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Edit File : enum.py \| Size : 38.52 KB
import sys from types import MappingProxyType, DynamicClassAttribute __all__ = [ 'EnumMeta', 'Enum', 'IntEnum', 'Flag', 'IntFlag', 'auto', 'unique', ] def _is_descriptor(obj): """ Returns True if obj is a descriptor, False otherwise. """ return ( hasattr(obj, '__get__') or hasattr(obj, '__set__') or hasattr(obj, '__delete__') ) def _is_dunder(name): """ Returns True if a __dunder__ name, False otherwise. """ return ( len(name) > 4 and name[:2] == name[-2:] == '__' and name[2] != '_' and name[-3] != '_' ) def _is_sunder(name): """ Returns True if a _sunder_ name, False otherwise. """ return ( len(name) > 2 and name[0] == name[-1] == '_' and name[1:2] != '_' and name[-2:-1] != '_' ) def _is_private(cls_name, name): # do not use `re` as `re` imports `enum` pattern = '_%s__' % (cls_name, ) if ( len(name) >= 5 and name.startswith(pattern) and name[len(pattern)] != '_' and (name[-1] != '_' or name[-2] != '_') ): return True else: return False def _make_class_unpicklable(cls): """ Make the given class un-picklable. """ def _break_on_call_reduce(self, proto): raise TypeError('%r cannot be pickled' % self) cls.__reduce_ex__ = _break_on_call_reduce cls.__module__ = '<unknown>' _auto_null = object() class auto: """ Instances are replaced with an appropriate value in Enum class suites. """ value = _auto_null class _EnumDict(dict): """ Track enum member order and ensure member names are not reused. EnumMeta will use the names found in self._member_names as the enumeration member names. """ def __init__(self): super().__init__() self._member_names = [] self._last_values = [] self._ignore = [] self._auto_called = False def __setitem__(self, key, value): """ Changes anything not dundered or not a descriptor. If an enum member name is used twice, an error is raised; duplicate values are not checked for. Single underscore (sunder) names are reserved. """ if _is_private(self._cls_name, key): import warnings warnings.warn( "private variables, such as %r, will be normal attributes in 3.10" % (key, ), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) if _is_sunder(key): if key not in ( '_order_', '_create_pseudo_member_', '_generate_next_value_', '_missing_', '_ignore_', ): raise ValueError('_names_ are reserved for future Enum use') if key == '_generate_next_value_': # check if members already defined as auto() if self._auto_called: raise TypeError("_generate_next_value_ must be defined before members") setattr(self, '_generate_next_value', value) elif key == '_ignore_': if isinstance(value, str): value = value.replace(',',' ').split() else: value = list(value) self._ignore = value already = set(value) & set(self._member_names) if already: raise ValueError( '_ignore_ cannot specify already set names: %r' % (already, ) ) elif _is_dunder(key): if key == '__order__': key = '_order_' elif key in self._member_names: # descriptor overwriting an enum? raise TypeError('Attempted to reuse key: %r' % key) elif key in self._ignore: pass elif not _is_descriptor(value): if key in self: # enum overwriting a descriptor? raise TypeError('%r already defined as: %r' % (key, self[key])) if isinstance(value, auto): if value.value == _auto_null: value.value = self._generate_next_value( key, 1, len(self._member_names), self._last_values[:], ) self._auto_called = True value = value.value self._member_names.append(key) self._last_values.append(value) super().__setitem__(key, value) # Dummy value for Enum as EnumMeta explicitly checks for it, but of course # until EnumMeta finishes running the first time the Enum class doesn't exist. # This is also why there are checks in EnumMeta like `if Enum is not None` Enum = None class EnumMeta(type): """ Metaclass for Enum """ @classmethod def __prepare__(metacls, cls, bases, kwds): # check that previous enum members do not exist metacls._check_for_existing_members(cls, bases) # create the namespace dict enum_dict = _EnumDict() enum_dict._cls_name = cls # inherit previous flags and _generate_next_value_ function member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases) if first_enum is not None: enum_dict['_generate_next_value_'] = getattr( first_enum, '_generate_next_value_', None, ) return enum_dict def __new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, kwds): # an Enum class is final once enumeration items have been defined; it # cannot be mixed with other types (int, float, etc.) if it has an # inherited __new__ unless a new __new__ is defined (or the resulting # class will fail). # # remove any keys listed in _ignore_ classdict.setdefault('_ignore_', []).append('_ignore_') ignore = classdict['_ignore_'] for key in ignore: classdict.pop(key, None) member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases) __new__, save_new, use_args = metacls._find_new_( classdict, member_type, first_enum, ) # save enum items into separate mapping so they don't get baked into # the new class enum_members = {k: classdict[k] for k in classdict._member_names} for name in classdict._member_names: del classdict[name] # adjust the sunders _order_ = classdict.pop('_order_', None) # check for illegal enum names (any others?) invalid_names = set(enum_members) & {'mro', ''} if invalid_names: raise ValueError('Invalid enum member name: {0}'.format( ','.join(invalid_names))) # create a default docstring if one has not been provided if '__doc__' not in classdict: classdict['__doc__'] = 'An enumeration.' enum_class = super().__new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, *kwds) enum_class._member_names_ = [] # names in definition order enum_class._member_map_ = {} # name->value map enum_class._member_type_ = member_type # save DynamicClassAttribute attributes from super classes so we know # if we can take the shortcut of storing members in the class dict dynamic_attributes = { k for c in enum_class.mro() for k, v in c.__dict__.items() if isinstance(v, DynamicClassAttribute) } # Reverse value->name map for hashable values. enum_class._value2member_map_ = {} # If a custom type is mixed into the Enum, and it does not know how # to pickle itself, pickle.dumps will succeed but pickle.loads will # fail. Rather than have the error show up later and possibly far # from the source, sabotage the pickle protocol for this class so # that pickle.dumps also fails. # # However, if the new class implements its own __reduce_ex__, do not # sabotage -- it's on them to make sure it works correctly. We use # __reduce_ex__ instead of any of the others as it is preferred by # pickle over __reduce__, and it handles all pickle protocols. if '__reduce_ex__' not in classdict: if member_type is not object: methods = ('__getnewargs_ex__', '__getnewargs__', '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__') if not any(m in member_type.__dict__ for m in methods): if '__new__' in classdict: # too late, sabotage _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class) else: # final attempt to verify that pickling would work: # travel mro until __new__ is found, checking for # __reduce__ and friends along the way -- if any of them # are found before/when __new__ is found, pickling should # work sabotage = None for chain in bases: for base in chain.__mro__: if base is object: continue elif any(m in base.__dict__ for m in methods): # found one, we're good sabotage = False break elif '__new__' in base.__dict__: # not good sabotage = True break if sabotage is not None: break if sabotage: _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class) # instantiate them, checking for duplicates as we go # we instantiate first instead of checking for duplicates first in case # a custom __new__ is doing something funky with the values -- such as # auto-numbering ;) for member_name in classdict._member_names: value = enum_members[member_name] if not isinstance(value, tuple): args = (value, ) else: args = value if member_type is tuple: # special case for tuple enums args = (args, ) # wrap it one more time if not use_args: enum_member = __new__(enum_class) if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'): enum_member._value_ = value else: enum_member = __new__(enum_class, args) if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'): if member_type is object: enum_member._value_ = value else: enum_member._value_ = member_type(args) value = enum_member._value_ enum_member._name_ = member_name enum_member.__objclass__ = enum_class enum_member.__init__(args) # If another member with the same value was already defined, the # new member becomes an alias to the existing one. for name, canonical_member in enum_class._member_map_.items(): if canonical_member._value_ == enum_member._value_: enum_member = canonical_member break else: # Aliases don't appear in member names (only in __members__). enum_class._member_names_.append(member_name) # performance boost for any member that would not shadow # a DynamicClassAttribute if member_name not in dynamic_attributes: setattr(enum_class, member_name, enum_member) # now add to _member_map_ enum_class._member_map_[member_name] = enum_member try: # This may fail if value is not hashable. We can't add the value # to the map, and by-value lookups for this value will be # linear. enum_class._value2member_map_[value] = enum_member except TypeError: pass # double check that repr and friends are not the mixin's or various # things break (such as pickle) # however, if the method is defined in the Enum itself, don't replace # it for name in ('__repr__', '__str__', '__format__', '__reduce_ex__'): if name in classdict: continue class_method = getattr(enum_class, name) obj_method = getattr(member_type, name, None) enum_method = getattr(first_enum, name, None) if obj_method is not None and obj_method is class_method: setattr(enum_class, name, enum_method) # replace any other __new__ with our own (as long as Enum is not None, # anyway) -- again, this is to support pickle if Enum is not None: # if the user defined their own __new__, save it before it gets # clobbered in case they subclass later if save_new: enum_class.__new_member__ = __new__ enum_class.__new__ = Enum.__new__ # py3 support for definition order (helps keep py2/py3 code in sync) if _order_ is not None: if isinstance(_order_, str): _order_ = _order_.replace(',', ' ').split() if _order_ != enum_class._member_names_: raise TypeError('member order does not match _order_') return enum_class def __bool__(self): """ classes/types should always be True. """ return True def __call__(cls, value, names=None, , module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1): """ Either returns an existing member, or creates a new enum class. This method is used both when an enum class is given a value to match to an enumeration member (i.e. Color(3)) and for the functional API (i.e. Color = Enum('Color', names='RED GREEN BLUE')). When used for the functional API: `value` will be the name of the new class. `names` should be either a string of white-space/comma delimited names (values will start at `start`), or an iterator/mapping of name, value pairs. `module` should be set to the module this class is being created in; if it is not set, an attempt to find that module will be made, but if it fails the class will not be picklable. `qualname` should be set to the actual location this class can be found at in its module; by default it is set to the global scope. If this is not correct, unpickling will fail in some circumstances. `type`, if set, will be mixed in as the first base class. """ if names is None: # simple value lookup return cls.__new__(cls, value) # otherwise, functional API: we're creating a new Enum type return cls._create_( value, names, module=module, qualname=qualname, type=type, start=start, ) def __contains__(cls, member): if not isinstance(member, Enum): raise TypeError( "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': '%s' and '%s'" % ( type(member).__qualname__, cls.__class__.__qualname__)) return isinstance(member, cls) and member._name_ in cls._member_map_ def __delattr__(cls, attr): # nicer error message when someone tries to delete an attribute # (see issue19025). if attr in cls._member_map_: raise AttributeError("%s: cannot delete Enum member." % cls.__name__) super().__delattr__(attr) def __dir__(self): return ( ['__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__'] + self._member_names_ ) def __getattr__(cls, name): """ Return the enum member matching `name` We use __getattr__ instead of descriptors or inserting into the enum class' __dict__ in order to support `name` and `value` being both properties for enum members (which live in the class' __dict__) and enum members themselves. """ if _is_dunder(name): raise AttributeError(name) try: return cls._member_map_[name] except KeyError: raise AttributeError(name) from None def __getitem__(cls, name): return cls._member_map_[name] def __iter__(cls): """ Returns members in definition order. """ return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in cls._member_names_) def __len__(cls): return len(cls._member_names_) @property def __members__(cls): """ Returns a mapping of member name->value. This mapping lists all enum members, including aliases. Note that this is a read-only view of the internal mapping. """ return MappingProxyType(cls._member_map_) def __repr__(cls): return "<enum %r>" % cls.__name__ def __reversed__(cls): """ Returns members in reverse definition order. """ return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in reversed(cls._member_names_)) def __setattr__(cls, name, value): """ Block attempts to reassign Enum members. A simple assignment to the class namespace only changes one of the several possible ways to get an Enum member from the Enum class, resulting in an inconsistent Enumeration. """ member_map = cls.__dict__.get('_member_map_', {}) if name in member_map: raise AttributeError('Cannot reassign members.') super().__setattr__(name, value) def _create_(cls, class_name, names, , module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1): """ Convenience method to create a new Enum class. `names` can be: * A string containing member names, separated either with spaces or commas. Values are incremented by 1 from `start`. * An iterable of member names. Values are incremented by 1 from `start`. * An iterable of (member name, value) pairs. * A mapping of member name -> value pairs. """ metacls = cls.__class__ bases = (cls, ) if type is None else (type, cls) _, first_enum = cls._get_mixins_(cls, bases) classdict = metacls.__prepare__(class_name, bases) # special processing needed for names? if isinstance(names, str): names = names.replace(',', ' ').split() if isinstance(names, (tuple, list)) and names and isinstance(names[0], str): original_names, names = names, [] last_values = [] for count, name in enumerate(original_names): value = first_enum._generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values[:]) last_values.append(value) names.append((name, value)) # Here, names is either an iterable of (name, value) or a mapping. for item in names: if isinstance(item, str): member_name, member_value = item, names[item] else: member_name, member_value = item classdict[member_name] = member_value enum_class = metacls.__new__(metacls, class_name, bases, classdict) # TODO: replace the frame hack if a blessed way to know the calling # module is ever developed if module is None: try: module = sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__'] except (AttributeError, ValueError, KeyError): pass if module is None: _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class) else: enum_class.__module__ = module if qualname is not None: enum_class.__qualname__ = qualname return enum_class def _convert_(cls, name, module, filter, source=None): """ Create a new Enum subclass that replaces a collection of global constants """ # convert all constants from source (or module) that pass filter() to # a new Enum called name, and export the enum and its members back to # module; # also, replace the __reduce_ex__ method so unpickling works in # previous Python versions module_globals = vars(sys.modules[module]) if source: source = vars(source) else: source = module_globals # _value2member_map_ is populated in the same order every time # for a consistent reverse mapping of number to name when there # are multiple names for the same number. members = [ (name, value) for name, value in source.items() if filter(name)] try: # sort by value members.sort(key=lambda t: (t[1], t[0])) except TypeError: # unless some values aren't comparable, in which case sort by name members.sort(key=lambda t: t[0]) cls = cls(name, members, module=module) cls.__reduce_ex__ = _reduce_ex_by_name module_globals.update(cls.__members__) module_globals[name] = cls return cls @staticmethod def _check_for_existing_members(class_name, bases): for chain in bases: for base in chain.__mro__: if issubclass(base, Enum) and base._member_names_: raise TypeError( "%s: cannot extend enumeration %r" % (class_name, base.__name__) ) @staticmethod def _get_mixins_(class_name, bases): """ Returns the type for creating enum members, and the first inherited enum class. bases: the tuple of bases that was given to __new__ """ if not bases: return object, Enum def _find_data_type(bases): data_types = set() for chain in bases: candidate = None for base in chain.__mro__: if base is object: continue elif issubclass(base, Enum): if base._member_type_ is not object: data_types.add(base._member_type_) break elif '__new__' in base.__dict__: if issubclass(base, Enum): continue data_types.add(candidate or base) break else: candidate = candidate or base if len(data_types) > 1: raise TypeError('%r: too many data types: %r' % (class_name, data_types)) elif data_types: return data_types.pop() else: return None # ensure final parent class is an Enum derivative, find any concrete # data type, and check that Enum has no members first_enum = bases[-1] if not issubclass(first_enum, Enum): raise TypeError("new enumerations should be created as " "`EnumName([mixin_type, ...] [data_type,] enum_type)`") member_type = _find_data_type(bases) or object if first_enum._member_names_: raise TypeError("Cannot extend enumerations") return member_type, first_enum @staticmethod def _find_new_(classdict, member_type, first_enum): """ Returns the __new__ to be used for creating the enum members. classdict: the class dictionary given to __new__ member_type: the data type whose __new__ will be used by default first_enum: enumeration to check for an overriding __new__ """ # now find the correct __new__, checking to see of one was defined # by the user; also check earlier enum classes in case a __new__ was # saved as __new_member__ __new__ = classdict.get('__new__', None) # should __new__ be saved as __new_member__ later? save_new = __new__ is not None if __new__ is None: # check all possibles for __new_member__ before falling back to # __new__ for method in ('__new_member__', '__new__'): for possible in (member_type, first_enum): target = getattr(possible, method, None) if target not in { None, None.__new__, object.__new__, Enum.__new__, }: __new__ = target break if __new__ is not None: break else: __new__ = object.__new__ # if a non-object.__new__ is used then whatever value/tuple was # assigned to the enum member name will be passed to __new__ and to the # new enum member's __init__ if __new__ is object.__new__: use_args = False else: use_args = True return __new__, save_new, use_args class Enum(metaclass=EnumMeta): """ Generic enumeration. Derive from this class to define new enumerations. """ def __new__(cls, value): # all enum instances are actually created during class construction # without calling this method; this method is called by the metaclass' # __call__ (i.e. Color(3) ), and by pickle if type(value) is cls: # For lookups like Color(Color.RED) return value # by-value search for a matching enum member # see if it's in the reverse mapping (for hashable values) try: return cls._value2member_map_[value] except KeyError: # Not found, no need to do long O(n) search pass except TypeError: # not there, now do long search -- O(n) behavior for member in cls._member_map_.values(): if member._value_ == value: return member # still not found -- try _missing_ hook try: exc = None result = cls._missing_(value) except Exception as e: exc = e result = None try: if isinstance(result, cls): return result else: ve_exc = ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)) if result is None and exc is None: raise ve_exc elif exc is None: exc = TypeError( 'error in %s._missing_: returned %r instead of None or a valid member' % (cls.__name__, result) ) exc.__context__ = ve_exc raise exc finally: # ensure all variables that could hold an exception are destroyed exc = None ve_exc = None def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values): """ Generate the next value when not given. name: the name of the member start: the initial start value or None count: the number of existing members last_value: the last value assigned or None """ for last_value in reversed(last_values): try: return last_value + 1 except TypeError: pass else: return start @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): return None def __repr__(self): return "<%s.%s: %r>" % ( self.__class__.__name__, self._name_, self._value_) def __str__(self): return "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_) def __dir__(self): """ Returns all members and all public methods """ added_behavior = [ m for cls in self.__class__.mro() for m in cls.__dict__ if m[0] != '_' and m not in self._member_map_ ] + [m for m in self.__dict__ if m[0] != '_'] return (['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__'] + added_behavior) def __format__(self, format_spec): """ Returns format using actual value type unless __str__ has been overridden. """ # mixed-in Enums should use the mixed-in type's __format__, otherwise # we can get strange results with the Enum name showing up instead of # the value # pure Enum branch, or branch with __str__ explicitly overridden str_overridden = type(self).__str__ not in (Enum.__str__, Flag.__str__) if self._member_type_ is object or str_overridden: cls = str val = str(self) # mix-in branch else: cls = self._member_type_ val = self._value_ return cls.__format__(val, format_spec) def __hash__(self): return hash(self._name_) def __reduce_ex__(self, proto): return self.__class__, (self._value_, ) # DynamicClassAttribute is used to provide access to the `name` and # `value` properties of enum members while keeping some measure of # protection from modification, while still allowing for an enumeration # to have members named `name` and `value`. This works because enumeration # members are not set directly on the enum class -- __getattr__ is # used to look them up. @DynamicClassAttribute def name(self): """The name of the Enum member.""" return self._name_ @DynamicClassAttribute def value(self): """The value of the Enum member.""" return self._value_ class IntEnum(int, Enum): """Enum where members are also (and must be) ints""" def _reduce_ex_by_name(self, proto): return self.name class Flag(Enum): """ Support for flags """ def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values): """ Generate the next value when not given. name: the name of the member start: the initial start value or None count: the number of existing members last_value: the last value assigned or None """ if not count: return start if start is not None else 1 for last_value in reversed(last_values): try: high_bit = _high_bit(last_value) break except Exception: raise TypeError('Invalid Flag value: %r' % last_value) from None return 2 (high_bit+1) @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): """ Returns member (possibly creating it) if one can be found for value. """ original_value = value if value < 0: value = ~value possible_member = cls._create_pseudo_member_(value) if original_value < 0: possible_member = ~possible_member return possible_member @classmethod def _create_pseudo_member_(cls, value): """ Create a composite member iff value contains only members. """ pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.get(value, None) if pseudo_member is None: # verify all bits are accounted for _, extra_flags = _decompose(cls, value) if extra_flags: raise ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)) # construct a singleton enum pseudo-member pseudo_member = object.__new__(cls) pseudo_member._name_ = None pseudo_member._value_ = value # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite # with this value pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member) return pseudo_member def __contains__(self, other): """ Returns True if self has at least the same flags set as other. """ if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): raise TypeError( "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': '%s' and '%s'" % ( type(other).__qualname__, self.__class__.__qualname__)) return other._value_ & self._value_ == other._value_ def __repr__(self): cls = self.__class__ if self._name_ is not None: return '<%s.%s: %r>' % (cls.__name__, self._name_, self._value_) members, uncovered = _decompose(cls, self._value_) return '<%s.%s: %r>' % ( cls.__name__, '\|'.join([str(m._name_ or m._value_) for m in members]), self._value_, ) def __str__(self): cls = self.__class__ if self._name_ is not None: return '%s.%s' % (cls.__name__, self._name_) members, uncovered = _decompose(cls, self._value_) if len(members) == 1 and members[0]._name_ is None: return '%s.%r' % (cls.__name__, members[0]._value_) else: return '%s.%s' % ( cls.__name__, '\|'.join([str(m._name_ or m._value_) for m in members]), ) def __bool__(self): return bool(self._value_) def __or__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ \| other._value_) def __and__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ & other._value_) def __xor__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, self.__class__): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ ^ other._value_) def __invert__(self): members, uncovered = _decompose(self.__class__, self._value_) inverted = self.__class__(0) for m in self.__class__: if m not in members and not (m._value_ & self._value_): inverted = inverted \| m return self.__class__(inverted) class IntFlag(int, Flag): """ Support for integer-based Flags """ @classmethod def _missing_(cls, value): """ Returns member (possibly creating it) if one can be found for value. """ if not isinstance(value, int): raise ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__)) new_member = cls._create_pseudo_member_(value) return new_member @classmethod def _create_pseudo_member_(cls, value): """ Create a composite member iff value contains only members. """ pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.get(value, None) if pseudo_member is None: need_to_create = [value] # get unaccounted for bits _, extra_flags = _decompose(cls, value) # timer = 10 while extra_flags: # timer -= 1 bit = _high_bit(extra_flags) flag_value = 2 bit if (flag_value not in cls._value2member_map_ and flag_value not in need_to_create ): need_to_create.append(flag_value) if extra_flags == -flag_value: extra_flags = 0 else: extra_flags ^= flag_value for value in reversed(need_to_create): # construct singleton pseudo-members pseudo_member = int.__new__(cls, value) pseudo_member._name_ = None pseudo_member._value_ = value # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite # with this value pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member) return pseudo_member def __or__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)): return NotImplemented result = self.__class__(self._value_ \| self.__class__(other)._value_) return result def __and__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ & self.__class__(other)._value_) def __xor__(self, other): if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)): return NotImplemented return self.__class__(self._value_ ^ self.__class__(other)._value_) __ror__ = __or__ __rand__ = __and__ __rxor__ = __xor__ def __invert__(self): result = self.__class__(~self._value_) return result def _high_bit(value): """ returns index of highest bit, or -1 if value is zero or negative """ return value.bit_length() - 1 def unique(enumeration): """ Class decorator for enumerations ensuring unique member values. """ duplicates = [] for name, member in enumeration.__members__.items(): if name != member.name: duplicates.append((name, member.name)) if duplicates: alias_details = ', '.join( ["%s -> %s" % (alias, name) for (alias, name) in duplicates]) raise ValueError('duplicate values found in %r: %s' % (enumeration, alias_details)) return enumeration def _decompose(flag, value): """ Extract all members from the value. """ # _decompose is only called if the value is not named not_covered = value negative = value < 0 members = [] for member in flag: member_value = member.value if member_value and member_value & value == member_value: members.append(member) not_covered &= ~member_value if not negative: tmp = not_covered while tmp: flag_value = 2 ** _high_bit(tmp) if flag_value in flag._value2member_map_: members.append(flag._value2member_map_[flag_value]) not_covered &= ~flag_value tmp &= ~flag_value if not members and value in flag._value2member_map_: members.append(flag._value2member_map_[value]) members.sort(key=lambda m: m._value_, reverse=True) if len(members) > 1 and members[0].value == value: # we have the breakdown, don't need the value member itself members.pop(0) return members, not_covered Back

Edit File : enum.py | Size : 38.52 KB

import sys
from types import MappingProxyType, DynamicClassAttribute

__all__ = [
        'EnumMeta',
        'Enum', 'IntEnum', 'Flag', 'IntFlag',
        'auto', 'unique',
        ]

def _is_descriptor(obj):
    """
    Returns True if obj is a descriptor, False otherwise.
    """
    return (
            hasattr(obj, '__get__') or
            hasattr(obj, '__set__') or
            hasattr(obj, '__delete__')
            )

def _is_dunder(name):
    """
    Returns True if a __dunder__ name, False otherwise.
    """
    return (
            len(name) > 4 and
            name[:2] == name[-2:] == '__' and
            name[2] != '_' and
            name[-3] != '_'
            )

def _is_sunder(name):
    """
    Returns True if a _sunder_ name, False otherwise.
    """
    return (
            len(name) > 2 and
            name[0] == name[-1] == '_' and
            name[1:2] != '_' and
            name[-2:-1] != '_'
            )

def _is_private(cls_name, name):
    # do not use `re` as `re` imports `enum`
    pattern = '_%s__' % (cls_name, )
    if (
            len(name) >= 5
            and name.startswith(pattern)
            and name[len(pattern)] != '_'
            and (name[-1] != '_' or name[-2] != '_')
        ):
        return True
    else:
        return False

def _make_class_unpicklable(cls):
    """
    Make the given class un-picklable.
    """
    def _break_on_call_reduce(self, proto):
        raise TypeError('%r cannot be pickled' % self)
    cls.__reduce_ex__ = _break_on_call_reduce
    cls.__module__ = '<unknown>'

_auto_null = object()
class auto:
    """
    Instances are replaced with an appropriate value in Enum class suites.
    """
    value = _auto_null

class _EnumDict(dict):
    """
    Track enum member order and ensure member names are not reused.

EnumMeta will use the names found in self._member_names as the
    enumeration member names.
    """
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self._member_names = []
        self._last_values = []
        self._ignore = []
        self._auto_called = False

def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        """
        Changes anything not dundered or not a descriptor.

If an enum member name is used twice, an error is raised; duplicate
        values are not checked for.

Single underscore (sunder) names are reserved.
        """
        if _is_private(self._cls_name, key):
            import warnings
            warnings.warn(
                    "private variables, such as %r, will be normal attributes in 3.10"
                        % (key, ),
                    DeprecationWarning,
                    stacklevel=2,
                    )
        if _is_sunder(key):
            if key not in (
                    '_order_', '_create_pseudo_member_',
                    '_generate_next_value_', '_missing_', '_ignore_',
                    ):
                raise ValueError('_names_ are reserved for future Enum use')
            if key == '_generate_next_value_':
                # check if members already defined as auto()
                if self._auto_called:
                    raise TypeError("_generate_next_value_ must be defined before members")
                setattr(self, '_generate_next_value', value)
            elif key == '_ignore_':
                if isinstance(value, str):
                    value = value.replace(',',' ').split()
                else:
                    value = list(value)
                self._ignore = value
                already = set(value) & set(self._member_names)
                if already:
                    raise ValueError(
                            '_ignore_ cannot specify already set names: %r'
                            % (already, )
                            )
        elif _is_dunder(key):
            if key == '__order__':
                key = '_order_'
        elif key in self._member_names:
            # descriptor overwriting an enum?
            raise TypeError('Attempted to reuse key: %r' % key)
        elif key in self._ignore:
            pass
        elif not _is_descriptor(value):
            if key in self:
                # enum overwriting a descriptor?
                raise TypeError('%r already defined as: %r' % (key, self[key]))
            if isinstance(value, auto):
                if value.value == _auto_null:
                    value.value = self._generate_next_value(
                            key,
                            1,
                            len(self._member_names),
                            self._last_values[:],
                            )
                    self._auto_called = True
                value = value.value
            self._member_names.append(key)
            self._last_values.append(value)
        super().__setitem__(key, value)

# Dummy value for Enum as EnumMeta explicitly checks for it, but of course
# until EnumMeta finishes running the first time the Enum class doesn't exist.
# This is also why there are checks in EnumMeta like `if Enum is not None`
Enum = None

class EnumMeta(type):
    """
    Metaclass for Enum
    """
    @classmethod
    def __prepare__(metacls, cls, bases, **kwds):
        # check that previous enum members do not exist
        metacls._check_for_existing_members(cls, bases)
        # create the namespace dict
        enum_dict = _EnumDict()
        enum_dict._cls_name = cls
        # inherit previous flags and _generate_next_value_ function
        member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases)
        if first_enum is not None:
            enum_dict['_generate_next_value_'] = getattr(
                    first_enum, '_generate_next_value_', None,
                    )
        return enum_dict

def __new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds):
        # an Enum class is final once enumeration items have been defined; it
        # cannot be mixed with other types (int, float, etc.) if it has an
        # inherited __new__ unless a new __new__ is defined (or the resulting
        # class will fail).
        #
        # remove any keys listed in _ignore_
        classdict.setdefault('_ignore_', []).append('_ignore_')
        ignore = classdict['_ignore_']
        for key in ignore:
            classdict.pop(key, None)
        member_type, first_enum = metacls._get_mixins_(cls, bases)
        __new__, save_new, use_args = metacls._find_new_(
                classdict, member_type, first_enum,
                )

# save enum items into separate mapping so they don't get baked into
        # the new class
        enum_members = {k: classdict[k] for k in classdict._member_names}
        for name in classdict._member_names:
            del classdict[name]

# adjust the sunders
        _order_ = classdict.pop('_order_', None)

# check for illegal enum names (any others?)
        invalid_names = set(enum_members) & {'mro', ''}
        if invalid_names:
            raise ValueError('Invalid enum member name: {0}'.format(
                ','.join(invalid_names)))

# create a default docstring if one has not been provided
        if '__doc__' not in classdict:
            classdict['__doc__'] = 'An enumeration.'

enum_class = super().__new__(metacls, cls, bases, classdict, **kwds)
        enum_class._member_names_ = []               # names in definition order
        enum_class._member_map_ = {}                 # name->value map
        enum_class._member_type_ = member_type

# save DynamicClassAttribute attributes from super classes so we know
        # if we can take the shortcut of storing members in the class dict
        dynamic_attributes = {
                k for c in enum_class.mro()
                for k, v in c.__dict__.items()
                if isinstance(v, DynamicClassAttribute)
                }

# Reverse value->name map for hashable values.
        enum_class._value2member_map_ = {}

# If a custom type is mixed into the Enum, and it does not know how
        # to pickle itself, pickle.dumps will succeed but pickle.loads will
        # fail.  Rather than have the error show up later and possibly far
        # from the source, sabotage the pickle protocol for this class so
        # that pickle.dumps also fails.
        #
        # However, if the new class implements its own __reduce_ex__, do not
        # sabotage -- it's on them to make sure it works correctly.  We use
        # __reduce_ex__ instead of any of the others as it is preferred by
        # pickle over __reduce__, and it handles all pickle protocols.
        if '__reduce_ex__' not in classdict:
            if member_type is not object:
                methods = ('__getnewargs_ex__', '__getnewargs__',
                        '__reduce_ex__', '__reduce__')
                if not any(m in member_type.__dict__ for m in methods):
                    if '__new__' in classdict:
                        # too late, sabotage
                        _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class)
                    else:
                        # final attempt to verify that pickling would work:
                        # travel mro until __new__ is found, checking for
                        # __reduce__ and friends along the way -- if any of them
                        # are found before/when __new__ is found, pickling should
                        # work
                        sabotage = None
                        for chain in bases:
                            for base in chain.__mro__:
                                if base is object:
                                    continue
                                elif any(m in base.__dict__ for m in methods):
                                    # found one, we're good
                                    sabotage = False
                                    break
                                elif '__new__' in base.__dict__:
                                    # not good
                                    sabotage = True
                                    break
                            if sabotage is not None:
                                break
                        if sabotage:
                            _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class)
        # instantiate them, checking for duplicates as we go
        # we instantiate first instead of checking for duplicates first in case
        # a custom __new__ is doing something funky with the values -- such as
        # auto-numbering ;)
        for member_name in classdict._member_names:
            value = enum_members[member_name]
            if not isinstance(value, tuple):
                args = (value, )
            else:
                args = value
            if member_type is tuple:   # special case for tuple enums
                args = (args, )     # wrap it one more time
            if not use_args:
                enum_member = __new__(enum_class)
                if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'):
                    enum_member._value_ = value
            else:
                enum_member = __new__(enum_class, *args)
                if not hasattr(enum_member, '_value_'):
                    if member_type is object:
                        enum_member._value_ = value
                    else:
                        enum_member._value_ = member_type(*args)
            value = enum_member._value_
            enum_member._name_ = member_name
            enum_member.__objclass__ = enum_class
            enum_member.__init__(*args)
            # If another member with the same value was already defined, the
            # new member becomes an alias to the existing one.
            for name, canonical_member in enum_class._member_map_.items():
                if canonical_member._value_ == enum_member._value_:
                    enum_member = canonical_member
                    break
            else:
                # Aliases don't appear in member names (only in __members__).
                enum_class._member_names_.append(member_name)
            # performance boost for any member that would not shadow
            # a DynamicClassAttribute
            if member_name not in dynamic_attributes:
                setattr(enum_class, member_name, enum_member)
            # now add to _member_map_
            enum_class._member_map_[member_name] = enum_member
            try:
                # This may fail if value is not hashable. We can't add the value
                # to the map, and by-value lookups for this value will be
                # linear.
                enum_class._value2member_map_[value] = enum_member
            except TypeError:
                pass

# double check that repr and friends are not the mixin's or various
        # things break (such as pickle)
        # however, if the method is defined in the Enum itself, don't replace
        # it
        for name in ('__repr__', '__str__', '__format__', '__reduce_ex__'):
            if name in classdict:
                continue
            class_method = getattr(enum_class, name)
            obj_method = getattr(member_type, name, None)
            enum_method = getattr(first_enum, name, None)
            if obj_method is not None and obj_method is class_method:
                setattr(enum_class, name, enum_method)

# replace any other __new__ with our own (as long as Enum is not None,
        # anyway) -- again, this is to support pickle
        if Enum is not None:
            # if the user defined their own __new__, save it before it gets
            # clobbered in case they subclass later
            if save_new:
                enum_class.__new_member__ = __new__
            enum_class.__new__ = Enum.__new__

# py3 support for definition order (helps keep py2/py3 code in sync)
        if _order_ is not None:
            if isinstance(_order_, str):
                _order_ = _order_.replace(',', ' ').split()
            if _order_ != enum_class._member_names_:
                raise TypeError('member order does not match _order_')

return enum_class

def __bool__(self):
        """
        classes/types should always be True.
        """
        return True

def __call__(cls, value, names=None, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1):
        """
        Either returns an existing member, or creates a new enum class.

This method is used both when an enum class is given a value to match
        to an enumeration member (i.e. Color(3)) and for the functional API
        (i.e. Color = Enum('Color', names='RED GREEN BLUE')).

When used for the functional API:

`value` will be the name of the new class.

`names` should be either a string of white-space/comma delimited names
        (values will start at `start`), or an iterator/mapping of name, value pairs.

`module` should be set to the module this class is being created in;
        if it is not set, an attempt to find that module will be made, but if
        it fails the class will not be picklable.

`qualname` should be set to the actual location this class can be found
        at in its module; by default it is set to the global scope.  If this is
        not correct, unpickling will fail in some circumstances.

`type`, if set, will be mixed in as the first base class.
        """
        if names is None:  # simple value lookup
            return cls.__new__(cls, value)
        # otherwise, functional API: we're creating a new Enum type
        return cls._create_(
                value,
                names,
                module=module,
                qualname=qualname,
                type=type,
                start=start,
                )

def __contains__(cls, member):
        if not isinstance(member, Enum):
            raise TypeError(
                "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': '%s' and '%s'" % (
                    type(member).__qualname__, cls.__class__.__qualname__))
        return isinstance(member, cls) and member._name_ in cls._member_map_

def __delattr__(cls, attr):
        # nicer error message when someone tries to delete an attribute
        # (see issue19025).
        if attr in cls._member_map_:
            raise AttributeError("%s: cannot delete Enum member." % cls.__name__)
        super().__delattr__(attr)

def __dir__(self):
        return (
                ['__class__', '__doc__', '__members__', '__module__']
                + self._member_names_
                )

def __getattr__(cls, name):
        """
        Return the enum member matching `name`

We use __getattr__ instead of descriptors or inserting into the enum
        class' __dict__ in order to support `name` and `value` being both
        properties for enum members (which live in the class' __dict__) and
        enum members themselves.
        """
        if _is_dunder(name):
            raise AttributeError(name)
        try:
            return cls._member_map_[name]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(name) from None

def __getitem__(cls, name):
        return cls._member_map_[name]

def __iter__(cls):
        """
        Returns members in definition order.
        """
        return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in cls._member_names_)

def __len__(cls):
        return len(cls._member_names_)

@property
    def __members__(cls):
        """
        Returns a mapping of member name->value.

This mapping lists all enum members, including aliases. Note that this
        is a read-only view of the internal mapping.
        """
        return MappingProxyType(cls._member_map_)

def __repr__(cls):
        return "<enum %r>" % cls.__name__

def __reversed__(cls):
        """
        Returns members in reverse definition order.
        """
        return (cls._member_map_[name] for name in reversed(cls._member_names_))

def __setattr__(cls, name, value):
        """
        Block attempts to reassign Enum members.

A simple assignment to the class namespace only changes one of the
        several possible ways to get an Enum member from the Enum class,
        resulting in an inconsistent Enumeration.
        """
        member_map = cls.__dict__.get('_member_map_', {})
        if name in member_map:
            raise AttributeError('Cannot reassign members.')
        super().__setattr__(name, value)

def _create_(cls, class_name, names, *, module=None, qualname=None, type=None, start=1):
        """
        Convenience method to create a new Enum class.

`names` can be:

* A string containing member names, separated either with spaces or
          commas.  Values are incremented by 1 from `start`.
        * An iterable of member names.  Values are incremented by 1 from `start`.
        * An iterable of (member name, value) pairs.
        * A mapping of member name -> value pairs.
        """
        metacls = cls.__class__
        bases = (cls, ) if type is None else (type, cls)
        _, first_enum = cls._get_mixins_(cls, bases)
        classdict = metacls.__prepare__(class_name, bases)

# special processing needed for names?
        if isinstance(names, str):
            names = names.replace(',', ' ').split()
        if isinstance(names, (tuple, list)) and names and isinstance(names[0], str):
            original_names, names = names, []
            last_values = []
            for count, name in enumerate(original_names):
                value = first_enum._generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values[:])
                last_values.append(value)
                names.append((name, value))

# Here, names is either an iterable of (name, value) or a mapping.
        for item in names:
            if isinstance(item, str):
                member_name, member_value = item, names[item]
            else:
                member_name, member_value = item
            classdict[member_name] = member_value
        enum_class = metacls.__new__(metacls, class_name, bases, classdict)

# TODO: replace the frame hack if a blessed way to know the calling
        # module is ever developed
        if module is None:
            try:
                module = sys._getframe(2).f_globals['__name__']
            except (AttributeError, ValueError, KeyError):
                pass
        if module is None:
            _make_class_unpicklable(enum_class)
        else:
            enum_class.__module__ = module
        if qualname is not None:
            enum_class.__qualname__ = qualname

return enum_class

def _convert_(cls, name, module, filter, source=None):
        """
        Create a new Enum subclass that replaces a collection of global constants
        """
        # convert all constants from source (or module) that pass filter() to
        # a new Enum called name, and export the enum and its members back to
        # module;
        # also, replace the __reduce_ex__ method so unpickling works in
        # previous Python versions
        module_globals = vars(sys.modules[module])
        if source:
            source = vars(source)
        else:
            source = module_globals
        # _value2member_map_ is populated in the same order every time
        # for a consistent reverse mapping of number to name when there
        # are multiple names for the same number.
        members = [
                (name, value)
                for name, value in source.items()
                if filter(name)]
        try:
            # sort by value
            members.sort(key=lambda t: (t[1], t[0]))
        except TypeError:
            # unless some values aren't comparable, in which case sort by name
            members.sort(key=lambda t: t[0])
        cls = cls(name, members, module=module)
        cls.__reduce_ex__ = _reduce_ex_by_name
        module_globals.update(cls.__members__)
        module_globals[name] = cls
        return cls

@staticmethod
    def _check_for_existing_members(class_name, bases):
        for chain in bases:
            for base in chain.__mro__:
                if issubclass(base, Enum) and base._member_names_:
                    raise TypeError(
                            "%s: cannot extend enumeration %r"
                            % (class_name, base.__name__)
                            )

@staticmethod
    def _get_mixins_(class_name, bases):
        """
        Returns the type for creating enum members, and the first inherited
        enum class.

bases: the tuple of bases that was given to __new__
        """
        if not bases:
            return object, Enum

def _find_data_type(bases):
            data_types = set()
            for chain in bases:
                candidate = None
                for base in chain.__mro__:
                    if base is object:
                        continue
                    elif issubclass(base, Enum):
                        if base._member_type_ is not object:
                            data_types.add(base._member_type_)
                            break
                    elif '__new__' in base.__dict__:
                        if issubclass(base, Enum):
                            continue
                        data_types.add(candidate or base)
                        break
                    else:
                        candidate = candidate or base
            if len(data_types) > 1:
                raise TypeError('%r: too many data types: %r' % (class_name, data_types))
            elif data_types:
                return data_types.pop()
            else:
                return None

# ensure final parent class is an Enum derivative, find any concrete
        # data type, and check that Enum has no members
        first_enum = bases[-1]
        if not issubclass(first_enum, Enum):
            raise TypeError("new enumerations should be created as "
                    "`EnumName([mixin_type, ...] [data_type,] enum_type)`")
        member_type = _find_data_type(bases) or object
        if first_enum._member_names_:
            raise TypeError("Cannot extend enumerations")
        return member_type, first_enum

@staticmethod
    def _find_new_(classdict, member_type, first_enum):
        """
        Returns the __new__ to be used for creating the enum members.

classdict: the class dictionary given to __new__
        member_type: the data type whose __new__ will be used by default
        first_enum: enumeration to check for an overriding __new__
        """
        # now find the correct __new__, checking to see of one was defined
        # by the user; also check earlier enum classes in case a __new__ was
        # saved as __new_member__
        __new__ = classdict.get('__new__', None)

# should __new__ be saved as __new_member__ later?
        save_new = __new__ is not None

if __new__ is None:
            # check all possibles for __new_member__ before falling back to
            # __new__
            for method in ('__new_member__', '__new__'):
                for possible in (member_type, first_enum):
                    target = getattr(possible, method, None)
                    if target not in {
                            None,
                            None.__new__,
                            object.__new__,
                            Enum.__new__,
                            }:
                        __new__ = target
                        break
                if __new__ is not None:
                    break
            else:
                __new__ = object.__new__

# if a non-object.__new__ is used then whatever value/tuple was
        # assigned to the enum member name will be passed to __new__ and to the
        # new enum member's __init__
        if __new__ is object.__new__:
            use_args = False
        else:
            use_args = True
        return __new__, save_new, use_args

class Enum(metaclass=EnumMeta):
    """
    Generic enumeration.

Derive from this class to define new enumerations.
    """
    def __new__(cls, value):
        # all enum instances are actually created during class construction
        # without calling this method; this method is called by the metaclass'
        # __call__ (i.e. Color(3) ), and by pickle
        if type(value) is cls:
            # For lookups like Color(Color.RED)
            return value
        # by-value search for a matching enum member
        # see if it's in the reverse mapping (for hashable values)
        try:
            return cls._value2member_map_[value]
        except KeyError:
            # Not found, no need to do long O(n) search
            pass
        except TypeError:
            # not there, now do long search -- O(n) behavior
            for member in cls._member_map_.values():
                if member._value_ == value:
                    return member
        # still not found -- try _missing_ hook
        try:
            exc = None
            result = cls._missing_(value)
        except Exception as e:
            exc = e
            result = None
        try:
            if isinstance(result, cls):
                return result
            else:
                ve_exc = ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__))
                if result is None and exc is None:
                    raise ve_exc
                elif exc is None:
                    exc = TypeError(
                            'error in %s._missing_: returned %r instead of None or a valid member'
                            % (cls.__name__, result)
                            )
                exc.__context__ = ve_exc
                raise exc
        finally:
            # ensure all variables that could hold an exception are destroyed
            exc = None
            ve_exc = None

def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
        """
        Generate the next value when not given.

name: the name of the member
        start: the initial start value or None
        count: the number of existing members
        last_value: the last value assigned or None
        """
        for last_value in reversed(last_values):
            try:
                return last_value + 1
            except TypeError:
                pass
        else:
            return start

@classmethod
    def _missing_(cls, value):
        return None

def __repr__(self):
        return "<%s.%s: %r>" % (
                self.__class__.__name__, self._name_, self._value_)

def __str__(self):
        return "%s.%s" % (self.__class__.__name__, self._name_)

def __dir__(self):
        """
        Returns all members and all public methods
        """
        added_behavior = [
                m
                for cls in self.__class__.mro()
                for m in cls.__dict__
                if m[0] != '_' and m not in self._member_map_
                ] + [m for m in self.__dict__ if m[0] != '_']
        return (['__class__', '__doc__', '__module__'] + added_behavior)

def __format__(self, format_spec):
        """
        Returns format using actual value type unless __str__ has been overridden.
        """
        # mixed-in Enums should use the mixed-in type's __format__, otherwise
        # we can get strange results with the Enum name showing up instead of
        # the value

# pure Enum branch, or branch with __str__ explicitly overridden
        str_overridden = type(self).__str__ not in (Enum.__str__, Flag.__str__)
        if self._member_type_ is object or str_overridden:
            cls = str
            val = str(self)
        # mix-in branch
        else:
            cls = self._member_type_
            val = self._value_
        return cls.__format__(val, format_spec)

def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self._name_)

def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
        return self.__class__, (self._value_, )

# DynamicClassAttribute is used to provide access to the `name` and
    # `value` properties of enum members while keeping some measure of
    # protection from modification, while still allowing for an enumeration
    # to have members named `name` and `value`.  This works because enumeration
    # members are not set directly on the enum class -- __getattr__ is
    # used to look them up.

@DynamicClassAttribute
    def name(self):
        """The name of the Enum member."""
        return self._name_

@DynamicClassAttribute
    def value(self):
        """The value of the Enum member."""
        return self._value_

class IntEnum(int, Enum):
    """Enum where members are also (and must be) ints"""

def _reduce_ex_by_name(self, proto):
    return self.name

class Flag(Enum):
    """
    Support for flags
    """

def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last_values):
        """
        Generate the next value when not given.

name: the name of the member
        start: the initial start value or None
        count: the number of existing members
        last_value: the last value assigned or None
        """
        if not count:
            return start if start is not None else 1
        for last_value in reversed(last_values):
            try:
                high_bit = _high_bit(last_value)
                break
            except Exception:
                raise TypeError('Invalid Flag value: %r' % last_value) from None
        return 2 ** (high_bit+1)

@classmethod
    def _missing_(cls, value):
        """
        Returns member (possibly creating it) if one can be found for value.
        """
        original_value = value
        if value < 0:
            value = ~value
        possible_member = cls._create_pseudo_member_(value)
        if original_value < 0:
            possible_member = ~possible_member
        return possible_member

@classmethod
    def _create_pseudo_member_(cls, value):
        """
        Create a composite member iff value contains only members.
        """
        pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.get(value, None)
        if pseudo_member is None:
            # verify all bits are accounted for
            _, extra_flags = _decompose(cls, value)
            if extra_flags:
                raise ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__))
            # construct a singleton enum pseudo-member
            pseudo_member = object.__new__(cls)
            pseudo_member._name_ = None
            pseudo_member._value_ = value
            # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite
            # with this value
            pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member)
        return pseudo_member

def __contains__(self, other):
        """
        Returns True if self has at least the same flags set as other.
        """
        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            raise TypeError(
                "unsupported operand type(s) for 'in': '%s' and '%s'" % (
                    type(other).__qualname__, self.__class__.__qualname__))
        return other._value_ & self._value_ == other._value_

def __repr__(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        if self._name_ is not None:
            return '<%s.%s: %r>' % (cls.__name__, self._name_, self._value_)
        members, uncovered = _decompose(cls, self._value_)
        return '<%s.%s: %r>' % (
                cls.__name__,
                '|'.join([str(m._name_ or m._value_) for m in members]),
                self._value_,
                )

def __str__(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        if self._name_ is not None:
            return '%s.%s' % (cls.__name__, self._name_)
        members, uncovered = _decompose(cls, self._value_)
        if len(members) == 1 and members[0]._name_ is None:
            return '%s.%r' % (cls.__name__, members[0]._value_)
        else:
            return '%s.%s' % (
                    cls.__name__,
                    '|'.join([str(m._name_ or m._value_) for m in members]),
                    )

def __bool__(self):
        return bool(self._value_)

def __or__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__class__(self._value_ | other._value_)

def __and__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__class__(self._value_ & other._value_)

def __xor__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__class__(self._value_ ^ other._value_)

def __invert__(self):
        members, uncovered = _decompose(self.__class__, self._value_)
        inverted = self.__class__(0)
        for m in self.__class__:
            if m not in members and not (m._value_ & self._value_):
                inverted = inverted | m
        return self.__class__(inverted)

class IntFlag(int, Flag):
    """
    Support for integer-based Flags
    """

@classmethod
    def _missing_(cls, value):
        """
        Returns member (possibly creating it) if one can be found for value.
        """
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise ValueError("%r is not a valid %s" % (value, cls.__qualname__))
        new_member = cls._create_pseudo_member_(value)
        return new_member

@classmethod
    def _create_pseudo_member_(cls, value):
        """
        Create a composite member iff value contains only members.
        """
        pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.get(value, None)
        if pseudo_member is None:
            need_to_create = [value]
            # get unaccounted for bits
            _, extra_flags = _decompose(cls, value)
            # timer = 10
            while extra_flags:
                # timer -= 1
                bit = _high_bit(extra_flags)
                flag_value = 2 ** bit
                if (flag_value not in cls._value2member_map_ and
                        flag_value not in need_to_create
                        ):
                    need_to_create.append(flag_value)
                if extra_flags == -flag_value:
                    extra_flags = 0
                else:
                    extra_flags ^= flag_value
            for value in reversed(need_to_create):
                # construct singleton pseudo-members
                pseudo_member = int.__new__(cls, value)
                pseudo_member._name_ = None
                pseudo_member._value_ = value
                # use setdefault in case another thread already created a composite
                # with this value
                pseudo_member = cls._value2member_map_.setdefault(value, pseudo_member)
        return pseudo_member

def __or__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)):
            return NotImplemented
        result = self.__class__(self._value_ | self.__class__(other)._value_)
        return result

def __and__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__class__(self._value_ & self.__class__(other)._value_)

def __xor__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, (self.__class__, int)):
            return NotImplemented
        return self.__class__(self._value_ ^ self.__class__(other)._value_)

__ror__ = __or__
    __rand__ = __and__
    __rxor__ = __xor__

def __invert__(self):
        result = self.__class__(~self._value_)
        return result

def _high_bit(value):
    """
    returns index of highest bit, or -1 if value is zero or negative
    """
    return value.bit_length() - 1

def unique(enumeration):
    """
    Class decorator for enumerations ensuring unique member values.
    """
    duplicates = []
    for name, member in enumeration.__members__.items():
        if name != member.name:
            duplicates.append((name, member.name))
    if duplicates:
        alias_details = ', '.join(
                ["%s -> %s" % (alias, name) for (alias, name) in duplicates])
        raise ValueError('duplicate values found in %r: %s' %
                (enumeration, alias_details))
    return enumeration

def _decompose(flag, value):
    """
    Extract all members from the value.
    """
    # _decompose is only called if the value is not named
    not_covered = value
    negative = value < 0
    members = []
    for member in flag:
        member_value = member.value
        if member_value and member_value & value == member_value:
            members.append(member)
            not_covered &= ~member_value
    if not negative:
        tmp = not_covered
        while tmp:
            flag_value = 2 ** _high_bit(tmp)
            if flag_value in flag._value2member_map_:
                members.append(flag._value2member_map_[flag_value])
                not_covered &= ~flag_value
            tmp &= ~flag_value
    if not members and value in flag._value2member_map_:
        members.append(flag._value2member_map_[value])
    members.sort(key=lambda m: m._value_, reverse=True)
    if len(members) > 1 and members[0].value == value:
        # we have the breakdown, don't need the value member itself
        members.pop(0)
    return members, not_covered

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