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Edit File : docopt.py \| Size : 19.48 KB
"""Pythonic command-line interface parser that will make you smile. * http://docopt.org * Repository and issue-tracker: https://github.com/docopt/docopt * Licensed under terms of MIT license (see LICENSE-MIT) * Copyright (c) 2013 Vladimir Keleshev, vladimir@keleshev.com """ import sys import re __all__ = ['docopt'] __version__ = '0.6.2' class DocoptLanguageError(Exception): """Error in construction of usage-message by developer.""" class DocoptExit(SystemExit): """Exit in case user invoked program with incorrect arguments.""" usage = '' def __init__(self, message=''): SystemExit.__init__(self, (message + '\n' + self.usage).strip()) class Pattern(object): def __eq__(self, other): return repr(self) == repr(other) def __hash__(self): return hash(repr(self)) def fix(self): self.fix_identities() self.fix_repeating_arguments() return self def fix_identities(self, uniq=None): """Make pattern-tree tips point to same object if they are equal.""" if not hasattr(self, 'children'): return self uniq = list(set(self.flat())) if uniq is None else uniq for i, c in enumerate(self.children): if not hasattr(c, 'children'): assert c in uniq self.children[i] = uniq[uniq.index(c)] else: c.fix_identities(uniq) def fix_repeating_arguments(self): """Fix elements that should accumulate/increment values.""" either = [list(c.children) for c in self.either.children] for case in either: for e in [c for c in case if case.count(c) > 1]: if type(e) is Argument or type(e) is Option and e.argcount: if e.value is None: e.value = [] elif type(e.value) is not list: e.value = e.value.split() if type(e) is Command or type(e) is Option and e.argcount == 0: e.value = 0 return self @property def either(self): """Transform pattern into an equivalent, with only top-level Either.""" # Currently the pattern will not be equivalent, but more "narrow", # although good enough to reason about list arguments. ret = [] groups = [[self]] while groups: children = groups.pop(0) types = [type(c) for c in children] if Either in types: either = [c for c in children if type(c) is Either][0] children.pop(children.index(either)) for c in either.children: groups.append([c] + children) elif Required in types: required = [c for c in children if type(c) is Required][0] children.pop(children.index(required)) groups.append(list(required.children) + children) elif Optional in types: optional = [c for c in children if type(c) is Optional][0] children.pop(children.index(optional)) groups.append(list(optional.children) + children) elif AnyOptions in types: optional = [c for c in children if type(c) is AnyOptions][0] children.pop(children.index(optional)) groups.append(list(optional.children) + children) elif OneOrMore in types: oneormore = [c for c in children if type(c) is OneOrMore][0] children.pop(children.index(oneormore)) groups.append(list(oneormore.children) * 2 + children) else: ret.append(children) return Either([Required(e) for e in ret]) class ChildPattern(Pattern): def __init__(self, name, value=None): self.name = name self.value = value def __repr__(self): return '%s(%r, %r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name, self.value) def flat(self, types): return [self] if not types or type(self) in types else [] def match(self, left, collected=None): collected = [] if collected is None else collected pos, match = self.single_match(left) if match is None: return False, left, collected left_ = left[:pos] + left[pos + 1:] same_name = [a for a in collected if a.name == self.name] if type(self.value) in (int, list): if type(self.value) is int: increment = 1 else: increment = ([match.value] if type(match.value) is str else match.value) if not same_name: match.value = increment return True, left_, collected + [match] same_name[0].value += increment return True, left_, collected return True, left_, collected + [match] class ParentPattern(Pattern): def __init__(self, children): self.children = list(children) def __repr__(self): return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.children)) def flat(self, types): if type(self) in types: return [self] return sum([c.flat(types) for c in self.children], []) class Argument(ChildPattern): def single_match(self, left): for n, p in enumerate(left): if type(p) is Argument: return n, Argument(self.name, p.value) return None, None @classmethod def parse(class_, source): name = re.findall('(<\S?>)', source)[0] value = re.findall('\[default: (.)\]', source, flags=re.I) return class_(name, value[0] if value else None) class Command(Argument): def __init__(self, name, value=False): self.name = name self.value = value def single_match(self, left): for n, p in enumerate(left): if type(p) is Argument: if p.value == self.name: return n, Command(self.name, True) else: break return None, None class Option(ChildPattern): def __init__(self, short=None, long=None, argcount=0, value=False): assert argcount in (0, 1) self.short, self.long = short, long self.argcount, self.value = argcount, value self.value = None if value is False and argcount else value @classmethod def parse(class_, option_description): short, long, argcount, value = None, None, 0, False options, _, description = option_description.strip().partition(' ') options = options.replace(',', ' ').replace('=', ' ') for s in options.split(): if s.startswith('--'): long = s elif s.startswith('-'): short = s else: argcount = 1 if argcount: matched = re.findall('\[default: (.)\]', description, flags=re.I) value = matched[0] if matched else None return class_(short, long, argcount, value) def single_match(self, left): for n, p in enumerate(left): if self.name == p.name: return n, p return None, None @property def name(self): return self.long or self.short def __repr__(self): return 'Option(%r, %r, %r, %r)' % (self.short, self.long, self.argcount, self.value) class Required(ParentPattern): def match(self, left, collected=None): collected = [] if collected is None else collected l = left c = collected for p in self.children: matched, l, c = p.match(l, c) if not matched: return False, left, collected return True, l, c class Optional(ParentPattern): def match(self, left, collected=None): collected = [] if collected is None else collected for p in self.children: m, left, collected = p.match(left, collected) return True, left, collected class AnyOptions(Optional): """Marker/placeholder for [options] shortcut.""" class OneOrMore(ParentPattern): def match(self, left, collected=None): assert len(self.children) == 1 collected = [] if collected is None else collected l = left c = collected l_ = None matched = True times = 0 while matched: # could it be that something didn't match but changed l or c? matched, l, c = self.children[0].match(l, c) times += 1 if matched else 0 if l_ == l: break l_ = l if times >= 1: return True, l, c return False, left, collected class Either(ParentPattern): def match(self, left, collected=None): collected = [] if collected is None else collected outcomes = [] for p in self.children: matched, _, _ = outcome = p.match(left, collected) if matched: outcomes.append(outcome) if outcomes: return min(outcomes, key=lambda outcome: len(outcome[1])) return False, left, collected class TokenStream(list): def __init__(self, source, error): self += source.split() if hasattr(source, 'split') else source self.error = error def move(self): return self.pop(0) if len(self) else None def current(self): return self[0] if len(self) else None def parse_long(tokens, options): """long ::= '--' chars [ ( ' ' \| '=' ) chars ] ;""" long, eq, value = tokens.move().partition('=') assert long.startswith('--') value = None if eq == value == '' else value similar = [o for o in options if o.long == long] if tokens.error is DocoptExit and similar == []: # if no exact match similar = [o for o in options if o.long and o.long.startswith(long)] if len(similar) > 1: # might be simply specified ambiguously 2+ times? raise tokens.error('%s is not a unique prefix: %s?' % (long, ', '.join(o.long for o in similar))) elif len(similar) < 1: argcount = 1 if eq == '=' else 0 o = Option(None, long, argcount) options.append(o) if tokens.error is DocoptExit: o = Option(None, long, argcount, value if argcount else True) else: o = Option(similar[0].short, similar[0].long, similar[0].argcount, similar[0].value) if o.argcount == 0: if value is not None: raise tokens.error('%s must not have an argument' % o.long) else: if value is None: if tokens.current() is None: raise tokens.error('%s requires argument' % o.long) value = tokens.move() if tokens.error is DocoptExit: o.value = value if value is not None else True return [o] def parse_shorts(tokens, options): """shorts ::= '-' ( chars ) [ [ ' ' ] chars ] ;""" token = tokens.move() assert token.startswith('-') and not token.startswith('--') left = token.lstrip('-') parsed = [] while left != '': short, left = '-' + left[0], left[1:] similar = [o for o in options if o.short == short] if len(similar) > 1: raise tokens.error('%s is specified ambiguously %d times' % (short, len(similar))) elif len(similar) < 1: o = Option(short, None, 0) options.append(o) if tokens.error is DocoptExit: o = Option(short, None, 0, True) else: # why copying is necessary here? o = Option(short, similar[0].long, similar[0].argcount, similar[0].value) value = None if o.argcount != 0: if left == '': if tokens.current() is None: raise tokens.error('%s requires argument' % short) value = tokens.move() else: value = left left = '' if tokens.error is DocoptExit: o.value = value if value is not None else True parsed.append(o) return parsed def parse_pattern(source, options): tokens = TokenStream(re.sub(r'([\[\]\(\)\\|]\|\.\.\.)', r' \1 ', source), DocoptLanguageError) result = parse_expr(tokens, options) if tokens.current() is not None: raise tokens.error('unexpected ending: %r' % ' '.join(tokens)) return Required(result) def parse_expr(tokens, options): """expr ::= seq ( '\|' seq ) ;""" seq = parse_seq(tokens, options) if tokens.current() != '\|': return seq result = [Required(seq)] if len(seq) > 1 else seq while tokens.current() == '\|': tokens.move() seq = parse_seq(tokens, options) result += [Required(seq)] if len(seq) > 1 else seq return [Either(result)] if len(result) > 1 else result def parse_seq(tokens, options): """seq ::= ( atom [ '...' ] ) ;""" result = [] while tokens.current() not in [None, ']', ')', '\|']: atom = parse_atom(tokens, options) if tokens.current() == '...': atom = [OneOrMore(atom)] tokens.move() result += atom return result def parse_atom(tokens, options): """atom ::= '(' expr ')' \| '[' expr ']' \| 'options' \| long \| shorts \| argument \| command ; """ token = tokens.current() result = [] if token in '([': tokens.move() matching, pattern = {'(': [')', Required], '[': [']', Optional]}[token] result = pattern(parse_expr(tokens, options)) if tokens.move() != matching: raise tokens.error("unmatched '%s'" % token) return [result] elif token == 'options': tokens.move() return [AnyOptions()] elif token.startswith('--') and token != '--': return parse_long(tokens, options) elif token.startswith('-') and token not in ('-', '--'): return parse_shorts(tokens, options) elif token.startswith('<') and token.endswith('>') or token.isupper(): return [Argument(tokens.move())] else: return [Command(tokens.move())] def parse_argv(tokens, options, options_first=False): """Parse command-line argument vector. If options_first: argv ::= [ long \| shorts ]* [ argument ]* [ '--' [ argument ]* ] ; else: argv ::= [ long \| shorts \| argument ]* [ '--' [ argument ]* ] ; """ parsed = [] while tokens.current() is not None: if tokens.current() == '--': return parsed + [Argument(None, v) for v in tokens] elif tokens.current().startswith('--'): parsed += parse_long(tokens, options) elif tokens.current().startswith('-') and tokens.current() != '-': parsed += parse_shorts(tokens, options) elif options_first: return parsed + [Argument(None, v) for v in tokens] else: parsed.append(Argument(None, tokens.move())) return parsed def parse_defaults(doc): # in python < 2.7 you can't pass flags=re.MULTILINE split = re.split('\n (<\S+?>\|-\S+?)', doc)[1:] split = [s1 + s2 for s1, s2 in zip(split[::2], split[1::2])] options = [Option.parse(s) for s in split if s.startswith('-')] #arguments = [Argument.parse(s) for s in split if s.startswith('<')] #return options, arguments return options def printable_usage(doc): # in python < 2.7 you can't pass flags=re.IGNORECASE usage_split = re.split(r'([Uu][Ss][Aa][Gg][Ee]:)', doc) if len(usage_split) < 3: raise DocoptLanguageError('"usage:" (case-insensitive) not found.') if len(usage_split) > 3: raise DocoptLanguageError('More than one "usage:" (case-insensitive).') return re.split(r'\n\s\n', ''.join(usage_split[1:]))[0].strip() def formal_usage(printable_usage): pu = printable_usage.split()[1:] # split and drop "usage:" return '( ' + ' '.join(') \| (' if s == pu[0] else s for s in pu[1:]) + ' )' def extras(help, version, options, doc): if help and any((o.name in ('-h', '--help')) and o.value for o in options): print(doc.strip("\n")) sys.exit() if version and any(o.name == '--version' and o.value for o in options): print(version) sys.exit() class Dict(dict): def __repr__(self): return '{%s}' % ',\n '.join('%r: %r' % i for i in sorted(self.items())) def docopt(doc, argv=None, help=True, version=None, options_first=False): """Parse `argv` based on command-line interface described in `doc`. `docopt` creates your command-line interface based on its description that you pass as `doc`. Such description can contain --options, <positional-argument>, commands, which could be [optional], (required), (mutually \| exclusive) or repeated... Parameters ---------- doc : str Description of your command-line interface. argv : list of str, optional Argument vector to be parsed. sys.argv[1:] is used if not provided. help : bool (default: True) Set to False to disable automatic help on -h or --help options. version : any object If passed, the object will be printed if --version is in `argv`. options_first : bool (default: False) Set to True to require options preceed positional arguments, i.e. to forbid options and positional arguments intermix. Returns ------- args : dict A dictionary, where keys are names of command-line elements such as e.g. "--verbose" and "<path>", and values are the parsed values of those elements. Example ------- >>> from docopt import docopt >>> doc = ''' Usage: my_program tcp <host> <port> [--timeout=<seconds>] my_program serial <port> [--baud=<n>] [--timeout=<seconds>] my_program (-h \| --help \| --version) Options: -h, --help Show this screen and exit. --baud=<n> Baudrate [default: 9600] ''' >>> argv = ['tcp', '127.0.0.1', '80', '--timeout', '30'] >>> docopt(doc, argv) {'--baud': '9600', '--help': False, '--timeout': '30', '--version': False, '<host>': '127.0.0.1', '<port>': '80', 'serial': False, 'tcp': True} See also -------- * For video introduction see http://docopt.org * Full documentation is available in README.rst as well as online at https://github.com/docopt/docopt#readme """ if argv is None: argv = sys.argv[1:] DocoptExit.usage = printable_usage(doc) options = parse_defaults(doc) pattern = parse_pattern(formal_usage(DocoptExit.usage), options) # [default] syntax for argument is disabled #for a in pattern.flat(Argument): # same_name = [d for d in arguments if d.name == a.name] # if same_name: # a.value = same_name[0].value argv = parse_argv(TokenStream(argv, DocoptExit), list(options), options_first) pattern_options = set(pattern.flat(Option)) for ao in pattern.flat(AnyOptions): doc_options = parse_defaults(doc) ao.children = list(set(doc_options) - pattern_options) #if any_options: # ao.children += [Option(o.short, o.long, o.argcount) # for o in argv if type(o) is Option] extras(help, version, argv, doc) matched, left, collected = pattern.fix().match(argv) if matched and left == []: # better error message if left? return Dict((a.name, a.value) for a in (pattern.flat() + collected)) raise DocoptExit() Back

Edit File : docopt.py | Size : 19.48 KB

"""Pythonic command-line interface parser that will make you smile.

* http://docopt.org
 * Repository and issue-tracker: https://github.com/docopt/docopt
 * Licensed under terms of MIT license (see LICENSE-MIT)
 * Copyright (c) 2013 Vladimir Keleshev, vladimir@keleshev.com

"""
import sys
import re

__all__ = ['docopt']
__version__ = '0.6.2'

class DocoptLanguageError(Exception):

"""Error in construction of usage-message by developer."""

class DocoptExit(SystemExit):

"""Exit in case user invoked program with incorrect arguments."""

usage = ''

def __init__(self, message=''):
        SystemExit.__init__(self, (message + '\n' + self.usage).strip())

class Pattern(object):

def __eq__(self, other):
        return repr(self) == repr(other)

def __hash__(self):
        return hash(repr(self))

def fix(self):
        self.fix_identities()
        self.fix_repeating_arguments()
        return self

def fix_identities(self, uniq=None):
        """Make pattern-tree tips point to same object if they are equal."""
        if not hasattr(self, 'children'):
            return self
        uniq = list(set(self.flat())) if uniq is None else uniq
        for i, c in enumerate(self.children):
            if not hasattr(c, 'children'):
                assert c in uniq
                self.children[i] = uniq[uniq.index(c)]
            else:
                c.fix_identities(uniq)

def fix_repeating_arguments(self):
        """Fix elements that should accumulate/increment values."""
        either = [list(c.children) for c in self.either.children]
        for case in either:
            for e in [c for c in case if case.count(c) > 1]:
                if type(e) is Argument or type(e) is Option and e.argcount:
                    if e.value is None:
                        e.value = []
                    elif type(e.value) is not list:
                        e.value = e.value.split()
                if type(e) is Command or type(e) is Option and e.argcount == 0:
                    e.value = 0
        return self

@property
    def either(self):
        """Transform pattern into an equivalent, with only top-level Either."""
        # Currently the pattern will not be equivalent, but more "narrow",
        # although good enough to reason about list arguments.
        ret = []
        groups = [[self]]
        while groups:
            children = groups.pop(0)
            types = [type(c) for c in children]
            if Either in types:
                either = [c for c in children if type(c) is Either][0]
                children.pop(children.index(either))
                for c in either.children:
                    groups.append([c] + children)
            elif Required in types:
                required = [c for c in children if type(c) is Required][0]
                children.pop(children.index(required))
                groups.append(list(required.children) + children)
            elif Optional in types:
                optional = [c for c in children if type(c) is Optional][0]
                children.pop(children.index(optional))
                groups.append(list(optional.children) + children)
            elif AnyOptions in types:
                optional = [c for c in children if type(c) is AnyOptions][0]
                children.pop(children.index(optional))
                groups.append(list(optional.children) + children)
            elif OneOrMore in types:
                oneormore = [c for c in children if type(c) is OneOrMore][0]
                children.pop(children.index(oneormore))
                groups.append(list(oneormore.children) * 2 + children)
            else:
                ret.append(children)
        return Either(*[Required(*e) for e in ret])

class ChildPattern(Pattern):

def __init__(self, name, value=None):
        self.name = name
        self.value = value

def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r, %r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name, self.value)

def flat(self, *types):
        return [self] if not types or type(self) in types else []

def match(self, left, collected=None):
        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
        pos, match = self.single_match(left)
        if match is None:
            return False, left, collected
        left_ = left[:pos] + left[pos + 1:]
        same_name = [a for a in collected if a.name == self.name]
        if type(self.value) in (int, list):
            if type(self.value) is int:
                increment = 1
            else:
                increment = ([match.value] if type(match.value) is str
                             else match.value)
            if not same_name:
                match.value = increment
                return True, left_, collected + [match]
            same_name[0].value += increment
            return True, left_, collected
        return True, left_, collected + [match]

class ParentPattern(Pattern):

def __init__(self, *children):
        self.children = list(children)

def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%s)' % (self.__class__.__name__,
                           ', '.join(repr(a) for a in self.children))

def flat(self, *types):
        if type(self) in types:
            return [self]
        return sum([c.flat(*types) for c in self.children], [])

class Argument(ChildPattern):

def single_match(self, left):
        for n, p in enumerate(left):
            if type(p) is Argument:
                return n, Argument(self.name, p.value)
        return None, None

@classmethod
    def parse(class_, source):
        name = re.findall('(<\S*?>)', source)[0]
        value = re.findall('\[default: (.*)\]', source, flags=re.I)
        return class_(name, value[0] if value else None)

class Command(Argument):

def __init__(self, name, value=False):
        self.name = name
        self.value = value

def single_match(self, left):
        for n, p in enumerate(left):
            if type(p) is Argument:
                if p.value == self.name:
                    return n, Command(self.name, True)
                else:
                    break
        return None, None

class Option(ChildPattern):

def __init__(self, short=None, long=None, argcount=0, value=False):
        assert argcount in (0, 1)
        self.short, self.long = short, long
        self.argcount, self.value = argcount, value
        self.value = None if value is False and argcount else value

@classmethod
    def parse(class_, option_description):
        short, long, argcount, value = None, None, 0, False
        options, _, description = option_description.strip().partition('  ')
        options = options.replace(',', ' ').replace('=', ' ')
        for s in options.split():
            if s.startswith('--'):
                long = s
            elif s.startswith('-'):
                short = s
            else:
                argcount = 1
        if argcount:
            matched = re.findall('\[default: (.*)\]', description, flags=re.I)
            value = matched[0] if matched else None
        return class_(short, long, argcount, value)

def single_match(self, left):
        for n, p in enumerate(left):
            if self.name == p.name:
                return n, p
        return None, None

@property
    def name(self):
        return self.long or self.short

def __repr__(self):
        return 'Option(%r, %r, %r, %r)' % (self.short, self.long,
                                           self.argcount, self.value)

class Required(ParentPattern):

def match(self, left, collected=None):
        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
        l = left
        c = collected
        for p in self.children:
            matched, l, c = p.match(l, c)
            if not matched:
                return False, left, collected
        return True, l, c

class Optional(ParentPattern):

def match(self, left, collected=None):
        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
        for p in self.children:
            m, left, collected = p.match(left, collected)
        return True, left, collected

class AnyOptions(Optional):

"""Marker/placeholder for [options] shortcut."""

class OneOrMore(ParentPattern):

def match(self, left, collected=None):
        assert len(self.children) == 1
        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
        l = left
        c = collected
        l_ = None
        matched = True
        times = 0
        while matched:
            # could it be that something didn't match but changed l or c?
            matched, l, c = self.children[0].match(l, c)
            times += 1 if matched else 0
            if l_ == l:
                break
            l_ = l
        if times >= 1:
            return True, l, c
        return False, left, collected

class Either(ParentPattern):

def match(self, left, collected=None):
        collected = [] if collected is None else collected
        outcomes = []
        for p in self.children:
            matched, _, _ = outcome = p.match(left, collected)
            if matched:
                outcomes.append(outcome)
        if outcomes:
            return min(outcomes, key=lambda outcome: len(outcome[1]))
        return False, left, collected

class TokenStream(list):

def __init__(self, source, error):
        self += source.split() if hasattr(source, 'split') else source
        self.error = error

def move(self):
        return self.pop(0) if len(self) else None

def current(self):
        return self[0] if len(self) else None

def parse_long(tokens, options):
    """long ::= '--' chars [ ( ' ' | '=' ) chars ] ;"""
    long, eq, value = tokens.move().partition('=')
    assert long.startswith('--')
    value = None if eq == value == '' else value
    similar = [o for o in options if o.long == long]
    if tokens.error is DocoptExit and similar == []:  # if no exact match
        similar = [o for o in options if o.long and o.long.startswith(long)]
    if len(similar) > 1:  # might be simply specified ambiguously 2+ times?
        raise tokens.error('%s is not a unique prefix: %s?' %
                           (long, ', '.join(o.long for o in similar)))
    elif len(similar) < 1:
        argcount = 1 if eq == '=' else 0
        o = Option(None, long, argcount)
        options.append(o)
        if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
            o = Option(None, long, argcount, value if argcount else True)
    else:
        o = Option(similar[0].short, similar[0].long,
                   similar[0].argcount, similar[0].value)
        if o.argcount == 0:
            if value is not None:
                raise tokens.error('%s must not have an argument' % o.long)
        else:
            if value is None:
                if tokens.current() is None:
                    raise tokens.error('%s requires argument' % o.long)
                value = tokens.move()
        if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
            o.value = value if value is not None else True
    return [o]

def parse_shorts(tokens, options):
    """shorts ::= '-' ( chars )* [ [ ' ' ] chars ] ;"""
    token = tokens.move()
    assert token.startswith('-') and not token.startswith('--')
    left = token.lstrip('-')
    parsed = []
    while left != '':
        short, left = '-' + left[0], left[1:]
        similar = [o for o in options if o.short == short]
        if len(similar) > 1:
            raise tokens.error('%s is specified ambiguously %d times' %
                               (short, len(similar)))
        elif len(similar) < 1:
            o = Option(short, None, 0)
            options.append(o)
            if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
                o = Option(short, None, 0, True)
        else:  # why copying is necessary here?
            o = Option(short, similar[0].long,
                       similar[0].argcount, similar[0].value)
            value = None
            if o.argcount != 0:
                if left == '':
                    if tokens.current() is None:
                        raise tokens.error('%s requires argument' % short)
                    value = tokens.move()
                else:
                    value = left
                    left = ''
            if tokens.error is DocoptExit:
                o.value = value if value is not None else True
        parsed.append(o)
    return parsed

def parse_pattern(source, options):
    tokens = TokenStream(re.sub(r'([\[\]\|]|\.\.\.)', r' \1 ', source),
                         DocoptLanguageError)
    result = parse_expr(tokens, options)
    if tokens.current() is not None:
        raise tokens.error('unexpected ending: %r' % ' '.join(tokens))
    return Required(*result)

def parse_expr(tokens, options):
    """expr ::= seq ( '|' seq )* ;"""
    seq = parse_seq(tokens, options)
    if tokens.current() != '|':
        return seq
    result = [Required(*seq)] if len(seq) > 1 else seq
    while tokens.current() == '|':
        tokens.move()
        seq = parse_seq(tokens, options)
        result += [Required(*seq)] if len(seq) > 1 else seq
    return [Either(*result)] if len(result) > 1 else result

def parse_seq(tokens, options):
    """seq ::= ( atom [ '...' ] )* ;"""
    result = []
    while tokens.current() not in [None, ']', ')', '|']:
        atom = parse_atom(tokens, options)
        if tokens.current() == '...':
            atom = [OneOrMore(*atom)]
            tokens.move()
        result += atom
    return result

def parse_atom(tokens, options):
    """atom ::= '(' expr ')' | '[' expr ']' | 'options'
             | long | shorts | argument | command ;
    """
    token = tokens.current()
    result = []
    if token in '([':
        tokens.move()
        matching, pattern = {'(': [')', Required], '[': [']', Optional]}[token]
        result = pattern(*parse_expr(tokens, options))
        if tokens.move() != matching:
            raise tokens.error("unmatched '%s'" % token)
        return [result]
    elif token == 'options':
        tokens.move()
        return [AnyOptions()]
    elif token.startswith('--') and token != '--':
        return parse_long(tokens, options)
    elif token.startswith('-') and token not in ('-', '--'):
        return parse_shorts(tokens, options)
    elif token.startswith('<') and token.endswith('>') or token.isupper():
        return [Argument(tokens.move())]
    else:
        return [Command(tokens.move())]

def parse_argv(tokens, options, options_first=False):
    """Parse command-line argument vector.

If options_first:
        argv ::= [ long | shorts ]* [ argument ]* [ '--' [ argument ]* ] ;
    else:
        argv ::= [ long | shorts | argument ]* [ '--' [ argument ]* ] ;

"""
    parsed = []
    while tokens.current() is not None:
        if tokens.current() == '--':
            return parsed + [Argument(None, v) for v in tokens]
        elif tokens.current().startswith('--'):
            parsed += parse_long(tokens, options)
        elif tokens.current().startswith('-') and tokens.current() != '-':
            parsed += parse_shorts(tokens, options)
        elif options_first:
            return parsed + [Argument(None, v) for v in tokens]
        else:
            parsed.append(Argument(None, tokens.move()))
    return parsed

def parse_defaults(doc):
    # in python < 2.7 you can't pass flags=re.MULTILINE
    split = re.split('\n *(<\S+?>|-\S+?)', doc)[1:]
    split = [s1 + s2 for s1, s2 in zip(split[::2], split[1::2])]
    options = [Option.parse(s) for s in split if s.startswith('-')]
    #arguments = [Argument.parse(s) for s in split if s.startswith('<')]
    #return options, arguments
    return options

def printable_usage(doc):
    # in python < 2.7 you can't pass flags=re.IGNORECASE
    usage_split = re.split(r'([Uu][Ss][Aa][Gg][Ee]:)', doc)
    if len(usage_split) < 3:
        raise DocoptLanguageError('"usage:" (case-insensitive) not found.')
    if len(usage_split) > 3:
        raise DocoptLanguageError('More than one "usage:" (case-insensitive).')
    return re.split(r'\n\s*\n', ''.join(usage_split[1:]))[0].strip()

def formal_usage(printable_usage):
    pu = printable_usage.split()[1:]  # split and drop "usage:"
    return '( ' + ' '.join(') | (' if s == pu[0] else s for s in pu[1:]) + ' )'

def extras(help, version, options, doc):
    if help and any((o.name in ('-h', '--help')) and o.value for o in options):
        print(doc.strip("\n"))
        sys.exit()
    if version and any(o.name == '--version' and o.value for o in options):
        print(version)
        sys.exit()

class Dict(dict):
    def __repr__(self):
        return '{%s}' % ',\n '.join('%r: %r' % i for i in sorted(self.items()))

def docopt(doc, argv=None, help=True, version=None, options_first=False):
    """Parse `argv` based on command-line interface described in `doc`.

`docopt` creates your command-line interface based on its
    description that you pass as `doc`. Such description can contain
    --options, <positional-argument>, commands, which could be
    [optional], (required), (mutually | exclusive) or repeated...

Parameters
    ----------
    doc : str
        Description of your command-line interface.
    argv : list of str, optional
        Argument vector to be parsed. sys.argv[1:] is used if not
        provided.
    help : bool (default: True)
        Set to False to disable automatic help on -h or --help
        options.
    version : any object
        If passed, the object will be printed if --version is in
        `argv`.
    options_first : bool (default: False)
        Set to True to require options preceed positional arguments,
        i.e. to forbid options and positional arguments intermix.

Returns
    -------
    args : dict
        A dictionary, where keys are names of command-line elements
        such as e.g. "--verbose" and "<path>", and values are the
        parsed values of those elements.

Example
    -------
    >>> from docopt import docopt
    >>> doc = '''
    Usage:
        my_program tcp <host> <port> [--timeout=<seconds>]
        my_program serial <port> [--baud=<n>] [--timeout=<seconds>]
        my_program (-h | --help | --version)

Options:
        -h, --help  Show this screen and exit.
        --baud=<n>  Baudrate [default: 9600]
    '''
    >>> argv = ['tcp', '127.0.0.1', '80', '--timeout', '30']
    >>> docopt(doc, argv)
    {'--baud': '9600',
     '--help': False,
     '--timeout': '30',
     '--version': False,
     '<host>': '127.0.0.1',
     '<port>': '80',
     'serial': False,
     'tcp': True}

See also
    --------
    * For video introduction see http://docopt.org
    * Full documentation is available in README.rst as well as online
      at https://github.com/docopt/docopt#readme

"""
    if argv is None:
        argv = sys.argv[1:]
    DocoptExit.usage = printable_usage(doc)
    options = parse_defaults(doc)
    pattern = parse_pattern(formal_usage(DocoptExit.usage), options)
    # [default] syntax for argument is disabled
    #for a in pattern.flat(Argument):
    #    same_name = [d for d in arguments if d.name == a.name]
    #    if same_name:
    #        a.value = same_name[0].value
    argv = parse_argv(TokenStream(argv, DocoptExit), list(options),
                      options_first)
    pattern_options = set(pattern.flat(Option))
    for ao in pattern.flat(AnyOptions):
        doc_options = parse_defaults(doc)
        ao.children = list(set(doc_options) - pattern_options)
        #if any_options:
        #    ao.children += [Option(o.short, o.long, o.argcount)
        #                    for o in argv if type(o) is Option]
    extras(help, version, argv, doc)
    matched, left, collected = pattern.fix().match(argv)
    if matched and left == []:  # better error message if left?
        return Dict((a.name, a.value) for a in (pattern.flat() + collected))
    raise DocoptExit()

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