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Edit File : formatter.rb \| Size : 12.30 KB
# -- coding: us-ascii -- # frozen_string_literal: true # == \Random number formatter. # # Formats generated random numbers in many manners. When <tt>'random/formatter'</tt> # is required, several methods are added to empty core module <tt>Random::Formatter</tt>, # making them available as Random's instance and module methods. # # Standard library SecureRandom is also extended with the module, and the methods # described below are available as a module methods in it. # # === Examples # # Generate random hexadecimal strings: # # require 'random/formatter' # # prng = Random.new # prng.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362" # prng.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559" # prng.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23" # # or just # Random.hex #=> "1aed0c631e41be7f77365415541052ee" # # Generate random base64 strings: # # prng.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA==" # prng.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg==" # prng.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8" # Random.base64(4) #=> "bsQ3fQ==" # # Generate random binary strings: # # prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301" # prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337" # Random.random_bytes(6) #=> "\xA1\xE6Lr\xC43" # # Generate alphanumeric strings: # # prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "S8baxMJnPl" # prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "aOxAg8BAJe" # Random.alphanumeric #=> "TmP9OsJHJLtaZYhP" # # Generate UUIDs: # # prng.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594" # prng.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab" # Random.uuid #=> "f14e0271-de96-45cc-8911-8910292a42cd" # # All methods are available in the standard library SecureRandom, too: # # SecureRandom.hex #=> "05b45376a30c67238eb93b16499e50cf" module Random::Formatter # Generate a random binary string. # # The argument _n_ specifies the length of the result string. # # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. # It may be larger in future. # # The result may contain any byte: "\x00" - "\xff". # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFCWM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97" def random_bytes(n=nil) n = n ? n.to_int : 16 gen_random(n) end # Generate a random hexadecimal string. # # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number to be generated. # The length of the resulting hexadecimal string is twice of _n_. # # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. # It may be larger in the future. # # The result may contain 0-9 and a-f. # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.hex #=> "eb693ec8252cd630102fd0d0fb7c3485" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.hex #=> "91dc3bfb4de5b11d029d376634589b61" def hex(n=nil) random_bytes(n).unpack1("H") end # Generate a random base64 string. # # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number # to be generated. The length of the result string is about 4/3 of _n_. # # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. # It may be larger in the future. # # The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "+", "/" and "=". # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.base64 #=> "/2BuBuLf3+WfSKyQbRcc/A==" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.base64 #=> "6BbW0pxO0YENxn38HMUbcQ==" # # See RFC 3548 for the definition of base64. def base64(n=nil) [random_bytes(n)].pack("m0") end # Generate a random URL-safe base64 string. # # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number # to be generated. The length of the result string is about 4/3 of _n_. # # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. # It may be larger in the future. # # The boolean argument _padding_ specifies the padding. # If it is false or nil, padding is not generated. # Otherwise padding is generated. # By default, padding is not generated because "=" may be used as a URL delimiter. # # The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "-" and "_". # "=" is also used if _padding_ is true. # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.urlsafe_base64 #=> "b4GOKm4pOYU_-BOXcrUGDg" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.urlsafe_base64 #=> "UZLdOkzop70Ddx-IJR0ABg" # # prng.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "i0XQ-7gglIsHGV2_BNPrdQ==" # prng.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "-M8rLhr7JEpJlqFGUMmOxg==" # # See RFC 3548 for the definition of URL-safe base64. def urlsafe_base64(n=nil, padding=false) s = [random_bytes(n)].pack("m0") s.tr!("+/", "-_") s.delete!("=") unless padding s end # Generate a random v4 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier). # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594" # Random.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.uuid #=> "62936e70-1815-439b-bf89-8492855a7e6b" # # The version 4 UUID is purely random (except the version). # It doesn't contain meaningful information such as MAC addresses, timestamps, etc. # # The result contains 122 random bits (15.25 random bytes). # # See RFC9562[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562] for details of UUIDv4. # def uuid ary = random_bytes(16) ary.setbyte(6, (ary.getbyte(6) & 0x0f) \| 0x40) ary.setbyte(8, (ary.getbyte(8) & 0x3f) \| 0x80) ary.unpack("H8H4H4H4H12").join(?-) end alias uuid_v4 uuid # Generate a random v7 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier). # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1311-7f96-85c7-242a7aa58f1e" # Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-16fe-744f-86af-38fa04c62bb5" # Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1af8-764f-b049-c204ce0afa23" # Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1e74-7085-b14f-ef6415dc6f31" # # \|<--sorted-->\| \|<----- random ---->\| # # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.uuid_v7 # => "0188ca51-5e72-7950-a11d-def7ff977c98" # # The version 7 UUID starts with the least significant 48 bits of a 64 bit # Unix timestamp (milliseconds since the epoch) and fills the remaining bits # with random data, excluding the version and variant bits. # # This allows version 7 UUIDs to be sorted by creation time. Time ordered # UUIDs can be used for better database index locality of newly inserted # records, which may have a significant performance benefit compared to random # data inserts. # # The result contains 74 random bits (9.25 random bytes). # # Note that this method cannot be made reproducible because its output # includes not only random bits but also timestamp. # # See RFC9562[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562] for details of UUIDv7. # # ==== Monotonicity # # UUIDv7 has millisecond precision by default, so multiple UUIDs created # within the same millisecond are not issued in monotonically increasing # order. To create UUIDs that are time-ordered with sub-millisecond # precision, up to 12 bits of additional timestamp may added with # +extra_timestamp_bits+. The extra timestamp precision comes at the expense # of random bits. Setting <tt>extra_timestamp_bits: 12</tt> provides ~244ns # of precision, but only 62 random bits (7.75 random bytes). # # prng = Random.new # Array.new(4) { prng.uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 12) } # # => # ["0188d4c7-13da-74f9-8b53-22a786ffdd5a", # "0188d4c7-13da-753b-83a5-7fb9b2afaeea", # "0188d4c7-13da-754a-88ea-ac0baeedd8db", # "0188d4c7-13da-7557-83e1-7cad9cda0d8d"] # # \|<--- sorted --->\| \|<-- random --->\| # # Array.new(4) { prng.uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 8) } # # => # ["0188d4c7-3333-7a95-850a-de6edb858f7e", # "0188d4c7-3333-7ae8-842e-bc3a8b7d0cf9", # <- out of order # "0188d4c7-3333-7ae2-995a-9f135dc44ead", # <- out of order # "0188d4c7-3333-7af9-87c3-8f612edac82e"] # # \|<--- sorted -->\|\|<---- random --->\| # # Any rollbacks of the system clock will break monotonicity. UUIDv7 is based # on UTC, which excludes leap seconds and can rollback the clock. To avoid # this, the system clock can synchronize with an NTP server configured to use # a "leap smear" approach. NTP or PTP will also be needed to synchronize # across distributed nodes. # # Counters and other mechanisms for stronger guarantees of monotonicity are # not implemented. Applications with stricter requirements should follow # {Section 6.2}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562.html#name-monotonicity-and-counters] # of the specification. # def uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 0) case (extra_timestamp_bits = Integer(extra_timestamp_bits)) when 0 # min timestamp precision ms = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :millisecond) rand = random_bytes(10) rand.setbyte(0, rand.getbyte(0) & 0x0f \| 0x70) # version rand.setbyte(2, rand.getbyte(2) & 0x3f \| 0x80) # variant "%08x-%04x-%s" % [ (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16, (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff), rand.unpack("H4H4H12").join("-") ] when 12 # max timestamp precision ms, ns = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond) .divmod(1_000_000) extra_bits = ns * 4096 / 1_000_000 rand = random_bytes(8) rand.setbyte(0, rand.getbyte(0) & 0x3f \| 0x80) # variant "%08x-%04x-7%03x-%s" % [ (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16, (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff), extra_bits, rand.unpack("H4H12").join("-") ] when (0..12) # the generic version is slower than the special cases above rand_a, rand_b1, rand_b2, rand_b3 = random_bytes(10).unpack("nnnN") rand_mask_bits = 12 - extra_timestamp_bits ms, ns = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond) .divmod(1_000_000) "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % [ (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16, (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff), 0x7000 \| ((ns * (1 << extra_timestamp_bits) / 1_000_000) << rand_mask_bits) \| rand_a & ((1 << rand_mask_bits) - 1), 0x8000 \| (rand_b1 & 0x3fff), rand_b2, rand_b3 ] else raise ArgumentError, "extra_timestamp_bits must be in 0..12" end end # Internal interface to Random; Generate random data _n_ bytes. private def gen_random(n) self.bytes(n) end # Generate a string that randomly draws from a # source array of characters. # # The argument _source_ specifies the array of characters from which # to generate the string. # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in characters, of the string to be # generated. # # The result may contain whatever characters are in the source array. # # require 'random/formatter' # # prng.choose(['l'..'r'], 16) #=> "lmrqpoonmmlqlron" # prng.choose(['0'..'9'], 5) #=> "27309" private def choose(source, n) size = source.size m = 1 limit = size while limit * size <= 0x100000000 limit = size m += 1 end result = ''.dup while m <= n rs = random_number(limit) is = rs.digits(size) (m-is.length).times { is << 0 } result << source.values_at(is).join('') n -= m end if 0 < n rs = random_number(limit) is = rs.digits(size) if is.length < n (n-is.length).times { is << 0 } else is.pop while n < is.length end result.concat source.values_at(is).join('') end result end # The default character list for #alphanumeric. ALPHANUMERIC = ['A'..'Z', 'a'..'z', '0'..'9'].map(&:freeze).freeze # Generate a random alphanumeric string. # # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in characters, of the alphanumeric # string to be generated. # The argument _chars_ specifies the character list which the result is # consist of. # # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed. # It may be larger in the future. # # The result may contain A-Z, a-z and 0-9, unless _chars_ is specified. # # require 'random/formatter' # # Random.alphanumeric #=> "2BuBuLf3WfSKyQbR" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "i6K93NdqiH" # # Random.alphanumeric(4, chars: ["0".."9"]) #=> "2952" # # or # prng = Random.new # prng.alphanumeric(10, chars: ["!".."/"]) #=> ",.,++%/''." def alphanumeric(n = nil, chars: ALPHANUMERIC) n = 16 if n.nil? choose(chars, n) end end Back

Edit File : formatter.rb | Size : 12.30 KB

# -*- coding: us-ascii -*-
# frozen_string_literal: true

# == \Random number formatter.
#
# Formats generated random numbers in many manners. When <tt>'random/formatter'</tt>
# is required, several methods are added to empty core module <tt>Random::Formatter</tt>,
# making them available as Random's instance and module methods.
#
# Standard library SecureRandom is also extended with the module, and the methods
# described below are available as a module methods in it.
#
# === Examples
#
# Generate random hexadecimal strings:
#
#   require 'random/formatter'
#
#   prng = Random.new
#   prng.hex(10) #=> "52750b30ffbc7de3b362"
#   prng.hex(10) #=> "92b15d6c8dc4beb5f559"
#   prng.hex(13) #=> "39b290146bea6ce975c37cfc23"
#   # or just
#   Random.hex #=> "1aed0c631e41be7f77365415541052ee"
#
# Generate random base64 strings:
#
#   prng.base64(10) #=> "EcmTPZwWRAozdA=="
#   prng.base64(10) #=> "KO1nIU+p9DKxGg=="
#   prng.base64(12) #=> "7kJSM/MzBJI+75j8"
#   Random.base64(4) #=> "bsQ3fQ=="
#
# Generate random binary strings:
#
#   prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\016\t{\370g\310pbr\301"
#   prng.random_bytes(10) #=> "\323U\030TO\234\357\020\a\337"
#   Random.random_bytes(6) #=> "\xA1\xE6Lr\xC43"
#
# Generate alphanumeric strings:
#
#   prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "S8baxMJnPl"
#   prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "aOxAg8BAJe"
#   Random.alphanumeric #=> "TmP9OsJHJLtaZYhP"
#
# Generate UUIDs:
#
#   prng.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
#   prng.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
#   Random.uuid #=> "f14e0271-de96-45cc-8911-8910292a42cd"
#
# All methods are available in the standard library SecureRandom, too:
#
#   SecureRandom.hex #=> "05b45376a30c67238eb93b16499e50cf"

module Random::Formatter

# Generate a random binary string.
  #
  # The argument _n_ specifies the length of the result string.
  #
  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed.
  # It may be larger in future.
  #
  # The result may contain any byte: "\x00" - "\xff".
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.random_bytes #=> "\xD8\\\xE0\xF4\r\xB2\xFC*WM\xFF\x83\x18\xF45\xB6"
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.random_bytes #=> "m\xDC\xFC/\a\x00Uf\xB2\xB2P\xBD\xFF6S\x97"
  def random_bytes(n=nil)
    n = n ? n.to_int : 16
    gen_random(n)
  end

# Generate a random hexadecimal string.
  #
  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number to be generated.
  # The length of the resulting hexadecimal string is twice of _n_.
  #
  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed.
  # It may be larger in the future.
  #
  # The result may contain 0-9 and a-f.
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.hex #=> "eb693ec8252cd630102fd0d0fb7c3485"
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.hex #=> "91dc3bfb4de5b11d029d376634589b61"
  def hex(n=nil)
    random_bytes(n).unpack1("H*")
  end

# Generate a random base64 string.
  #
  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number
  # to be generated. The length of the result string is about 4/3 of _n_.
  #
  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed.
  # It may be larger in the future.
  #
  # The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "+", "/" and "=".
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.base64 #=> "/2BuBuLf3+WfSKyQbRcc/A=="
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.base64 #=> "6BbW0pxO0YENxn38HMUbcQ=="
  #
  # See RFC 3548 for the definition of base64.
  def base64(n=nil)
    [random_bytes(n)].pack("m0")
  end

# Generate a random URL-safe base64 string.
  #
  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in bytes, of the random number
  # to be generated. The length of the result string is about 4/3 of _n_.
  #
  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed.
  # It may be larger in the future.
  #
  # The boolean argument _padding_ specifies the padding.
  # If it is false or nil, padding is not generated.
  # Otherwise padding is generated.
  # By default, padding is not generated because "=" may be used as a URL delimiter.
  #
  # The result may contain A-Z, a-z, 0-9, "-" and "_".
  # "=" is also used if _padding_ is true.
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.urlsafe_base64 #=> "b4GOKm4pOYU_-BOXcrUGDg"
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.urlsafe_base64 #=> "UZLdOkzop70Ddx-IJR0ABg"
  #
  #   prng.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "i0XQ-7gglIsHGV2_BNPrdQ=="
  #   prng.urlsafe_base64(nil, true) #=> "-M8rLhr7JEpJlqFGUMmOxg=="
  #
  # See RFC 3548 for the definition of URL-safe base64.
  def urlsafe_base64(n=nil, padding=false)
    s = [random_bytes(n)].pack("m0")
    s.tr!("+/", "-_")
    s.delete!("=") unless padding
    s
  end

# Generate a random v4 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.uuid #=> "2d931510-d99f-494a-8c67-87feb05e1594"
  #   Random.uuid #=> "bad85eb9-0713-4da7-8d36-07a8e4b00eab"
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.uuid #=> "62936e70-1815-439b-bf89-8492855a7e6b"
  #
  # The version 4 UUID is purely random (except the version).
  # It doesn't contain meaningful information such as MAC addresses, timestamps, etc.
  #
  # The result contains 122 random bits (15.25 random bytes).
  #
  # See RFC9562[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562] for details of UUIDv4.
  #
  def uuid
    ary = random_bytes(16)
    ary.setbyte(6, (ary.getbyte(6) & 0x0f) | 0x40)
    ary.setbyte(8, (ary.getbyte(8) & 0x3f) | 0x80)
    ary.unpack("H8H4H4H4H12").join(?-)
  end

alias uuid_v4 uuid

# Generate a random v7 UUID (Universally Unique IDentifier).
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1311-7f96-85c7-242a7aa58f1e"
  #   Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-16fe-744f-86af-38fa04c62bb5"
  #   Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1af8-764f-b049-c204ce0afa23"
  #   Random.uuid_v7 # => "0188d4c3-1e74-7085-b14f-ef6415dc6f31"
  #   #                    |<--sorted-->| |<----- random ---->|
  #
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.uuid_v7 # => "0188ca51-5e72-7950-a11d-def7ff977c98"
  #
  # The version 7 UUID starts with the least significant 48 bits of a 64 bit
  # Unix timestamp (milliseconds since the epoch) and fills the remaining bits
  # with random data, excluding the version and variant bits.
  #
  # This allows version 7 UUIDs to be sorted by creation time.  Time ordered
  # UUIDs can be used for better database index locality of newly inserted
  # records, which may have a significant performance benefit compared to random
  # data inserts.
  #
  # The result contains 74 random bits (9.25 random bytes).
  #
  # Note that this method cannot be made reproducible because its output
  # includes not only random bits but also timestamp.
  #
  # See RFC9562[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562] for details of UUIDv7.
  #
  # ==== Monotonicity
  #
  # UUIDv7 has millisecond precision by default, so multiple UUIDs created
  # within the same millisecond are not issued in monotonically increasing
  # order.  To create UUIDs that are time-ordered with sub-millisecond
  # precision, up to 12 bits of additional timestamp may added with
  # +extra_timestamp_bits+.  The extra timestamp precision comes at the expense
  # of random bits.  Setting <tt>extra_timestamp_bits: 12</tt> provides ~244ns
  # of precision, but only 62 random bits (7.75 random bytes).
  #
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   Array.new(4) { prng.uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 12) }
  #   # =>
  #   ["0188d4c7-13da-74f9-8b53-22a786ffdd5a",
  #    "0188d4c7-13da-753b-83a5-7fb9b2afaeea",
  #    "0188d4c7-13da-754a-88ea-ac0baeedd8db",
  #    "0188d4c7-13da-7557-83e1-7cad9cda0d8d"]
  #   # |<--- sorted --->| |<-- random --->|
  #
  #   Array.new(4) { prng.uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 8) }
  #   # =>
  #   ["0188d4c7-3333-7a95-850a-de6edb858f7e",
  #    "0188d4c7-3333-7ae8-842e-bc3a8b7d0cf9",  # <- out of order
  #    "0188d4c7-3333-7ae2-995a-9f135dc44ead",  # <- out of order
  #    "0188d4c7-3333-7af9-87c3-8f612edac82e"]
  #   # |<--- sorted -->||<---- random --->|
  #
  # Any rollbacks of the system clock will break monotonicity.  UUIDv7 is based
  # on UTC, which excludes leap seconds and can rollback the clock.  To avoid
  # this, the system clock can synchronize with an NTP server configured to use
  # a "leap smear" approach.  NTP or PTP will also be needed to synchronize
  # across distributed nodes.
  #
  # Counters and other mechanisms for stronger guarantees of monotonicity are
  # not implemented.  Applications with stricter requirements should follow
  # {Section 6.2}[https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562.html#name-monotonicity-and-counters]
  # of the specification.
  #
  def uuid_v7(extra_timestamp_bits: 0)
    case (extra_timestamp_bits = Integer(extra_timestamp_bits))
    when 0 # min timestamp precision
      ms = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :millisecond)
      rand = random_bytes(10)
      rand.setbyte(0, rand.getbyte(0) & 0x0f | 0x70) # version
      rand.setbyte(2, rand.getbyte(2) & 0x3f | 0x80) # variant
      "%08x-%04x-%s" % [
        (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16,
        (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff),
        rand.unpack("H4H4H12").join("-")
      ]

when 12 # max timestamp precision
      ms, ns = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
        .divmod(1_000_000)
      extra_bits = ns * 4096 / 1_000_000
      rand = random_bytes(8)
      rand.setbyte(0, rand.getbyte(0) & 0x3f | 0x80) # variant
      "%08x-%04x-7%03x-%s" % [
        (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16,
        (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff),
        extra_bits,
        rand.unpack("H4H12").join("-")
      ]

when (0..12) # the generic version is slower than the special cases above
      rand_a, rand_b1, rand_b2, rand_b3 = random_bytes(10).unpack("nnnN")
      rand_mask_bits = 12 - extra_timestamp_bits
      ms, ns = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME, :nanosecond)
        .divmod(1_000_000)
      "%08x-%04x-%04x-%04x-%04x%08x" % [
        (ms & 0x0000_ffff_ffff_0000) >> 16,
        (ms & 0x0000_0000_0000_ffff),
        0x7000 |
          ((ns * (1 << extra_timestamp_bits) / 1_000_000) << rand_mask_bits) |
          rand_a & ((1 << rand_mask_bits) - 1),
        0x8000 | (rand_b1 & 0x3fff),
        rand_b2,
        rand_b3
      ]

else
      raise ArgumentError, "extra_timestamp_bits must be in 0..12"
    end
  end

# Internal interface to Random; Generate random data _n_ bytes.
  private def gen_random(n)
    self.bytes(n)
  end

# Generate a string that randomly draws from a
  # source array of characters.
  #
  # The argument _source_ specifies the array of characters from which
  # to generate the string.
  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in characters, of the string to be
  # generated.
  #
  # The result may contain whatever characters are in the source array.
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   prng.choose([*'l'..'r'], 16) #=> "lmrqpoonmmlqlron"
  #   prng.choose([*'0'..'9'], 5)  #=> "27309"
  private def choose(source, n)
    size = source.size
    m = 1
    limit = size
    while limit * size <= 0x100000000
      limit *= size
      m += 1
    end
    result = ''.dup
    while m <= n
      rs = random_number(limit)
      is = rs.digits(size)
      (m-is.length).times { is << 0 }
      result << source.values_at(*is).join('')
      n -= m
    end
    if 0 < n
      rs = random_number(limit)
      is = rs.digits(size)
      if is.length < n
        (n-is.length).times { is << 0 }
      else
        is.pop while n < is.length
      end
      result.concat source.values_at(*is).join('')
    end
    result
  end

# The default character list for #alphanumeric.
  ALPHANUMERIC = [*'A'..'Z', *'a'..'z', *'0'..'9'].map(&:freeze).freeze

# Generate a random alphanumeric string.
  #
  # The argument _n_ specifies the length, in characters, of the alphanumeric
  # string to be generated.
  # The argument _chars_ specifies the character list which the result is
  # consist of.
  #
  # If _n_ is not specified or is nil, 16 is assumed.
  # It may be larger in the future.
  #
  # The result may contain A-Z, a-z and 0-9, unless _chars_ is specified.
  #
  #   require 'random/formatter'
  #
  #   Random.alphanumeric     #=> "2BuBuLf3WfSKyQbR"
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.alphanumeric(10) #=> "i6K93NdqiH"
  #
  #   Random.alphanumeric(4, chars: [*"0".."9"]) #=> "2952"
  #   # or
  #   prng = Random.new
  #   prng.alphanumeric(10, chars: [*"!".."/"]) #=> ",.,++%/''."
  def alphanumeric(n = nil, chars: ALPHANUMERIC)
    n = 16 if n.nil?
    choose(chars, n)
  end
end

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