_idx, trans_utc, utcoff, isdst, abbr, tz_str = _common.load_data( fobj ) # Infer the DST offsets (needed for .dst()) from the data dstoff = self._utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoff, isdst) # Convert all the transition times (UTC) into "seconds since 1970-01-01 local time" trans_local = self._ts_to_local(trans_idx, trans_utc, utcoff) # Construct `_ttinfo` objects for each transition in the file _ttinfo_list = [ _ttinfo( _load_timedelta(utcoffset), _load_timedelta(dstoffset), tzname ) for utcoffset, dstoffset, tzname in zip(utcoff, dstoff, abbr) ] self._trans_utc = trans_utc self._trans_local = trans_local self._ttinfos = [_ttinfo_list[idx] for idx in trans_idx] # Find the first non-DST transition for i in range(len(isdst)): if not isdst[i]: self._tti_before = _ttinfo_list[i] break else: if self._ttinfos: self._tti_before = self._ttinfos[0] else: self._tti_before = None # Set the "fallback" time zone if tz_str is not None and tz_str != b"": self._tz_after = _parse_tz_str(tz_str.decode()) else: if not self._ttinfos and not _ttinfo_list: raise ValueError("No time zone information found.") if self._ttinfos: self._tz_after = self._ttinfos[-1] else: self._tz_after = _ttinfo_list[-1] # Determine if this is a "fixed offset" zone, meaning that the output # of the utcoffset, dst and tzname functions does not depend on the # specific datetime passed. # # We make three simplifying assumptions here: # # 1. If _tz_after is not a _ttinfo, it has transitions that might # actually occur (it is possible to construct TZ strings that # specify STD and DST but no transitions ever occur, such as # AAA0BBB,0/0,J365/25). # 2. If _ttinfo_list contains more than one _ttinfo object, the objects # represent different offsets. # 3. _ttinfo_list contains no unused _ttinfos (in which case an # otherwise fixed-offset zone with extra _ttinfos defined may # appear to not be a fixed offset zone). # # Violations to these assumptions would be fairly exotic, and exotic # zones should almost certainly not be used with datetime.time (the # only thing that would be affected by this). if len(_ttinfo_list) > 1 or not isinstance(self._tz_after, _ttinfo): self._fixed_offset = False elif not _ttinfo_list: self._fixed_offset = True else: self._fixed_offset = _ttinfo_list[0] == self._tz_after @staticmethod def _utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoffsets, isdsts): # Now we must transform our ttis and abbrs into `_ttinfo` objects, # but there is an issue: .dst() must return a timedelta with the # difference between utcoffset() and the "standard" offset, but # the "base offset" and "DST offset" are not encoded in the file; # we can infer what they are from the isdst flag, but it is not # sufficient to just look at the last standard offset, because # occasionally countries will shift both DST offset and base offset. typecnt = len(isdsts) dstoffs = [0] * typecnt # Provisionally assign all to 0. dst_cnt = sum(isdsts) dst_found = 0 for i in range(1, len(trans_idx)): if dst_cnt == dst_found: break idx = trans_idx[i] dst = isdsts[idx] # We're only going to look at daylight saving time if not dst: continue # Skip any offsets that have already been assigned if dstoffs[idx] != 0: continue dstoff = 0 utcoff = utcoffsets[idx] comp_idx = trans_idx[i - 1] if not isdsts[comp_idx]: dstoff = utcoff - utcoffsets[comp_idx] if not dstoff and idx < (typecnt - 1): comp_idx = trans_idx[i + 1] # If the following transition is also DST and we couldn't # find the DST offset by this point, we're going to have to # skip it and hope this transition gets assigned later if isdsts[comp_idx]: continue dstoff = utcoff - utcoffsets[comp_idx] if dstoff: dst_found += 1 dstoffs[idx] = dstoff else: # If we didn't find a valid value for a given index, we'll end up # with dstoff = 0 for something where `isdst=1`. This is obviously # wrong - one hour will be a much better guess than 0 for idx in range(typecnt): if not dstoffs[idx] and isdsts[idx]: dstoffs[idx] = 3600 return dstoffs @staticmethod def _ts_to_local(trans_idx, trans_list_utc, utcoffsets): """Generate number of seconds since 1970 in the local time. This is necessary to easily find the transition times in local time""" if not trans_list_utc: return [[], []] # Start with the timestamps and modify in-place trans_list_wall = [list(trans_list_utc), list(trans_list_utc)] if len(utcoffsets) > 1: offset_0 = utcoffsets[0] offset_1 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[0]] if offset_1 > offset_0: offset_1, offset_0 = offset_0, offset_1 else: offset_0 = offset_1 = utcoffsets[0] trans_list_wall[0][0] += offset_0 trans_list_wall[1][0] += offset_1 for i in range(1, len(trans_idx)): offset_0 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[i - 1]] offset_1 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[i]] if offset_1 > offset_0: offset_1, offset_0 = offset_0, offset_1 trans_list_wall[0][i] += offset_0 trans_list_wall[1][i] += offset_1 return trans_list_wall class _ttinfo: __slots__ = ["utcoff", "dstoff", "tzname"] def __init__(self, utcoff, dstoff, tzname): self.utcoff = utcoff self.dstoff = dstoff self.tzname = tzname def __eq__(self, other): return ( self.utcoff == other.utcoff and self.dstoff == other.dstoff and self.tzname == other.tzname ) def __repr__(self): # pragma: nocover return ( f"{self.__class__.__name__}" + f"({self.utcoff}, {self.dstoff}, {self.tzname})" ) _NO_TTINFO = _ttinfo(None, None, None) class _TZStr: __slots__ = ( "std", "dst", "start", "end", "get_trans_info", "get_trans_info_fromutc", "dst_diff", ) def __init__( self, std_abbr, std_offset, dst_abbr, dst_offset, start=None, end=None ): self.dst_diff = dst_offset - std_offset std_offset = _load_timedelta(std_offset) self.std = _ttinfo( utcoff=std_offset, dstoff=_load_timedelta(0), tzname=std_abbr ) self.start = start self.end = end dst_offset = _load_timedelta(dst_offset) delta = _load_timedelta(self.dst_diff) self.dst = _ttinfo(utcoff=dst_offset, dstoff=delta, tzname=dst_abbr) # These are assertions because the constructor should only be called # by functions that would fail before passing start or end assert start is not None, "No transition start specified" assert end is not None, "No transition end specified" self.get_trans_info = self._get_trans_info self.get_trans_info_fromutc = self._get_trans_info_fromutc def transitions(self, year): start = self.start.year_to_epoch(year) end = self.end.year_to_epoch(year) return start, end def _get_trans_info(self, ts, year, fold): """Get the information about the current transition - tti""" start, end = self.transitions(year) # With fold = 0, the period (denominated in local time) with the # smaller offset starts at the end of the gap and ends at the end of # the fold; with fold = 1, it runs from the start of the gap to the # beginning of the fold. # # So in order to determine the DST boundaries we need to know both # the fold and whether DST is positive or negative (rare), and it # turns out that this boils down to fold XOR is_positive. if fold == (self.dst_diff >= 0): end -= self.dst_diff else: start += self.dst_diff if start < end: isdst = start <= ts < end else: isdst = not (end <= ts < start) return self.dst if isdst else self.std def _get_trans_info_fromutc(self, ts, year): start, end = self.transitions(year) start -= self.std.utcoff.total_seconds() end -= self.dst.utcoff.total_seconds() if start < end: isdst = start <= ts < end else: isdst = not (end <= ts < start) # For positive DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff after the end # of DST; for negative DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff before # the start of DST. if self.dst_diff > 0: ambig_start = end ambig_end = end + self.dst_diff else: ambig_start = start ambig_end = start - self.dst_diff fold = ambig_start <= ts < ambig_end return (self.dst if isdst else self.std, fold) def _post_epoch_days_before_year(year): """Get the number of days between 1970-01-01 and YEAR-01-01""" y = year - 1 return y * 365 + y // 4 - y // 100 + y // 400 - EPOCHORDINAL class _DayOffset: __slots__ = ["d", "julian", "hour", "minute", "second"] def __init__(self, d, julian, hour=2, minute=0, second=0): min_day = 0 + julian # convert bool to int if not min_day <= d <= 365: raise ValueError(f"d must be in [{min_day}, 365], not: {d}") self.d = d self.julian = julian self.hour = hour self.minute = minute self.second = second def year_to_epoch(self, year): days_before_year = _post_epoch_days_before_year(year) d = self.d if self.julian and d >= 59 and calendar.isleap(year): d += 1 epoch = (days_before_year + d) * 86400 epoch += self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second return epoch class _CalendarOffset: __slots__ = ["m", "w", "d", "hour", "minute", "second"] _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH = ( -1, 0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334, ) def __init__(self, m, w, d, hour=2, minute=0, second=0): if not 1 <= m <= 12: raise ValueError("m must be in [1, 12]") if not 1 <= w <= 5: raise ValueError("w must be in [1, 5]") if not 0 <= d <= 6: raise ValueError("d must be in [0, 6]") self.m = m self.w = w self.d = d self.hour = hour self.minute = minute self.second = second @classmethod def _ymd2ord(cls, year, month, day): return ( _post_epoch_days_before_year(year) + cls._DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] + (month > 2 and calendar.isleap(year)) + day ) # TODO: These are not actually epoch dates as they are expressed in local time def year_to_epoch(self, year): """Calculates the datetime of the occurrence from the year""" # We know year and month, we need to convert w, d into day of month # # Week 1 is the first week in which day `d` (where 0 = Sunday) appears. # Week 5 represents the last occurrence of day `d`, so we need to know # the range of the month. first_day, days_in_month = calendar.monthrange(year, self.m) # This equation seems magical, so I'll break it down: # 1. calendar says 0 = Monday, POSIX says 0 = Sunday # so we need first_day + 1 to get 1 = Monday -> 7 = Sunday, # which is still equivalent because this math is mod 7 # 2. Get first day - desired day mod 7: -1 % 7 = 6, so we don't need # to do anything to adjust negative numbers. # 3. Add 1 because month days are a 1-based index. month_day = (self.d - (first_day + 1)) % 7 + 1 # Now use a 0-based index version of `w` to calculate the w-th # occurrence of `d` month_day += (self.w - 1) * 7 # month_day will only be > days_in_month if w was 5, and `w` means # "last occurrence of `d`", so now we just check if we over-shot the # end of the month and if so knock off 1 week. if month_day > days_in_month: month_day -= 7 ordinal = self._ymd2ord(year, self.m, month_day) epoch = ordinal * 86400 epoch += self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second return epoch def _parse_tz_str(tz_str): # The tz string has the format: # # std[offset[dst[offset],start[/time],end[/time]]] # # std and dst must be 3 or more characters long and must not contain # a leading colon, embedded digits, commas, nor a plus or minus signs; # The spaces between "std" and "offset" are only for display and are # not actually present in the string. # # The format of the offset is ``[+\|-]hh[:mm[:ss]]`` offset_str, start_end_str = tz_str.split(",", 1) parser_re = re.compile( r""" (?P<std>[^<0-9:.+-]+\|<[a-zA-Z0-9+-]+>) (?: (?P<stdoff>[+-]?\d{1,3}(?::\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?) (?: (?P<dst>[^0-9:.+-]+\|<[a-zA-Z0-9+-]+>) (?P<dstoff>[+-]?\d{1,3}(?::\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?)? )? # dst )? # stdoff """, re.ASCII\|re.VERBOSE ) m = parser_re.fullmatch(offset_str) if m is None: raise ValueError(f"{tz_str} is not a valid TZ string") std_abbr = m.group("std") dst_abbr = m.group("dst") dst_offset = None std_abbr = std_abbr.strip("<>") if dst_abbr: dst_abbr = dst_abbr.strip("<>") if std_offset := m.group("stdoff"): try: std_offset = _parse_tz_delta(std_offset) except ValueError as e: raise ValueError(f"Invalid STD offset in {tz_str}") from e else: std_offset = 0 if dst_abbr is not None: if dst_offset := m.group("dstoff"): try: dst_offset = _parse_tz_delta(dst_offset) except ValueError as e: raise ValueError(f"Invalid DST offset in {tz_str}") from e else: dst_offset = std_offset + 3600 if not start_end_str: raise ValueError(f"Missing transition rules: {tz_str}") start_end_strs = start_end_str[0].split(",", 1) try: start, end = (_parse_dst_start_end(x) for x in start_end_strs) except ValueError as e: raise ValueError(f"Invalid TZ string: {tz_str}") from e return _TZStr(std_abbr, std_offset, dst_abbr, dst_offset, start, end) elif start_end_str: raise ValueError(f"Transition rule present without DST: {tz_str}") else: # This is a static ttinfo, don't return _TZStr return _ttinfo( _load_timedelta(std_offset), _load_timedelta(0), std_abbr ) def _parse_dst_start_end(dststr): date, time = dststr.split("/", 1) type = date[:1] if type == "M": n_is_julian = False m = re.fullmatch(r"M(\d{1,2})\.(\d).(\d)", date, re.ASCII) if m is None: raise ValueError(f"Invalid dst start/end date: {dststr}") date_offset = tuple(map(int, m.groups())) offset = _CalendarOffset(date_offset) else: if type == "J": n_is_julian = True date = date[1:] else: n_is_julian = False doy = int(date) offset = _DayOffset(doy, n_is_julian) if time: offset.hour, offset.minute, offset.second = _parse_transition_time(time[0]) return offset def _parse_transition_time(time_str): match = re.fullmatch( r"(?P<sign>[+-])?(?P<h>\d{1,3})(:(?P<m>\d{2})(:(?P<s>\d{2}))?)?", time_str, re.ASCII ) if match is None: raise ValueError(f"Invalid time: {time_str}") h, m, s = (int(v or 0) for v in match.group("h", "m", "s")) if h > 167: raise ValueError( f"Hour must be in [0, 167]: {time_str}" ) if match.group("sign") == "-": h, m, s = -h, -m, -s return h, m, s def _parse_tz_delta(tz_delta): match = re.fullmatch( r"(?P<sign>[+-])?(?P<h>\d{1,3})(:(?P<m>\d{2})(:(?P<s>\d{2}))?)?", tz_delta, re.ASCII ) # Anything passed to this function should already have hit an equivalent # regular expression to find the section to parse. assert match is not None, tz_delta h, m, s = (int(v or 0) for v in match.group("h", "m", "s")) total = h 3600 + m * 60 + s if h > 24: raise ValueError( f"Offset hours must be in [0, 24]: {tz_delta}" ) # Yes, +5 maps to an offset of -5h if match.group("sign") != "-": total = -total return total Back

Edit File : _zoneinfo.py | Size : 24.10 KB

import bisect
import calendar
import collections
import functools
import re
import weakref
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, tzinfo

from . import _common, _tzpath

EPOCH = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
EPOCHORDINAL = datetime(1970, 1, 1).toordinal()

# It is relatively expensive to construct new timedelta objects, and in most
# cases we're looking at the same deltas, like integer numbers of hours, etc.
# To improve speed and memory use, we'll keep a dictionary with references
# to the ones we've already used so far.
#
# Loading every time zone in the 2020a version of the time zone database
# requires 447 timedeltas, which requires approximately the amount of space
# that ZoneInfo("America/New_York") with 236 transitions takes up, so we will
# set the cache size to 512 so that in the common case we always get cache
# hits, but specifically crafted ZoneInfo objects don't leak arbitrary amounts
# of memory.
@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=512)
def _load_timedelta(seconds):
    return timedelta(seconds=seconds)

class ZoneInfo(tzinfo):
    _strong_cache_size = 8
    _strong_cache = collections.OrderedDict()
    _weak_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
    __module__ = "zoneinfo"

def __init_subclass__(cls):
        cls._strong_cache = collections.OrderedDict()
        cls._weak_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()

def __new__(cls, key):
        instance = cls._weak_cache.get(key, None)
        if instance is None:
            instance = cls._weak_cache.setdefault(key, cls._new_instance(key))
            instance._from_cache = True

# Update the "strong" cache
        cls._strong_cache[key] = cls._strong_cache.pop(key, instance)

if len(cls._strong_cache) > cls._strong_cache_size:
            cls._strong_cache.popitem(last=False)

return instance

@classmethod
    def no_cache(cls, key):
        obj = cls._new_instance(key)
        obj._from_cache = False

return obj

@classmethod
    def _new_instance(cls, key):
        obj = super().__new__(cls)
        obj._key = key
        obj._file_path = obj._find_tzfile(key)

if obj._file_path is not None:
            file_obj = open(obj._file_path, "rb")
        else:
            file_obj = _common.load_tzdata(key)

with file_obj as f:
            obj._load_file(f)

return obj

@classmethod
    def from_file(cls, fobj, /, key=None):
        obj = super().__new__(cls)
        obj._key = key
        obj._file_path = None
        obj._load_file(fobj)
        obj._file_repr = repr(fobj)

# Disable pickling for objects created from files
        obj.__reduce__ = obj._file_reduce

return obj

@classmethod
    def clear_cache(cls, *, only_keys=None):
        if only_keys is not None:
            for key in only_keys:
                cls._weak_cache.pop(key, None)
                cls._strong_cache.pop(key, None)

else:
            cls._weak_cache.clear()
            cls._strong_cache.clear()

@property
    def key(self):
        return self._key

def utcoffset(self, dt):
        return self._find_trans(dt).utcoff

def dst(self, dt):
        return self._find_trans(dt).dstoff

def tzname(self, dt):
        return self._find_trans(dt).tzname

def fromutc(self, dt):
        """Convert from datetime in UTC to datetime in local time"""

if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")

timestamp = self._get_local_timestamp(dt)
        num_trans = len(self._trans_utc)

if num_trans >= 1 and timestamp < self._trans_utc[0]:
            tti = self._tti_before
            fold = 0
        elif (
            num_trans == 0 or timestamp > self._trans_utc[-1]
        ) and not isinstance(self._tz_after, _ttinfo):
            tti, fold = self._tz_after.get_trans_info_fromutc(
                timestamp, dt.year
            )
        elif num_trans == 0:
            tti = self._tz_after
            fold = 0
        else:
            idx = bisect.bisect_right(self._trans_utc, timestamp)

if num_trans > 1 and timestamp >= self._trans_utc[1]:
                tti_prev, tti = self._ttinfos[idx - 2 : idx]
            elif timestamp > self._trans_utc[-1]:
                tti_prev = self._ttinfos[-1]
                tti = self._tz_after
            else:
                tti_prev = self._tti_before
                tti = self._ttinfos[0]

# Detect fold
            shift = tti_prev.utcoff - tti.utcoff
            fold = shift.total_seconds() > timestamp - self._trans_utc[idx - 1]
        dt += tti.utcoff
        if fold:
            return dt.replace(fold=1)
        else:
            return dt

def _find_trans(self, dt):
        if dt is None:
            if self._fixed_offset:
                return self._tz_after
            else:
                return _NO_TTINFO

ts = self._get_local_timestamp(dt)

lt = self._trans_local[dt.fold]

num_trans = len(lt)

if num_trans and ts < lt[0]:
            return self._tti_before
        elif not num_trans or ts > lt[-1]:
            if isinstance(self._tz_after, _TZStr):
                return self._tz_after.get_trans_info(ts, dt.year, dt.fold)
            else:
                return self._tz_after
        else:
            # idx is the transition that occurs after this timestamp, so we
            # subtract off 1 to get the current ttinfo
            idx = bisect.bisect_right(lt, ts) - 1
            assert idx >= 0
            return self._ttinfos[idx]

def _get_local_timestamp(self, dt):
        return (
            (dt.toordinal() - EPOCHORDINAL) * 86400
            + dt.hour * 3600
            + dt.minute * 60
            + dt.second
        )

def __str__(self):
        if self._key is not None:
            return f"{self._key}"
        else:
            return repr(self)

def __repr__(self):
        if self._key is not None:
            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(key={self._key!r})"
        else:
            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}.from_file({self._file_repr})"

def __reduce__(self):
        return (self.__class__._unpickle, (self._key, self._from_cache))

def _file_reduce(self):
        import pickle

raise pickle.PicklingError(
            "Cannot pickle a ZoneInfo file created from a file stream."
        )

@classmethod
    def _unpickle(cls, key, from_cache, /):
        if from_cache:
            return cls(key)
        else:
            return cls.no_cache(key)

def _find_tzfile(self, key):
        return _tzpath.find_tzfile(key)

def _load_file(self, fobj):
        # Retrieve all the data as it exists in the zoneinfo file
        trans_idx, trans_utc, utcoff, isdst, abbr, tz_str = _common.load_data(
            fobj
        )

# Infer the DST offsets (needed for .dst()) from the data
        dstoff = self._utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoff, isdst)

# Convert all the transition times (UTC) into "seconds since 1970-01-01 local time"
        trans_local = self._ts_to_local(trans_idx, trans_utc, utcoff)

# Construct `_ttinfo` objects for each transition in the file
        _ttinfo_list = [
            _ttinfo(
                _load_timedelta(utcoffset), _load_timedelta(dstoffset), tzname
            )
            for utcoffset, dstoffset, tzname in zip(utcoff, dstoff, abbr)
        ]

self._trans_utc = trans_utc
        self._trans_local = trans_local
        self._ttinfos = [_ttinfo_list[idx] for idx in trans_idx]

# Find the first non-DST transition
        for i in range(len(isdst)):
            if not isdst[i]:
                self._tti_before = _ttinfo_list[i]
                break
        else:
            if self._ttinfos:
                self._tti_before = self._ttinfos[0]
            else:
                self._tti_before = None

# Set the "fallback" time zone
        if tz_str is not None and tz_str != b"":
            self._tz_after = _parse_tz_str(tz_str.decode())
        else:
            if not self._ttinfos and not _ttinfo_list:
                raise ValueError("No time zone information found.")

if self._ttinfos:
                self._tz_after = self._ttinfos[-1]
            else:
                self._tz_after = _ttinfo_list[-1]

# Determine if this is a "fixed offset" zone, meaning that the output
        # of the utcoffset, dst and tzname functions does not depend on the
        # specific datetime passed.
        #
        # We make three simplifying assumptions here:
        #
        # 1. If _tz_after is not a _ttinfo, it has transitions that might
        #    actually occur (it is possible to construct TZ strings that
        #    specify STD and DST but no transitions ever occur, such as
        #    AAA0BBB,0/0,J365/25).
        # 2. If _ttinfo_list contains more than one _ttinfo object, the objects
        #    represent different offsets.
        # 3. _ttinfo_list contains no unused _ttinfos (in which case an
        #    otherwise fixed-offset zone with extra _ttinfos defined may
        #    appear to *not* be a fixed offset zone).
        #
        # Violations to these assumptions would be fairly exotic, and exotic
        # zones should almost certainly not be used with datetime.time (the
        # only thing that would be affected by this).
        if len(_ttinfo_list) > 1 or not isinstance(self._tz_after, _ttinfo):
            self._fixed_offset = False
        elif not _ttinfo_list:
            self._fixed_offset = True
        else:
            self._fixed_offset = _ttinfo_list[0] == self._tz_after

@staticmethod
    def _utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoffsets, isdsts):
        # Now we must transform our ttis and abbrs into `_ttinfo` objects,
        # but there is an issue: .dst() must return a timedelta with the
        # difference between utcoffset() and the "standard" offset, but
        # the "base offset" and "DST offset" are not encoded in the file;
        # we can infer what they are from the isdst flag, but it is not
        # sufficient to just look at the last standard offset, because
        # occasionally countries will shift both DST offset and base offset.

typecnt = len(isdsts)
        dstoffs = [0] * typecnt  # Provisionally assign all to 0.
        dst_cnt = sum(isdsts)
        dst_found = 0

for i in range(1, len(trans_idx)):
            if dst_cnt == dst_found:
                break

idx = trans_idx[i]

dst = isdsts[idx]

# We're only going to look at daylight saving time
            if not dst:
                continue

# Skip any offsets that have already been assigned
            if dstoffs[idx] != 0:
                continue

dstoff = 0
            utcoff = utcoffsets[idx]

comp_idx = trans_idx[i - 1]

if not isdsts[comp_idx]:
                dstoff = utcoff - utcoffsets[comp_idx]

if not dstoff and idx < (typecnt - 1):
                comp_idx = trans_idx[i + 1]

# If the following transition is also DST and we couldn't
                # find the DST offset by this point, we're going to have to
                # skip it and hope this transition gets assigned later
                if isdsts[comp_idx]:
                    continue

dstoff = utcoff - utcoffsets[comp_idx]

if dstoff:
                dst_found += 1
                dstoffs[idx] = dstoff
        else:
            # If we didn't find a valid value for a given index, we'll end up
            # with dstoff = 0 for something where `isdst=1`. This is obviously
            # wrong - one hour will be a much better guess than 0
            for idx in range(typecnt):
                if not dstoffs[idx] and isdsts[idx]:
                    dstoffs[idx] = 3600

return dstoffs

@staticmethod
    def _ts_to_local(trans_idx, trans_list_utc, utcoffsets):
        """Generate number of seconds since 1970 *in the local time*.

This is necessary to easily find the transition times in local time"""
        if not trans_list_utc:
            return [[], []]

# Start with the timestamps and modify in-place
        trans_list_wall = [list(trans_list_utc), list(trans_list_utc)]

if len(utcoffsets) > 1:
            offset_0 = utcoffsets[0]
            offset_1 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[0]]
            if offset_1 > offset_0:
                offset_1, offset_0 = offset_0, offset_1
        else:
            offset_0 = offset_1 = utcoffsets[0]

trans_list_wall[0][0] += offset_0
        trans_list_wall[1][0] += offset_1

for i in range(1, len(trans_idx)):
            offset_0 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[i - 1]]
            offset_1 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[i]]

if offset_1 > offset_0:
                offset_1, offset_0 = offset_0, offset_1

trans_list_wall[0][i] += offset_0
            trans_list_wall[1][i] += offset_1

return trans_list_wall

class _ttinfo:
    __slots__ = ["utcoff", "dstoff", "tzname"]

def __init__(self, utcoff, dstoff, tzname):
        self.utcoff = utcoff
        self.dstoff = dstoff
        self.tzname = tzname

def __eq__(self, other):
        return (
            self.utcoff == other.utcoff
            and self.dstoff == other.dstoff
            and self.tzname == other.tzname
        )

def __repr__(self):  # pragma: nocover
        return (
            f"{self.__class__.__name__}"
            + f"({self.utcoff}, {self.dstoff}, {self.tzname})"
        )

_NO_TTINFO = _ttinfo(None, None, None)

class _TZStr:
    __slots__ = (
        "std",
        "dst",
        "start",
        "end",
        "get_trans_info",
        "get_trans_info_fromutc",
        "dst_diff",
    )

def __init__(
        self, std_abbr, std_offset, dst_abbr, dst_offset, start=None, end=None
    ):
        self.dst_diff = dst_offset - std_offset
        std_offset = _load_timedelta(std_offset)
        self.std = _ttinfo(
            utcoff=std_offset, dstoff=_load_timedelta(0), tzname=std_abbr
        )

self.start = start
        self.end = end

dst_offset = _load_timedelta(dst_offset)
        delta = _load_timedelta(self.dst_diff)
        self.dst = _ttinfo(utcoff=dst_offset, dstoff=delta, tzname=dst_abbr)

# These are assertions because the constructor should only be called
        # by functions that would fail before passing start or end
        assert start is not None, "No transition start specified"
        assert end is not None, "No transition end specified"

self.get_trans_info = self._get_trans_info
        self.get_trans_info_fromutc = self._get_trans_info_fromutc

def transitions(self, year):
        start = self.start.year_to_epoch(year)
        end = self.end.year_to_epoch(year)
        return start, end

def _get_trans_info(self, ts, year, fold):
        """Get the information about the current transition - tti"""
        start, end = self.transitions(year)

# With fold = 0, the period (denominated in local time) with the
        # smaller offset starts at the end of the gap and ends at the end of
        # the fold; with fold = 1, it runs from the start of the gap to the
        # beginning of the fold.
        #
        # So in order to determine the DST boundaries we need to know both
        # the fold and whether DST is positive or negative (rare), and it
        # turns out that this boils down to fold XOR is_positive.
        if fold == (self.dst_diff >= 0):
            end -= self.dst_diff
        else:
            start += self.dst_diff

if start < end:
            isdst = start <= ts < end
        else:
            isdst = not (end <= ts < start)

return self.dst if isdst else self.std

def _get_trans_info_fromutc(self, ts, year):
        start, end = self.transitions(year)
        start -= self.std.utcoff.total_seconds()
        end -= self.dst.utcoff.total_seconds()

if start < end:
            isdst = start <= ts < end
        else:
            isdst = not (end <= ts < start)

# For positive DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff after the end
        # of DST; for negative DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff before
        # the start of DST.
        if self.dst_diff > 0:
            ambig_start = end
            ambig_end = end + self.dst_diff
        else:
            ambig_start = start
            ambig_end = start - self.dst_diff

fold = ambig_start <= ts < ambig_end

return (self.dst if isdst else self.std, fold)

def _post_epoch_days_before_year(year):
    """Get the number of days between 1970-01-01 and YEAR-01-01"""
    y = year - 1
    return y * 365 + y // 4 - y // 100 + y // 400 - EPOCHORDINAL

class _DayOffset:
    __slots__ = ["d", "julian", "hour", "minute", "second"]

def __init__(self, d, julian, hour=2, minute=0, second=0):
        min_day = 0 + julian  # convert bool to int
        if not min_day <= d <= 365:
            raise ValueError(f"d must be in [{min_day}, 365], not: {d}")

self.d = d
        self.julian = julian
        self.hour = hour
        self.minute = minute
        self.second = second

def year_to_epoch(self, year):
        days_before_year = _post_epoch_days_before_year(year)

d = self.d
        if self.julian and d >= 59 and calendar.isleap(year):
            d += 1

epoch = (days_before_year + d) * 86400
        epoch += self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second

return epoch

class _CalendarOffset:
    __slots__ = ["m", "w", "d", "hour", "minute", "second"]

_DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH = (
        -1,
        0,
        31,
        59,
        90,
        120,
        151,
        181,
        212,
        243,
        273,
        304,
        334,
    )

def __init__(self, m, w, d, hour=2, minute=0, second=0):
        if not 1 <= m <= 12:
            raise ValueError("m must be in [1, 12]")

if not 1 <= w <= 5:
            raise ValueError("w must be in [1, 5]")

if not 0 <= d <= 6:
            raise ValueError("d must be in [0, 6]")

self.m = m
        self.w = w
        self.d = d
        self.hour = hour
        self.minute = minute
        self.second = second

@classmethod
    def _ymd2ord(cls, year, month, day):
        return (
            _post_epoch_days_before_year(year)
            + cls._DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month]
            + (month > 2 and calendar.isleap(year))
            + day
        )

# TODO: These are not actually epoch dates as they are expressed in local time
    def year_to_epoch(self, year):
        """Calculates the datetime of the occurrence from the year"""
        # We know year and month, we need to convert w, d into day of month
        #
        # Week 1 is the first week in which day `d` (where 0 = Sunday) appears.
        # Week 5 represents the last occurrence of day `d`, so we need to know
        # the range of the month.
        first_day, days_in_month = calendar.monthrange(year, self.m)

# This equation seems magical, so I'll break it down:
        # 1. calendar says 0 = Monday, POSIX says 0 = Sunday
        #    so we need first_day + 1 to get 1 = Monday -> 7 = Sunday,
        #    which is still equivalent because this math is mod 7
        # 2. Get first day - desired day mod 7: -1 % 7 = 6, so we don't need
        #    to do anything to adjust negative numbers.
        # 3. Add 1 because month days are a 1-based index.
        month_day = (self.d - (first_day + 1)) % 7 + 1

# Now use a 0-based index version of `w` to calculate the w-th
        # occurrence of `d`
        month_day += (self.w - 1) * 7

# month_day will only be > days_in_month if w was 5, and `w` means
        # "last occurrence of `d`", so now we just check if we over-shot the
        # end of the month and if so knock off 1 week.
        if month_day > days_in_month:
            month_day -= 7

ordinal = self._ymd2ord(year, self.m, month_day)
        epoch = ordinal * 86400
        epoch += self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second
        return epoch

def _parse_tz_str(tz_str):
    # The tz string has the format:
    #
    # std[offset[dst[offset],start[/time],end[/time]]]
    #
    # std and dst must be 3 or more characters long and must not contain
    # a leading colon, embedded digits, commas, nor a plus or minus signs;
    # The spaces between "std" and "offset" are only for display and are
    # not actually present in the string.
    #
    # The format of the offset is ``[+|-]hh[:mm[:ss]]``

offset_str, *start_end_str = tz_str.split(",", 1)

parser_re = re.compile(
        r"""
        (?P<std>[^<0-9:.+-]+|<[a-zA-Z0-9+-]+>)
        (?:
            (?P<stdoff>[+-]?\d{1,3}(?::\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?)
            (?:
                (?P<dst>[^0-9:.+-]+|<[a-zA-Z0-9+-]+>)
                (?P<dstoff>[+-]?\d{1,3}(?::\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?)?
            )? # dst
        )? # stdoff
        """,
        re.ASCII|re.VERBOSE
    )

m = parser_re.fullmatch(offset_str)

if m is None:
        raise ValueError(f"{tz_str} is not a valid TZ string")

std_abbr = m.group("std")
    dst_abbr = m.group("dst")
    dst_offset = None

std_abbr = std_abbr.strip("<>")

if dst_abbr:
        dst_abbr = dst_abbr.strip("<>")

if std_offset := m.group("stdoff"):
        try:
            std_offset = _parse_tz_delta(std_offset)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid STD offset in {tz_str}") from e
    else:
        std_offset = 0

if dst_abbr is not None:
        if dst_offset := m.group("dstoff"):
            try:
                dst_offset = _parse_tz_delta(dst_offset)
            except ValueError as e:
                raise ValueError(f"Invalid DST offset in {tz_str}") from e
        else:
            dst_offset = std_offset + 3600

if not start_end_str:
            raise ValueError(f"Missing transition rules: {tz_str}")

start_end_strs = start_end_str[0].split(",", 1)
        try:
            start, end = (_parse_dst_start_end(x) for x in start_end_strs)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid TZ string: {tz_str}") from e

return _TZStr(std_abbr, std_offset, dst_abbr, dst_offset, start, end)
    elif start_end_str:
        raise ValueError(f"Transition rule present without DST: {tz_str}")
    else:
        # This is a static ttinfo, don't return _TZStr
        return _ttinfo(
            _load_timedelta(std_offset), _load_timedelta(0), std_abbr
        )

def _parse_dst_start_end(dststr):
    date, *time = dststr.split("/", 1)
    type = date[:1]
    if type == "M":
        n_is_julian = False
        m = re.fullmatch(r"M(\d{1,2})\.(\d).(\d)", date, re.ASCII)
        if m is None:
            raise ValueError(f"Invalid dst start/end date: {dststr}")
        date_offset = tuple(map(int, m.groups()))
        offset = _CalendarOffset(*date_offset)
    else:
        if type == "J":
            n_is_julian = True
            date = date[1:]
        else:
            n_is_julian = False

doy = int(date)
        offset = _DayOffset(doy, n_is_julian)

if time:
        offset.hour, offset.minute, offset.second = _parse_transition_time(time[0])

return offset

def _parse_transition_time(time_str):
    match = re.fullmatch(
        r"(?P<sign>[+-])?(?P<h>\d{1,3})(:(?P<m>\d{2})(:(?P<s>\d{2}))?)?",
        time_str,
        re.ASCII
    )
    if match is None:
        raise ValueError(f"Invalid time: {time_str}")

h, m, s = (int(v or 0) for v in match.group("h", "m", "s"))

if h > 167:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Hour must be in [0, 167]: {time_str}"
        )

if match.group("sign") == "-":
        h, m, s = -h, -m, -s

return h, m, s

def _parse_tz_delta(tz_delta):
    match = re.fullmatch(
        r"(?P<sign>[+-])?(?P<h>\d{1,3})(:(?P<m>\d{2})(:(?P<s>\d{2}))?)?",
        tz_delta,
        re.ASCII
    )
    # Anything passed to this function should already have hit an equivalent
    # regular expression to find the section to parse.
    assert match is not None, tz_delta

h, m, s = (int(v or 0) for v in match.group("h", "m", "s"))

total = h * 3600 + m * 60 + s

if h > 24:
        raise ValueError(
            f"Offset hours must be in [0, 24]: {tz_delta}"
        )

# Yes, +5 maps to an offset of -5h
    if match.group("sign") != "-":
        total = -total

return total

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