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Edit File : backend_ctypes.py \| Size : 41.10 KB
import ctypes, ctypes.util, operator, sys from . import model if sys.version_info < (3,): bytechr = chr else: unicode = str long = int xrange = range bytechr = lambda num: bytes([num]) class CTypesType(type): pass class CTypesData(object): __metaclass__ = CTypesType __slots__ = ['__weakref__'] __name__ = '<cdata>' def __init__(self, args): raise TypeError("cannot instantiate %r" % (self.__class__,)) @classmethod def _newp(cls, init): raise TypeError("expected a pointer or array ctype, got '%s'" % (cls._get_c_name(),)) @staticmethod def _to_ctypes(value): raise TypeError @classmethod def _arg_to_ctypes(cls, value): try: ctype = cls._ctype except AttributeError: raise TypeError("cannot create an instance of %r" % (cls,)) if value: res = cls._to_ctypes(value) if not isinstance(res, ctype): res = cls._ctype(res) else: res = cls._ctype() return res @classmethod def _create_ctype_obj(cls, init): if init is None: return cls._arg_to_ctypes() else: return cls._arg_to_ctypes(init) @staticmethod def _from_ctypes(ctypes_value): raise TypeError @classmethod def _get_c_name(cls, replace_with=''): return cls._reftypename.replace(' &', replace_with) @classmethod def _fix_class(cls): cls.__name__ = 'CData<%s>' % (cls._get_c_name(),) cls.__qualname__ = 'CData<%s>' % (cls._get_c_name(),) cls.__module__ = 'ffi' def _get_own_repr(self): raise NotImplementedError def _addr_repr(self, address): if address == 0: return 'NULL' else: if address < 0: address += 1 << (8ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p)) return '0x%x' % address def __repr__(self, c_name=None): own = self._get_own_repr() return '<cdata %r %s>' % (c_name or self._get_c_name(), own) def _convert_to_address(self, BClass): if BClass is None: raise TypeError("cannot convert %r to an address" % ( self._get_c_name(),)) else: raise TypeError("cannot convert %r to %r" % ( self._get_c_name(), BClass._get_c_name())) @classmethod def _get_size(cls): return ctypes.sizeof(cls._ctype) def _get_size_of_instance(self): return ctypes.sizeof(self._ctype) @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): raise TypeError("cannot cast to %r" % (cls._get_c_name(),)) def _cast_to_integer(self): return self._convert_to_address(None) @classmethod def _alignment(cls): return ctypes.alignment(cls._ctype) def __iter__(self): raise TypeError("cdata %r does not support iteration" % ( self._get_c_name()),) def _make_cmp(name): cmpfunc = getattr(operator, name) def cmp(self, other): v_is_ptr = not isinstance(self, CTypesGenericPrimitive) w_is_ptr = (isinstance(other, CTypesData) and not isinstance(other, CTypesGenericPrimitive)) if v_is_ptr and w_is_ptr: return cmpfunc(self._convert_to_address(None), other._convert_to_address(None)) elif v_is_ptr or w_is_ptr: return NotImplemented else: if isinstance(self, CTypesGenericPrimitive): self = self._value if isinstance(other, CTypesGenericPrimitive): other = other._value return cmpfunc(self, other) cmp.func_name = name return cmp __eq__ = _make_cmp('__eq__') __ne__ = _make_cmp('__ne__') __lt__ = _make_cmp('__lt__') __le__ = _make_cmp('__le__') __gt__ = _make_cmp('__gt__') __ge__ = _make_cmp('__ge__') def __hash__(self): return hash(self._convert_to_address(None)) def _to_string(self, maxlen): raise TypeError("string(): %r" % (self,)) class CTypesGenericPrimitive(CTypesData): __slots__ = [] def __hash__(self): return hash(self._value) def _get_own_repr(self): return repr(self._from_ctypes(self._value)) class CTypesGenericArray(CTypesData): __slots__ = [] @classmethod def _newp(cls, init): return cls(init) def __iter__(self): for i in xrange(len(self)): yield self[i] def _get_own_repr(self): return self._addr_repr(ctypes.addressof(self._blob)) class CTypesGenericPtr(CTypesData): __slots__ = ['_address', '_as_ctype_ptr'] _automatic_casts = False kind = "pointer" @classmethod def _newp(cls, init): return cls(init) @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): if source is None: address = 0 elif isinstance(source, CTypesData): address = source._cast_to_integer() elif isinstance(source, (int, long)): address = source else: raise TypeError("bad type for cast to %r: %r" % (cls, type(source).__name__)) return cls._new_pointer_at(address) @classmethod def _new_pointer_at(cls, address): self = cls.__new__(cls) self._address = address self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.cast(address, cls._ctype) return self def _get_own_repr(self): try: return self._addr_repr(self._address) except AttributeError: return '???' def _cast_to_integer(self): return self._address def __nonzero__(self): return bool(self._address) __bool__ = __nonzero__ @classmethod def _to_ctypes(cls, value): if not isinstance(value, CTypesData): raise TypeError("unexpected %s object" % type(value).__name__) address = value._convert_to_address(cls) return ctypes.cast(address, cls._ctype) @classmethod def _from_ctypes(cls, ctypes_ptr): address = ctypes.cast(ctypes_ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value or 0 return cls._new_pointer_at(address) @classmethod def _initialize(cls, ctypes_ptr, value): if value: ctypes_ptr.contents = cls._to_ctypes(value).contents def _convert_to_address(self, BClass): if (BClass in (self.__class__, None) or BClass._automatic_casts or self._automatic_casts): return self._address else: return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass) class CTypesBaseStructOrUnion(CTypesData): __slots__ = ['_blob'] @classmethod def _create_ctype_obj(cls, init): # may be overridden raise TypeError("cannot instantiate opaque type %s" % (cls,)) def _get_own_repr(self): return self._addr_repr(ctypes.addressof(self._blob)) @classmethod def _offsetof(cls, fieldname): return getattr(cls._ctype, fieldname).offset def _convert_to_address(self, BClass): if getattr(BClass, '_BItem', None) is self.__class__: return ctypes.addressof(self._blob) else: return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass) @classmethod def _from_ctypes(cls, ctypes_struct_or_union): self = cls.__new__(cls) self._blob = ctypes_struct_or_union return self @classmethod def _to_ctypes(cls, value): return value._blob def __repr__(self, c_name=None): return CTypesData.__repr__(self, c_name or self._get_c_name(' &')) class CTypesBackend(object): PRIMITIVE_TYPES = { 'char': ctypes.c_char, 'short': ctypes.c_short, 'int': ctypes.c_int, 'long': ctypes.c_long, 'long long': ctypes.c_longlong, 'signed char': ctypes.c_byte, 'unsigned char': ctypes.c_ubyte, 'unsigned short': ctypes.c_ushort, 'unsigned int': ctypes.c_uint, 'unsigned long': ctypes.c_ulong, 'unsigned long long': ctypes.c_ulonglong, 'float': ctypes.c_float, 'double': ctypes.c_double, '_Bool': ctypes.c_bool, } for _name in ['unsigned long long', 'unsigned long', 'unsigned int', 'unsigned short', 'unsigned char']: _size = ctypes.sizeof(PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]) PRIMITIVE_TYPES['uint%d_t' % (8_size)] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p): PRIMITIVE_TYPES['uintptr_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_size_t): PRIMITIVE_TYPES['size_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] for _name in ['long long', 'long', 'int', 'short', 'signed char']: _size = ctypes.sizeof(PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]) PRIMITIVE_TYPES['int%d_t' % (8_size)] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p): PRIMITIVE_TYPES['intptr_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] PRIMITIVE_TYPES['ptrdiff_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_size_t): PRIMITIVE_TYPES['ssize_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name] def __init__(self): self.RTLD_LAZY = 0 # not supported anyway by ctypes self.RTLD_NOW = 0 self.RTLD_GLOBAL = ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL self.RTLD_LOCAL = ctypes.RTLD_LOCAL def set_ffi(self, ffi): self.ffi = ffi def _get_types(self): return CTypesData, CTypesType def load_library(self, path, flags=0): cdll = ctypes.CDLL(path, flags) return CTypesLibrary(self, cdll) def new_void_type(self): class CTypesVoid(CTypesData): __slots__ = [] _reftypename = 'void &' @staticmethod def _from_ctypes(novalue): return None @staticmethod def _to_ctypes(novalue): if novalue is not None: raise TypeError("None expected, got %s object" % (type(novalue).__name__,)) return None CTypesVoid._fix_class() return CTypesVoid def new_primitive_type(self, name): if name == 'wchar_t': raise NotImplementedError(name) ctype = self.PRIMITIVE_TYPES[name] if name == 'char': kind = 'char' elif name in ('float', 'double'): kind = 'float' else: if name in ('signed char', 'unsigned char'): kind = 'byte' elif name == '_Bool': kind = 'bool' else: kind = 'int' is_signed = (ctype(-1).value == -1) # def _cast_source_to_int(source): if isinstance(source, (int, long, float)): source = int(source) elif isinstance(source, CTypesData): source = source._cast_to_integer() elif isinstance(source, bytes): source = ord(source) elif source is None: source = 0 else: raise TypeError("bad type for cast to %r: %r" % (CTypesPrimitive, type(source).__name__)) return source # kind1 = kind class CTypesPrimitive(CTypesGenericPrimitive): __slots__ = ['_value'] _ctype = ctype _reftypename = '%s &' % name kind = kind1 def __init__(self, value): self._value = value @staticmethod def _create_ctype_obj(init): if init is None: return ctype() return ctype(CTypesPrimitive._to_ctypes(init)) if kind == 'int' or kind == 'byte': @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): source = _cast_source_to_int(source) source = ctype(source).value # cast within range return cls(source) def __int__(self): return self._value if kind == 'bool': @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): if not isinstance(source, (int, long, float)): source = _cast_source_to_int(source) return cls(bool(source)) def __int__(self): return self._value if kind == 'char': @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): source = _cast_source_to_int(source) source = bytechr(source & 0xFF) return cls(source) def __int__(self): return ord(self._value) if kind == 'float': @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): if isinstance(source, float): pass elif isinstance(source, CTypesGenericPrimitive): if hasattr(source, '__float__'): source = float(source) else: source = int(source) else: source = _cast_source_to_int(source) source = ctype(source).value # fix precision return cls(source) def __int__(self): return int(self._value) def __float__(self): return self._value _cast_to_integer = __int__ if kind == 'int' or kind == 'byte' or kind == 'bool': @staticmethod def _to_ctypes(x): if not isinstance(x, (int, long)): if isinstance(x, CTypesData): x = int(x) else: raise TypeError("integer expected, got %s" % type(x).__name__) if ctype(x).value != x: if not is_signed and x < 0: raise OverflowError("%s: negative integer" % name) else: raise OverflowError("%s: integer out of bounds" % name) return x if kind == 'char': @staticmethod def _to_ctypes(x): if isinstance(x, bytes) and len(x) == 1: return x if isinstance(x, CTypesPrimitive): # <CData <char>> return x._value raise TypeError("character expected, got %s" % type(x).__name__) def __nonzero__(self): return ord(self._value) != 0 else: def __nonzero__(self): return self._value != 0 __bool__ = __nonzero__ if kind == 'float': @staticmethod def _to_ctypes(x): if not isinstance(x, (int, long, float, CTypesData)): raise TypeError("float expected, got %s" % type(x).__name__) return ctype(x).value @staticmethod def _from_ctypes(value): return getattr(value, 'value', value) @staticmethod def _initialize(blob, init): blob.value = CTypesPrimitive._to_ctypes(init) if kind == 'char': def _to_string(self, maxlen): return self._value if kind == 'byte': def _to_string(self, maxlen): return chr(self._value & 0xff) # CTypesPrimitive._fix_class() return CTypesPrimitive def new_pointer_type(self, BItem): getbtype = self.ffi._get_cached_btype if BItem is getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('char')): kind = 'charp' elif BItem in (getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('signed char')), getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('unsigned char'))): kind = 'bytep' elif BItem is getbtype(model.void_type): kind = 'voidp' else: kind = 'generic' # class CTypesPtr(CTypesGenericPtr): __slots__ = ['_own'] if kind == 'charp': __slots__ += ['__as_strbuf'] _BItem = BItem if hasattr(BItem, '_ctype'): _ctype = ctypes.POINTER(BItem._ctype) _bitem_size = ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype) else: _ctype = ctypes.c_void_p if issubclass(BItem, CTypesGenericArray): _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name('(* &)') else: _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name(' * &') def __init__(self, init): ctypeobj = BItem._create_ctype_obj(init) if kind == 'charp': self.__as_strbuf = ctypes.create_string_buffer( ctypeobj.value + b'\x00') self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.cast( self.__as_strbuf, self._ctype) else: self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.pointer(ctypeobj) self._address = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value self._own = True def __add__(self, other): if isinstance(other, (int, long)): return self._new_pointer_at(self._address + other * self._bitem_size) else: return NotImplemented def __sub__(self, other): if isinstance(other, (int, long)): return self._new_pointer_at(self._address - other * self._bitem_size) elif type(self) is type(other): return (self._address - other._address) // self._bitem_size else: return NotImplemented def __getitem__(self, index): if getattr(self, '_own', False) and index != 0: raise IndexError return BItem._from_ctypes(self._as_ctype_ptr[index]) def __setitem__(self, index, value): self._as_ctype_ptr[index] = BItem._to_ctypes(value) if kind == 'charp' or kind == 'voidp': @classmethod def _arg_to_ctypes(cls, value): if value and isinstance(value[0], bytes): return ctypes.c_char_p(value[0]) else: return super(CTypesPtr, cls)._arg_to_ctypes(value) if kind == 'charp' or kind == 'bytep': def _to_string(self, maxlen): if maxlen < 0: maxlen = sys.maxsize p = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char)) n = 0 while n < maxlen and p[n] != b'\x00': n += 1 return b''.join([p[i] for i in range(n)]) def _get_own_repr(self): if getattr(self, '_own', False): return 'owning %d bytes' % ( ctypes.sizeof(self._as_ctype_ptr.contents),) return super(CTypesPtr, self)._get_own_repr() # if (BItem is self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.void_type) or BItem is self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.PrimitiveType('char'))): CTypesPtr._automatic_casts = True # CTypesPtr._fix_class() return CTypesPtr def new_array_type(self, CTypesPtr, length): if length is None: brackets = ' &[]' else: brackets = ' &[%d]' % length BItem = CTypesPtr._BItem getbtype = self.ffi._get_cached_btype if BItem is getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('char')): kind = 'char' elif BItem in (getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('signed char')), getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('unsigned char'))): kind = 'byte' else: kind = 'generic' # class CTypesArray(CTypesGenericArray): __slots__ = ['_blob', '_own'] if length is not None: _ctype = BItem._ctype * length else: __slots__.append('_ctype') _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name(brackets) _declared_length = length _CTPtr = CTypesPtr def __init__(self, init): if length is None: if isinstance(init, (int, long)): len1 = init init = None elif kind == 'char' and isinstance(init, bytes): len1 = len(init) + 1 # extra null else: init = tuple(init) len1 = len(init) self._ctype = BItem._ctype * len1 self._blob = self._ctype() self._own = True if init is not None: self._initialize(self._blob, init) @staticmethod def _initialize(blob, init): if isinstance(init, bytes): init = [init[i:i+1] for i in range(len(init))] else: init = tuple(init) if len(init) > len(blob): raise IndexError("too many initializers") addr = ctypes.cast(blob, ctypes.c_void_p).value PTR = ctypes.POINTER(BItem._ctype) itemsize = ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype) for i, value in enumerate(init): p = ctypes.cast(addr + i * itemsize, PTR) BItem._initialize(p.contents, value) def __len__(self): return len(self._blob) def __getitem__(self, index): if not (0 <= index < len(self._blob)): raise IndexError return BItem._from_ctypes(self._blob[index]) def __setitem__(self, index, value): if not (0 <= index < len(self._blob)): raise IndexError self._blob[index] = BItem._to_ctypes(value) if kind == 'char' or kind == 'byte': def _to_string(self, maxlen): if maxlen < 0: maxlen = len(self._blob) p = ctypes.cast(self._blob, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char)) n = 0 while n < maxlen and p[n] != b'\x00': n += 1 return b''.join([p[i] for i in range(n)]) def _get_own_repr(self): if getattr(self, '_own', False): return 'owning %d bytes' % (ctypes.sizeof(self._blob),) return super(CTypesArray, self)._get_own_repr() def _convert_to_address(self, BClass): if BClass in (CTypesPtr, None) or BClass._automatic_casts: return ctypes.addressof(self._blob) else: return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass) @staticmethod def _from_ctypes(ctypes_array): self = CTypesArray.__new__(CTypesArray) self._blob = ctypes_array return self @staticmethod def _arg_to_ctypes(value): return CTypesPtr._arg_to_ctypes(value) def __add__(self, other): if isinstance(other, (int, long)): return CTypesPtr._new_pointer_at( ctypes.addressof(self._blob) + other * ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype)) else: return NotImplemented @classmethod def _cast_from(cls, source): raise NotImplementedError("casting to %r" % ( cls._get_c_name(),)) # CTypesArray._fix_class() return CTypesArray def _new_struct_or_union(self, kind, name, base_ctypes_class): # class struct_or_union(base_ctypes_class): pass struct_or_union.__name__ = '%s_%s' % (kind, name) kind1 = kind # class CTypesStructOrUnion(CTypesBaseStructOrUnion): __slots__ = ['_blob'] _ctype = struct_or_union _reftypename = '%s &' % (name,) _kind = kind = kind1 # CTypesStructOrUnion._fix_class() return CTypesStructOrUnion def new_struct_type(self, name): return self._new_struct_or_union('struct', name, ctypes.Structure) def new_union_type(self, name): return self._new_struct_or_union('union', name, ctypes.Union) def complete_struct_or_union(self, CTypesStructOrUnion, fields, tp, totalsize=-1, totalalignment=-1, sflags=0): if totalsize >= 0 or totalalignment >= 0: raise NotImplementedError("the ctypes backend of CFFI does not support " "structures completed by verify(); please " "compile and install the _cffi_backend module.") struct_or_union = CTypesStructOrUnion._ctype fnames = [fname for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields] btypes = [BField for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields] bitfields = [bitsize for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields] # bfield_types = {} cfields = [] for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields: if bitsize < 0: cfields.append((fname, BField._ctype)) bfield_types[fname] = BField else: cfields.append((fname, BField._ctype, bitsize)) bfield_types[fname] = Ellipsis if sflags & 8: struct_or_union._pack_ = 1 struct_or_union._fields_ = cfields CTypesStructOrUnion._bfield_types = bfield_types # @staticmethod def _create_ctype_obj(init): result = struct_or_union() if init is not None: initialize(result, init) return result CTypesStructOrUnion._create_ctype_obj = _create_ctype_obj # def initialize(blob, init): if is_union: if len(init) > 1: raise ValueError("union initializer: %d items given, but " "only one supported (use a dict if needed)" % (len(init),)) if not isinstance(init, dict): if isinstance(init, (bytes, unicode)): raise TypeError("union initializer: got a str") init = tuple(init) if len(init) > len(fnames): raise ValueError("too many values for %s initializer" % CTypesStructOrUnion._get_c_name()) init = dict(zip(fnames, init)) addr = ctypes.addressof(blob) for fname, value in init.items(): BField, bitsize = name2fieldtype[fname] assert bitsize < 0, \ "not implemented: initializer with bit fields" offset = CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname) PTR = ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype) p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR) BField._initialize(p.contents, value) is_union = CTypesStructOrUnion._kind == 'union' name2fieldtype = dict(zip(fnames, zip(btypes, bitfields))) # for fname, BField, bitsize in fields: if fname == '': raise NotImplementedError("nested anonymous structs/unions") if hasattr(CTypesStructOrUnion, fname): raise ValueError("the field name %r conflicts in " "the ctypes backend" % fname) if bitsize < 0: def getter(self, fname=fname, BField=BField, offset=CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname), PTR=ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)): addr = ctypes.addressof(self._blob) p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR) return BField._from_ctypes(p.contents) def setter(self, value, fname=fname, BField=BField): setattr(self._blob, fname, BField._to_ctypes(value)) # if issubclass(BField, CTypesGenericArray): setter = None if BField._declared_length == 0: def getter(self, fname=fname, BFieldPtr=BField._CTPtr, offset=CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname), PTR=ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)): addr = ctypes.addressof(self._blob) p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR) return BFieldPtr._from_ctypes(p) # else: def getter(self, fname=fname, BField=BField): return BField._from_ctypes(getattr(self._blob, fname)) def setter(self, value, fname=fname, BField=BField): # xxx obscure workaround value = BField._to_ctypes(value) oldvalue = getattr(self._blob, fname) setattr(self._blob, fname, value) if value != getattr(self._blob, fname): setattr(self._blob, fname, oldvalue) raise OverflowError("value too large for bitfield") setattr(CTypesStructOrUnion, fname, property(getter, setter)) # CTypesPtr = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.PointerType(tp)) for fname in fnames: if hasattr(CTypesPtr, fname): raise ValueError("the field name %r conflicts in " "the ctypes backend" % fname) def getter(self, fname=fname): return getattr(self[0], fname) def setter(self, value, fname=fname): setattr(self[0], fname, value) setattr(CTypesPtr, fname, property(getter, setter)) def new_function_type(self, BArgs, BResult, has_varargs): nameargs = [BArg._get_c_name() for BArg in BArgs] if has_varargs: nameargs.append('...') nameargs = ', '.join(nameargs) # class CTypesFunctionPtr(CTypesGenericPtr): __slots__ = ['_own_callback', '_name'] _ctype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(getattr(BResult, '_ctype', None), [BArg._ctype for BArg in BArgs], use_errno=True) _reftypename = BResult._get_c_name('( &)(%s)' % (nameargs,)) def __init__(self, init, error=None): # create a callback to the Python callable init() import traceback assert not has_varargs, "varargs not supported for callbacks" if getattr(BResult, '_ctype', None) is not None: error = BResult._from_ctypes( BResult._create_ctype_obj(error)) else: error = None def callback(args): args2 = [] for arg, BArg in zip(args, BArgs): args2.append(BArg._from_ctypes(arg)) try: res2 = init(args2) res2 = BResult._to_ctypes(res2) except: traceback.print_exc() res2 = error if issubclass(BResult, CTypesGenericPtr): if res2: res2 = ctypes.cast(res2, ctypes.c_void_p).value # .value: http://bugs.python.org/issue1574593 else: res2 = None #print repr(res2) return res2 if issubclass(BResult, CTypesGenericPtr): # The only pointers callbacks can return are voids: # http://bugs.python.org/issue5710 callback_ctype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE( ctypes.c_void_p, [BArg._ctype for BArg in BArgs], use_errno=True) else: callback_ctype = CTypesFunctionPtr._ctype self._as_ctype_ptr = callback_ctype(callback) self._address = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value self._own_callback = init @staticmethod def _initialize(ctypes_ptr, value): if value: raise NotImplementedError("ctypes backend: not supported: " "initializers for function pointers") def __repr__(self): c_name = getattr(self, '_name', None) if c_name: i = self._reftypename.index('(* &)') if self._reftypename[i-1] not in ' )': c_name = ' ' + c_name c_name = self._reftypename.replace('( &)', c_name) return CTypesData.__repr__(self, c_name) def _get_own_repr(self): if getattr(self, '_own_callback', None) is not None: return 'calling %r' % (self._own_callback,) return super(CTypesFunctionPtr, self)._get_own_repr() def __call__(self, args): if has_varargs: assert len(args) >= len(BArgs) extraargs = args[len(BArgs):] args = args[:len(BArgs)] else: assert len(args) == len(BArgs) ctypes_args = [] for arg, BArg in zip(args, BArgs): ctypes_args.append(BArg._arg_to_ctypes(arg)) if has_varargs: for i, arg in enumerate(extraargs): if arg is None: ctypes_args.append(ctypes.c_void_p(0)) # NULL continue if not isinstance(arg, CTypesData): raise TypeError( "argument %d passed in the variadic part " "needs to be a cdata object (got %s)" % (1 + len(BArgs) + i, type(arg).__name__)) ctypes_args.append(arg._arg_to_ctypes(arg)) result = self._as_ctype_ptr(ctypes_args) return BResult._from_ctypes(result) # CTypesFunctionPtr._fix_class() return CTypesFunctionPtr def new_enum_type(self, name, enumerators, enumvalues, CTypesInt): assert isinstance(name, str) reverse_mapping = dict(zip(reversed(enumvalues), reversed(enumerators))) # class CTypesEnum(CTypesInt): __slots__ = [] _reftypename = '%s &' % name def _get_own_repr(self): value = self._value try: return '%d: %s' % (value, reverse_mapping[value]) except KeyError: return str(value) def _to_string(self, maxlen): value = self._value try: return reverse_mapping[value] except KeyError: return str(value) # CTypesEnum._fix_class() return CTypesEnum def get_errno(self): return ctypes.get_errno() def set_errno(self, value): ctypes.set_errno(value) def string(self, b, maxlen=-1): return b._to_string(maxlen) def buffer(self, bptr, size=-1): raise NotImplementedError("buffer() with ctypes backend") def sizeof(self, cdata_or_BType): if isinstance(cdata_or_BType, CTypesData): return cdata_or_BType._get_size_of_instance() else: assert issubclass(cdata_or_BType, CTypesData) return cdata_or_BType._get_size() def alignof(self, BType): assert issubclass(BType, CTypesData) return BType._alignment() def newp(self, BType, source): if not issubclass(BType, CTypesData): raise TypeError return BType._newp(source) def cast(self, BType, source): return BType._cast_from(source) def callback(self, BType, source, error, onerror): assert onerror is None # XXX not implemented return BType(source, error) _weakref_cache_ref = None def gcp(self, cdata, destructor, size=0): if self._weakref_cache_ref is None: import weakref class MyRef(weakref.ref): def __eq__(self, other): myref = self() return self is other or ( myref is not None and myref is other()) def __ne__(self, other): return not (self == other) def __hash__(self): try: return self._hash except AttributeError: self._hash = hash(self()) return self._hash self._weakref_cache_ref = {}, MyRef weak_cache, MyRef = self._weakref_cache_ref if destructor is None: try: del weak_cache[MyRef(cdata)] except KeyError: raise TypeError("Can remove destructor only on a object " "previously returned by ffi.gc()") return None def remove(k): cdata, destructor = weak_cache.pop(k, (None, None)) if destructor is not None: destructor(cdata) new_cdata = self.cast(self.typeof(cdata), cdata) assert new_cdata is not cdata weak_cache[MyRef(new_cdata, remove)] = (cdata, destructor) return new_cdata typeof = type def getcname(self, BType, replace_with): return BType._get_c_name(replace_with) def typeoffsetof(self, BType, fieldname, num=0): if isinstance(fieldname, str): if num == 0 and issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr): BType = BType._BItem if not issubclass(BType, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion): raise TypeError("expected a struct or union ctype") BField = BType._bfield_types[fieldname] if BField is Ellipsis: raise TypeError("not supported for bitfields") return (BField, BType._offsetof(fieldname)) elif isinstance(fieldname, (int, long)): if issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericArray): BType = BType._CTPtr if not issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr): raise TypeError("expected an array or ptr ctype") BItem = BType._BItem offset = BItem._get_size() * fieldname if offset > sys.maxsize: raise OverflowError return (BItem, offset) else: raise TypeError(type(fieldname)) def rawaddressof(self, BTypePtr, cdata, offset=None): if isinstance(cdata, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion): ptr = ctypes.pointer(type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)) elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericPtr): if offset is None or not issubclass(type(cdata)._BItem, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion): raise TypeError("unexpected cdata type") ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata) elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericArray): ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata) else: raise TypeError("expected a <cdata 'struct-or-union'>") if offset: ptr = ctypes.cast( ctypes.c_void_p( ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value + offset), type(ptr)) return BTypePtr._from_ctypes(ptr) class CTypesLibrary(object): def __init__(self, backend, cdll): self.backend = backend self.cdll = cdll def load_function(self, BType, name): c_func = getattr(self.cdll, name) funcobj = BType._from_ctypes(c_func) funcobj._name = name return funcobj def read_variable(self, BType, name): try: ctypes_obj = BType._ctype.in_dll(self.cdll, name) except AttributeError as e: raise NotImplementedError(e) return BType._from_ctypes(ctypes_obj) def write_variable(self, BType, name, value): new_ctypes_obj = BType._to_ctypes(value) ctypes_obj = BType._ctype.in_dll(self.cdll, name) ctypes.memmove(ctypes.addressof(ctypes_obj), ctypes.addressof(new_ctypes_obj), ctypes.sizeof(BType._ctype)) Back

Edit File : backend_ctypes.py | Size : 41.10 KB

import ctypes, ctypes.util, operator, sys
from . import model

if sys.version_info < (3,):
    bytechr = chr
else:
    unicode = str
    long = int
    xrange = range
    bytechr = lambda num: bytes([num])

class CTypesType(type):
    pass

class CTypesData(object):
    __metaclass__ = CTypesType
    __slots__ = ['__weakref__']
    __name__ = '<cdata>'

def __init__(self, *args):
        raise TypeError("cannot instantiate %r" % (self.__class__,))

@classmethod
    def _newp(cls, init):
        raise TypeError("expected a pointer or array ctype, got '%s'"
                        % (cls._get_c_name(),))

@staticmethod
    def _to_ctypes(value):
        raise TypeError

@classmethod
    def _arg_to_ctypes(cls, *value):
        try:
            ctype = cls._ctype
        except AttributeError:
            raise TypeError("cannot create an instance of %r" % (cls,))
        if value:
            res = cls._to_ctypes(*value)
            if not isinstance(res, ctype):
                res = cls._ctype(res)
        else:
            res = cls._ctype()
        return res

@classmethod
    def _create_ctype_obj(cls, init):
        if init is None:
            return cls._arg_to_ctypes()
        else:
            return cls._arg_to_ctypes(init)

@staticmethod
    def _from_ctypes(ctypes_value):
        raise TypeError

@classmethod
    def _get_c_name(cls, replace_with=''):
        return cls._reftypename.replace(' &', replace_with)

@classmethod
    def _fix_class(cls):
        cls.__name__ = 'CData<%s>' % (cls._get_c_name(),)
        cls.__qualname__ = 'CData<%s>' % (cls._get_c_name(),)
        cls.__module__ = 'ffi'

def _get_own_repr(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

def _addr_repr(self, address):
        if address == 0:
            return 'NULL'
        else:
            if address < 0:
                address += 1 << (8*ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p))
            return '0x%x' % address

def __repr__(self, c_name=None):
        own = self._get_own_repr()
        return '<cdata %r %s>' % (c_name or self._get_c_name(), own)

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
        if BClass is None:
            raise TypeError("cannot convert %r to an address" % (
                self._get_c_name(),))
        else:
            raise TypeError("cannot convert %r to %r" % (
                self._get_c_name(), BClass._get_c_name()))

@classmethod
    def _get_size(cls):
        return ctypes.sizeof(cls._ctype)

def _get_size_of_instance(self):
        return ctypes.sizeof(self._ctype)

@classmethod
    def _cast_from(cls, source):
        raise TypeError("cannot cast to %r" % (cls._get_c_name(),))

def _cast_to_integer(self):
        return self._convert_to_address(None)

@classmethod
    def _alignment(cls):
        return ctypes.alignment(cls._ctype)

def __iter__(self):
        raise TypeError("cdata %r does not support iteration" % (
            self._get_c_name()),)

def _make_cmp(name):
        cmpfunc = getattr(operator, name)
        def cmp(self, other):
            v_is_ptr = not isinstance(self, CTypesGenericPrimitive)
            w_is_ptr = (isinstance(other, CTypesData) and
                           not isinstance(other, CTypesGenericPrimitive))
            if v_is_ptr and w_is_ptr:
                return cmpfunc(self._convert_to_address(None),
                               other._convert_to_address(None))
            elif v_is_ptr or w_is_ptr:
                return NotImplemented
            else:
                if isinstance(self, CTypesGenericPrimitive):
                    self = self._value
                if isinstance(other, CTypesGenericPrimitive):
                    other = other._value
                return cmpfunc(self, other)
        cmp.func_name = name
        return cmp

__eq__ = _make_cmp('__eq__')
    __ne__ = _make_cmp('__ne__')
    __lt__ = _make_cmp('__lt__')
    __le__ = _make_cmp('__le__')
    __gt__ = _make_cmp('__gt__')
    __ge__ = _make_cmp('__ge__')

def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._convert_to_address(None))

def _to_string(self, maxlen):
        raise TypeError("string(): %r" % (self,))

class CTypesGenericPrimitive(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = []

def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._value)

def _get_own_repr(self):
        return repr(self._from_ctypes(self._value))

class CTypesGenericArray(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = []

@classmethod
    def _newp(cls, init):
        return cls(init)

def __iter__(self):
        for i in xrange(len(self)):
            yield self[i]

def _get_own_repr(self):
        return self._addr_repr(ctypes.addressof(self._blob))

class CTypesGenericPtr(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = ['_address', '_as_ctype_ptr']
    _automatic_casts = False
    kind = "pointer"

@classmethod
    def _newp(cls, init):
        return cls(init)

@classmethod
    def _cast_from(cls, source):
        if source is None:
            address = 0
        elif isinstance(source, CTypesData):
            address = source._cast_to_integer()
        elif isinstance(source, (int, long)):
            address = source
        else:
            raise TypeError("bad type for cast to %r: %r" %
                            (cls, type(source).__name__))
        return cls._new_pointer_at(address)

@classmethod
    def _new_pointer_at(cls, address):
        self = cls.__new__(cls)
        self._address = address
        self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.cast(address, cls._ctype)
        return self

def _get_own_repr(self):
        try:
            return self._addr_repr(self._address)
        except AttributeError:
            return '???'

def _cast_to_integer(self):
        return self._address

def __nonzero__(self):
        return bool(self._address)
    __bool__ = __nonzero__

@classmethod
    def _to_ctypes(cls, value):
        if not isinstance(value, CTypesData):
            raise TypeError("unexpected %s object" % type(value).__name__)
        address = value._convert_to_address(cls)
        return ctypes.cast(address, cls._ctype)

@classmethod
    def _from_ctypes(cls, ctypes_ptr):
        address = ctypes.cast(ctypes_ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value or 0
        return cls._new_pointer_at(address)

@classmethod
    def _initialize(cls, ctypes_ptr, value):
        if value:
            ctypes_ptr.contents = cls._to_ctypes(value).contents

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
        if (BClass in (self.__class__, None) or BClass._automatic_casts
            or self._automatic_casts):
            return self._address
        else:
            return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass)

class CTypesBaseStructOrUnion(CTypesData):
    __slots__ = ['_blob']

@classmethod
    def _create_ctype_obj(cls, init):
        # may be overridden
        raise TypeError("cannot instantiate opaque type %s" % (cls,))

def _get_own_repr(self):
        return self._addr_repr(ctypes.addressof(self._blob))

@classmethod
    def _offsetof(cls, fieldname):
        return getattr(cls._ctype, fieldname).offset

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
        if getattr(BClass, '_BItem', None) is self.__class__:
            return ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
        else:
            return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass)

@classmethod
    def _from_ctypes(cls, ctypes_struct_or_union):
        self = cls.__new__(cls)
        self._blob = ctypes_struct_or_union
        return self

@classmethod
    def _to_ctypes(cls, value):
        return value._blob

def __repr__(self, c_name=None):
        return CTypesData.__repr__(self, c_name or self._get_c_name(' &'))

class CTypesBackend(object):

PRIMITIVE_TYPES = {
        'char': ctypes.c_char,
        'short': ctypes.c_short,
        'int': ctypes.c_int,
        'long': ctypes.c_long,
        'long long': ctypes.c_longlong,
        'signed char': ctypes.c_byte,
        'unsigned char': ctypes.c_ubyte,
        'unsigned short': ctypes.c_ushort,
        'unsigned int': ctypes.c_uint,
        'unsigned long': ctypes.c_ulong,
        'unsigned long long': ctypes.c_ulonglong,
        'float': ctypes.c_float,
        'double': ctypes.c_double,
        '_Bool': ctypes.c_bool,
        }

for _name in ['unsigned long long', 'unsigned long',
                  'unsigned int', 'unsigned short', 'unsigned char']:
        _size = ctypes.sizeof(PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name])
        PRIMITIVE_TYPES['uint%d_t' % (8*_size)] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['uintptr_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_size_t):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['size_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]

for _name in ['long long', 'long', 'int', 'short', 'signed char']:
        _size = ctypes.sizeof(PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name])
        PRIMITIVE_TYPES['int%d_t' % (8*_size)] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_void_p):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['intptr_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['ptrdiff_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]
        if _size == ctypes.sizeof(ctypes.c_size_t):
            PRIMITIVE_TYPES['ssize_t'] = PRIMITIVE_TYPES[_name]

def __init__(self):
        self.RTLD_LAZY = 0   # not supported anyway by ctypes
        self.RTLD_NOW  = 0
        self.RTLD_GLOBAL = ctypes.RTLD_GLOBAL
        self.RTLD_LOCAL = ctypes.RTLD_LOCAL

def set_ffi(self, ffi):
        self.ffi = ffi

def _get_types(self):
        return CTypesData, CTypesType

def load_library(self, path, flags=0):
        cdll = ctypes.CDLL(path, flags)
        return CTypesLibrary(self, cdll)

def new_void_type(self):
        class CTypesVoid(CTypesData):
            __slots__ = []
            _reftypename = 'void &'
            @staticmethod
            def _from_ctypes(novalue):
                return None
            @staticmethod
            def _to_ctypes(novalue):
                if novalue is not None:
                    raise TypeError("None expected, got %s object" %
                                    (type(novalue).__name__,))
                return None
        CTypesVoid._fix_class()
        return CTypesVoid

def new_primitive_type(self, name):
        if name == 'wchar_t':
            raise NotImplementedError(name)
        ctype = self.PRIMITIVE_TYPES[name]
        if name == 'char':
            kind = 'char'
        elif name in ('float', 'double'):
            kind = 'float'
        else:
            if name in ('signed char', 'unsigned char'):
                kind = 'byte'
            elif name == '_Bool':
                kind = 'bool'
            else:
                kind = 'int'
            is_signed = (ctype(-1).value == -1)
        #
        def _cast_source_to_int(source):
            if isinstance(source, (int, long, float)):
                source = int(source)
            elif isinstance(source, CTypesData):
                source = source._cast_to_integer()
            elif isinstance(source, bytes):
                source = ord(source)
            elif source is None:
                source = 0
            else:
                raise TypeError("bad type for cast to %r: %r" %
                                (CTypesPrimitive, type(source).__name__))
            return source
        #
        kind1 = kind
        class CTypesPrimitive(CTypesGenericPrimitive):
            __slots__ = ['_value']
            _ctype = ctype
            _reftypename = '%s &' % name
            kind = kind1

def __init__(self, value):
                self._value = value

@staticmethod
            def _create_ctype_obj(init):
                if init is None:
                    return ctype()
                return ctype(CTypesPrimitive._to_ctypes(init))

if kind == 'int' or kind == 'byte':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    source = ctype(source).value     # cast within range
                    return cls(source)
                def __int__(self):
                    return self._value

if kind == 'bool':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    if not isinstance(source, (int, long, float)):
                        source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    return cls(bool(source))
                def __int__(self):
                    return self._value

if kind == 'char':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    source = bytechr(source & 0xFF)
                    return cls(source)
                def __int__(self):
                    return ord(self._value)

if kind == 'float':
                @classmethod
                def _cast_from(cls, source):
                    if isinstance(source, float):
                        pass
                    elif isinstance(source, CTypesGenericPrimitive):
                        if hasattr(source, '__float__'):
                            source = float(source)
                        else:
                            source = int(source)
                    else:
                        source = _cast_source_to_int(source)
                    source = ctype(source).value     # fix precision
                    return cls(source)
                def __int__(self):
                    return int(self._value)
                def __float__(self):
                    return self._value

_cast_to_integer = __int__

if kind == 'int' or kind == 'byte' or kind == 'bool':
                @staticmethod
                def _to_ctypes(x):
                    if not isinstance(x, (int, long)):
                        if isinstance(x, CTypesData):
                            x = int(x)
                        else:
                            raise TypeError("integer expected, got %s" %
                                            type(x).__name__)
                    if ctype(x).value != x:
                        if not is_signed and x < 0:
                            raise OverflowError("%s: negative integer" % name)
                        else:
                            raise OverflowError("%s: integer out of bounds"
                                                % name)
                    return x

if kind == 'char':
                @staticmethod
                def _to_ctypes(x):
                    if isinstance(x, bytes) and len(x) == 1:
                        return x
                    if isinstance(x, CTypesPrimitive):    # <CData <char>>
                        return x._value
                    raise TypeError("character expected, got %s" %
                                    type(x).__name__)
                def __nonzero__(self):
                    return ord(self._value) != 0
            else:
                def __nonzero__(self):
                    return self._value != 0
            __bool__ = __nonzero__

if kind == 'float':
                @staticmethod
                def _to_ctypes(x):
                    if not isinstance(x, (int, long, float, CTypesData)):
                        raise TypeError("float expected, got %s" %
                                        type(x).__name__)
                    return ctype(x).value

@staticmethod
            def _from_ctypes(value):
                return getattr(value, 'value', value)

@staticmethod
            def _initialize(blob, init):
                blob.value = CTypesPrimitive._to_ctypes(init)

if kind == 'char':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    return self._value
            if kind == 'byte':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    return chr(self._value & 0xff)
        #
        CTypesPrimitive._fix_class()
        return CTypesPrimitive

def new_pointer_type(self, BItem):
        getbtype = self.ffi._get_cached_btype
        if BItem is getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('char')):
            kind = 'charp'
        elif BItem in (getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('signed char')),
                       getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('unsigned char'))):
            kind = 'bytep'
        elif BItem is getbtype(model.void_type):
            kind = 'voidp'
        else:
            kind = 'generic'
        #
        class CTypesPtr(CTypesGenericPtr):
            __slots__ = ['_own']
            if kind == 'charp':
                __slots__ += ['__as_strbuf']
            _BItem = BItem
            if hasattr(BItem, '_ctype'):
                _ctype = ctypes.POINTER(BItem._ctype)
                _bitem_size = ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype)
            else:
                _ctype = ctypes.c_void_p
            if issubclass(BItem, CTypesGenericArray):
                _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name('(* &)')
            else:
                _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name(' * &')

def __init__(self, init):
                ctypeobj = BItem._create_ctype_obj(init)
                if kind == 'charp':
                    self.__as_strbuf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(
                        ctypeobj.value + b'\x00')
                    self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.cast(
                        self.__as_strbuf, self._ctype)
                else:
                    self._as_ctype_ptr = ctypes.pointer(ctypeobj)
                self._address = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr,
                                            ctypes.c_void_p).value
                self._own = True

def __add__(self, other):
                if isinstance(other, (int, long)):
                    return self._new_pointer_at(self._address +
                                                other * self._bitem_size)
                else:
                    return NotImplemented

def __sub__(self, other):
                if isinstance(other, (int, long)):
                    return self._new_pointer_at(self._address -
                                                other * self._bitem_size)
                elif type(self) is type(other):
                    return (self._address - other._address) // self._bitem_size
                else:
                    return NotImplemented

def __getitem__(self, index):
                if getattr(self, '_own', False) and index != 0:
                    raise IndexError
                return BItem._from_ctypes(self._as_ctype_ptr[index])

def __setitem__(self, index, value):
                self._as_ctype_ptr[index] = BItem._to_ctypes(value)

if kind == 'charp' or kind == 'voidp':
                @classmethod
                def _arg_to_ctypes(cls, *value):
                    if value and isinstance(value[0], bytes):
                        return ctypes.c_char_p(value[0])
                    else:
                        return super(CTypesPtr, cls)._arg_to_ctypes(*value)

if kind == 'charp' or kind == 'bytep':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    if maxlen < 0:
                        maxlen = sys.maxsize
                    p = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr,
                                    ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))
                    n = 0
                    while n < maxlen and p[n] != b'\x00':
                        n += 1
                    return b''.join([p[i] for i in range(n)])

def _get_own_repr(self):
                if getattr(self, '_own', False):
                    return 'owning %d bytes' % (
                        ctypes.sizeof(self._as_ctype_ptr.contents),)
                return super(CTypesPtr, self)._get_own_repr()
        #
        if (BItem is self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.void_type) or
            BItem is self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.PrimitiveType('char'))):
            CTypesPtr._automatic_casts = True
        #
        CTypesPtr._fix_class()
        return CTypesPtr

def new_array_type(self, CTypesPtr, length):
        if length is None:
            brackets = ' &[]'
        else:
            brackets = ' &[%d]' % length
        BItem = CTypesPtr._BItem
        getbtype = self.ffi._get_cached_btype
        if BItem is getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('char')):
            kind = 'char'
        elif BItem in (getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('signed char')),
                       getbtype(model.PrimitiveType('unsigned char'))):
            kind = 'byte'
        else:
            kind = 'generic'
        #
        class CTypesArray(CTypesGenericArray):
            __slots__ = ['_blob', '_own']
            if length is not None:
                _ctype = BItem._ctype * length
            else:
                __slots__.append('_ctype')
            _reftypename = BItem._get_c_name(brackets)
            _declared_length = length
            _CTPtr = CTypesPtr

def __init__(self, init):
                if length is None:
                    if isinstance(init, (int, long)):
                        len1 = init
                        init = None
                    elif kind == 'char' and isinstance(init, bytes):
                        len1 = len(init) + 1    # extra null
                    else:
                        init = tuple(init)
                        len1 = len(init)
                    self._ctype = BItem._ctype * len1
                self._blob = self._ctype()
                self._own = True
                if init is not None:
                    self._initialize(self._blob, init)

@staticmethod
            def _initialize(blob, init):
                if isinstance(init, bytes):
                    init = [init[i:i+1] for i in range(len(init))]
                else:
                    init = tuple(init)
                if len(init) > len(blob):
                    raise IndexError("too many initializers")
                addr = ctypes.cast(blob, ctypes.c_void_p).value
                PTR = ctypes.POINTER(BItem._ctype)
                itemsize = ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype)
                for i, value in enumerate(init):
                    p = ctypes.cast(addr + i * itemsize, PTR)
                    BItem._initialize(p.contents, value)

def __len__(self):
                return len(self._blob)

def __getitem__(self, index):
                if not (0 <= index < len(self._blob)):
                    raise IndexError
                return BItem._from_ctypes(self._blob[index])

def __setitem__(self, index, value):
                if not (0 <= index < len(self._blob)):
                    raise IndexError
                self._blob[index] = BItem._to_ctypes(value)

if kind == 'char' or kind == 'byte':
                def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                    if maxlen < 0:
                        maxlen = len(self._blob)
                    p = ctypes.cast(self._blob,
                                    ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char))
                    n = 0
                    while n < maxlen and p[n] != b'\x00':
                        n += 1
                    return b''.join([p[i] for i in range(n)])

def _get_own_repr(self):
                if getattr(self, '_own', False):
                    return 'owning %d bytes' % (ctypes.sizeof(self._blob),)
                return super(CTypesArray, self)._get_own_repr()

def _convert_to_address(self, BClass):
                if BClass in (CTypesPtr, None) or BClass._automatic_casts:
                    return ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
                else:
                    return CTypesData._convert_to_address(self, BClass)

@staticmethod
            def _from_ctypes(ctypes_array):
                self = CTypesArray.__new__(CTypesArray)
                self._blob = ctypes_array
                return self

@staticmethod
            def _arg_to_ctypes(value):
                return CTypesPtr._arg_to_ctypes(value)

def __add__(self, other):
                if isinstance(other, (int, long)):
                    return CTypesPtr._new_pointer_at(
                        ctypes.addressof(self._blob) +
                        other * ctypes.sizeof(BItem._ctype))
                else:
                    return NotImplemented

@classmethod
            def _cast_from(cls, source):
                raise NotImplementedError("casting to %r" % (
                    cls._get_c_name(),))
        #
        CTypesArray._fix_class()
        return CTypesArray

def _new_struct_or_union(self, kind, name, base_ctypes_class):
        #
        class struct_or_union(base_ctypes_class):
            pass
        struct_or_union.__name__ = '%s_%s' % (kind, name)
        kind1 = kind
        #
        class CTypesStructOrUnion(CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
            __slots__ = ['_blob']
            _ctype = struct_or_union
            _reftypename = '%s &' % (name,)
            _kind = kind = kind1
        #
        CTypesStructOrUnion._fix_class()
        return CTypesStructOrUnion

def new_struct_type(self, name):
        return self._new_struct_or_union('struct', name, ctypes.Structure)

def new_union_type(self, name):
        return self._new_struct_or_union('union', name, ctypes.Union)

def complete_struct_or_union(self, CTypesStructOrUnion, fields, tp,
                                 totalsize=-1, totalalignment=-1, sflags=0):
        if totalsize >= 0 or totalalignment >= 0:
            raise NotImplementedError("the ctypes backend of CFFI does not support "
                                      "structures completed by verify(); please "
                                      "compile and install the _cffi_backend module.")
        struct_or_union = CTypesStructOrUnion._ctype
        fnames = [fname for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields]
        btypes = [BField for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields]
        bitfields = [bitsize for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields]
        #
        bfield_types = {}
        cfields = []
        for (fname, BField, bitsize) in fields:
            if bitsize < 0:
                cfields.append((fname, BField._ctype))
                bfield_types[fname] = BField
            else:
                cfields.append((fname, BField._ctype, bitsize))
                bfield_types[fname] = Ellipsis
        if sflags & 8:
            struct_or_union._pack_ = 1
        struct_or_union._fields_ = cfields
        CTypesStructOrUnion._bfield_types = bfield_types
        #
        @staticmethod
        def _create_ctype_obj(init):
            result = struct_or_union()
            if init is not None:
                initialize(result, init)
            return result
        CTypesStructOrUnion._create_ctype_obj = _create_ctype_obj
        #
        def initialize(blob, init):
            if is_union:
                if len(init) > 1:
                    raise ValueError("union initializer: %d items given, but "
                                    "only one supported (use a dict if needed)"
                                     % (len(init),))
            if not isinstance(init, dict):
                if isinstance(init, (bytes, unicode)):
                    raise TypeError("union initializer: got a str")
                init = tuple(init)
                if len(init) > len(fnames):
                    raise ValueError("too many values for %s initializer" %
                                     CTypesStructOrUnion._get_c_name())
                init = dict(zip(fnames, init))
            addr = ctypes.addressof(blob)
            for fname, value in init.items():
                BField, bitsize = name2fieldtype[fname]
                assert bitsize < 0, \
                       "not implemented: initializer with bit fields"
                offset = CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname)
                PTR = ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)
                p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR)
                BField._initialize(p.contents, value)
        is_union = CTypesStructOrUnion._kind == 'union'
        name2fieldtype = dict(zip(fnames, zip(btypes, bitfields)))
        #
        for fname, BField, bitsize in fields:
            if fname == '':
                raise NotImplementedError("nested anonymous structs/unions")
            if hasattr(CTypesStructOrUnion, fname):
                raise ValueError("the field name %r conflicts in "
                                 "the ctypes backend" % fname)
            if bitsize < 0:
                def getter(self, fname=fname, BField=BField,
                           offset=CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname),
                           PTR=ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)):
                    addr = ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
                    p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR)
                    return BField._from_ctypes(p.contents)
                def setter(self, value, fname=fname, BField=BField):
                    setattr(self._blob, fname, BField._to_ctypes(value))
                #
                if issubclass(BField, CTypesGenericArray):
                    setter = None
                    if BField._declared_length == 0:
                        def getter(self, fname=fname, BFieldPtr=BField._CTPtr,
                                   offset=CTypesStructOrUnion._offsetof(fname),
                                   PTR=ctypes.POINTER(BField._ctype)):
                            addr = ctypes.addressof(self._blob)
                            p = ctypes.cast(addr + offset, PTR)
                            return BFieldPtr._from_ctypes(p)
                #
            else:
                def getter(self, fname=fname, BField=BField):
                    return BField._from_ctypes(getattr(self._blob, fname))
                def setter(self, value, fname=fname, BField=BField):
                    # xxx obscure workaround
                    value = BField._to_ctypes(value)
                    oldvalue = getattr(self._blob, fname)
                    setattr(self._blob, fname, value)
                    if value != getattr(self._blob, fname):
                        setattr(self._blob, fname, oldvalue)
                        raise OverflowError("value too large for bitfield")
            setattr(CTypesStructOrUnion, fname, property(getter, setter))
        #
        CTypesPtr = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(model.PointerType(tp))
        for fname in fnames:
            if hasattr(CTypesPtr, fname):
                raise ValueError("the field name %r conflicts in "
                                 "the ctypes backend" % fname)
            def getter(self, fname=fname):
                return getattr(self[0], fname)
            def setter(self, value, fname=fname):
                setattr(self[0], fname, value)
            setattr(CTypesPtr, fname, property(getter, setter))

def new_function_type(self, BArgs, BResult, has_varargs):
        nameargs = [BArg._get_c_name() for BArg in BArgs]
        if has_varargs:
            nameargs.append('...')
        nameargs = ', '.join(nameargs)
        #
        class CTypesFunctionPtr(CTypesGenericPtr):
            __slots__ = ['_own_callback', '_name']
            _ctype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(getattr(BResult, '_ctype', None),
                                      *[BArg._ctype for BArg in BArgs],
                                      use_errno=True)
            _reftypename = BResult._get_c_name('(* &)(%s)' % (nameargs,))

def __init__(self, init, error=None):
                # create a callback to the Python callable init()
                import traceback
                assert not has_varargs, "varargs not supported for callbacks"
                if getattr(BResult, '_ctype', None) is not None:
                    error = BResult._from_ctypes(
                        BResult._create_ctype_obj(error))
                else:
                    error = None
                def callback(*args):
                    args2 = []
                    for arg, BArg in zip(args, BArgs):
                        args2.append(BArg._from_ctypes(arg))
                    try:
                        res2 = init(*args2)
                        res2 = BResult._to_ctypes(res2)
                    except:
                        traceback.print_exc()
                        res2 = error
                    if issubclass(BResult, CTypesGenericPtr):
                        if res2:
                            res2 = ctypes.cast(res2, ctypes.c_void_p).value
                                # .value: http://bugs.python.org/issue1574593
                        else:
                            res2 = None
                    #print repr(res2)
                    return res2
                if issubclass(BResult, CTypesGenericPtr):
                    # The only pointers callbacks can return are void*s:
                    # http://bugs.python.org/issue5710
                    callback_ctype = ctypes.CFUNCTYPE(
                        ctypes.c_void_p,
                        *[BArg._ctype for BArg in BArgs],
                        use_errno=True)
                else:
                    callback_ctype = CTypesFunctionPtr._ctype
                self._as_ctype_ptr = callback_ctype(callback)
                self._address = ctypes.cast(self._as_ctype_ptr,
                                            ctypes.c_void_p).value
                self._own_callback = init

@staticmethod
            def _initialize(ctypes_ptr, value):
                if value:
                    raise NotImplementedError("ctypes backend: not supported: "
                                          "initializers for function pointers")

def __repr__(self):
                c_name = getattr(self, '_name', None)
                if c_name:
                    i = self._reftypename.index('(* &)')
                    if self._reftypename[i-1] not in ' )*':
                        c_name = ' ' + c_name
                    c_name = self._reftypename.replace('(* &)', c_name)
                return CTypesData.__repr__(self, c_name)

def _get_own_repr(self):
                if getattr(self, '_own_callback', None) is not None:
                    return 'calling %r' % (self._own_callback,)
                return super(CTypesFunctionPtr, self)._get_own_repr()

def __call__(self, *args):
                if has_varargs:
                    assert len(args) >= len(BArgs)
                    extraargs = args[len(BArgs):]
                    args = args[:len(BArgs)]
                else:
                    assert len(args) == len(BArgs)
                ctypes_args = []
                for arg, BArg in zip(args, BArgs):
                    ctypes_args.append(BArg._arg_to_ctypes(arg))
                if has_varargs:
                    for i, arg in enumerate(extraargs):
                        if arg is None:
                            ctypes_args.append(ctypes.c_void_p(0))  # NULL
                            continue
                        if not isinstance(arg, CTypesData):
                            raise TypeError(
                                "argument %d passed in the variadic part "
                                "needs to be a cdata object (got %s)" %
                                (1 + len(BArgs) + i, type(arg).__name__))
                        ctypes_args.append(arg._arg_to_ctypes(arg))
                result = self._as_ctype_ptr(*ctypes_args)
                return BResult._from_ctypes(result)
        #
        CTypesFunctionPtr._fix_class()
        return CTypesFunctionPtr

def new_enum_type(self, name, enumerators, enumvalues, CTypesInt):
        assert isinstance(name, str)
        reverse_mapping = dict(zip(reversed(enumvalues),
                                   reversed(enumerators)))
        #
        class CTypesEnum(CTypesInt):
            __slots__ = []
            _reftypename = '%s &' % name

def _get_own_repr(self):
                value = self._value
                try:
                    return '%d: %s' % (value, reverse_mapping[value])
                except KeyError:
                    return str(value)

def _to_string(self, maxlen):
                value = self._value
                try:
                    return reverse_mapping[value]
                except KeyError:
                    return str(value)
        #
        CTypesEnum._fix_class()
        return CTypesEnum

def get_errno(self):
        return ctypes.get_errno()

def set_errno(self, value):
        ctypes.set_errno(value)

def string(self, b, maxlen=-1):
        return b._to_string(maxlen)

def buffer(self, bptr, size=-1):
        raise NotImplementedError("buffer() with ctypes backend")

def sizeof(self, cdata_or_BType):
        if isinstance(cdata_or_BType, CTypesData):
            return cdata_or_BType._get_size_of_instance()
        else:
            assert issubclass(cdata_or_BType, CTypesData)
            return cdata_or_BType._get_size()

def alignof(self, BType):
        assert issubclass(BType, CTypesData)
        return BType._alignment()

def newp(self, BType, source):
        if not issubclass(BType, CTypesData):
            raise TypeError
        return BType._newp(source)

def cast(self, BType, source):
        return BType._cast_from(source)

def callback(self, BType, source, error, onerror):
        assert onerror is None   # XXX not implemented
        return BType(source, error)

_weakref_cache_ref = None

def gcp(self, cdata, destructor, size=0):
        if self._weakref_cache_ref is None:
            import weakref
            class MyRef(weakref.ref):
                def __eq__(self, other):
                    myref = self()
                    return self is other or (
                        myref is not None and myref is other())
                def __ne__(self, other):
                    return not (self == other)
                def __hash__(self):
                    try:
                        return self._hash
                    except AttributeError:
                        self._hash = hash(self())
                        return self._hash
            self._weakref_cache_ref = {}, MyRef
        weak_cache, MyRef = self._weakref_cache_ref

if destructor is None:
            try:
                del weak_cache[MyRef(cdata)]
            except KeyError:
                raise TypeError("Can remove destructor only on a object "
                                "previously returned by ffi.gc()")
            return None

def remove(k):
            cdata, destructor = weak_cache.pop(k, (None, None))
            if destructor is not None:
                destructor(cdata)

new_cdata = self.cast(self.typeof(cdata), cdata)
        assert new_cdata is not cdata
        weak_cache[MyRef(new_cdata, remove)] = (cdata, destructor)
        return new_cdata

typeof = type

def getcname(self, BType, replace_with):
        return BType._get_c_name(replace_with)

def typeoffsetof(self, BType, fieldname, num=0):
        if isinstance(fieldname, str):
            if num == 0 and issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
                BType = BType._BItem
            if not issubclass(BType, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
                raise TypeError("expected a struct or union ctype")
            BField = BType._bfield_types[fieldname]
            if BField is Ellipsis:
                raise TypeError("not supported for bitfields")
            return (BField, BType._offsetof(fieldname))
        elif isinstance(fieldname, (int, long)):
            if issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericArray):
                BType = BType._CTPtr
            if not issubclass(BType, CTypesGenericPtr):
                raise TypeError("expected an array or ptr ctype")
            BItem = BType._BItem
            offset = BItem._get_size() * fieldname
            if offset > sys.maxsize:
                raise OverflowError
            return (BItem, offset)
        else:
            raise TypeError(type(fieldname))

def rawaddressof(self, BTypePtr, cdata, offset=None):
        if isinstance(cdata, CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
            ptr = ctypes.pointer(type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata))
        elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericPtr):
            if offset is None or not issubclass(type(cdata)._BItem,
                                                CTypesBaseStructOrUnion):
                raise TypeError("unexpected cdata type")
            ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)
        elif isinstance(cdata, CTypesGenericArray):
            ptr = type(cdata)._to_ctypes(cdata)
        else:
            raise TypeError("expected a <cdata 'struct-or-union'>")
        if offset:
            ptr = ctypes.cast(
                ctypes.c_void_p(
                    ctypes.cast(ptr, ctypes.c_void_p).value + offset),
                type(ptr))
        return BTypePtr._from_ctypes(ptr)

class CTypesLibrary(object):

def __init__(self, backend, cdll):
        self.backend = backend
        self.cdll = cdll

def load_function(self, BType, name):
        c_func = getattr(self.cdll, name)
        funcobj = BType._from_ctypes(c_func)
        funcobj._name = name
        return funcobj

def read_variable(self, BType, name):
        try:
            ctypes_obj = BType._ctype.in_dll(self.cdll, name)
        except AttributeError as e:
            raise NotImplementedError(e)
        return BType._from_ctypes(ctypes_obj)

def write_variable(self, BType, name, value):
        new_ctypes_obj = BType._to_ctypes(value)
        ctypes_obj = BType._ctype.in_dll(self.cdll, name)
        ctypes.memmove(ctypes.addressof(ctypes_obj),
                       ctypes.addressof(new_ctypes_obj),
                       ctypes.sizeof(BType._ctype))

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