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Edit File : ntpath.py \| Size : 29.51 KB
# Module 'ntpath' -- common operations on WinNT/Win95 pathnames """Common pathname manipulations, WindowsNT/95 version. Instead of importing this module directly, import os and refer to this module as os.path. """ # strings representing various path-related bits and pieces # These are primarily for export; internally, they are hardcoded. # Should be set before imports for resolving cyclic dependency. curdir = '.' pardir = '..' extsep = '.' sep = '\\' pathsep = ';' altsep = '/' defpath = '.;C:\\bin' devnull = 'nul' import os import sys import stat import genericpath from genericpath import * __all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext", "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime", "getatime","getctime", "islink","exists","lexists","isdir","isfile", "ismount", "expanduser","expandvars","normpath","abspath", "curdir","pardir","sep","pathsep","defpath","altsep", "extsep","devnull","realpath","supports_unicode_filenames","relpath", "samefile", "sameopenfile", "samestat", "commonpath"] def _get_bothseps(path): if isinstance(path, bytes): return b'\\/' else: return '\\/' # Normalize the case of a pathname and map slashes to backslashes. # Other normalizations (such as optimizing '../' away) are not done # (this is done by normpath). try: from _winapi import ( LCMapStringEx as _LCMapStringEx, LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT as _LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT, LCMAP_LOWERCASE as _LCMAP_LOWERCASE) def normcase(s): """Normalize case of pathname. Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes. """ s = os.fspath(s) if not s: return s if isinstance(s, bytes): encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding() s = s.decode(encoding, 'surrogateescape').replace('/', '\\') s = _LCMapStringEx(_LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT, _LCMAP_LOWERCASE, s) return s.encode(encoding, 'surrogateescape') else: return _LCMapStringEx(_LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT, _LCMAP_LOWERCASE, s.replace('/', '\\')) except ImportError: def normcase(s): """Normalize case of pathname. Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes. """ s = os.fspath(s) if isinstance(s, bytes): return os.fsencode(os.fsdecode(s).replace('/', '\\').lower()) return s.replace('/', '\\').lower() # Return whether a path is absolute. # Trivial in Posix, harder on Windows. # For Windows it is absolute if it starts with a slash or backslash (current # volume), or if a pathname after the volume-letter-and-colon or UNC-resource # starts with a slash or backslash. def isabs(s): """Test whether a path is absolute""" s = os.fspath(s) if isinstance(s, bytes): sep = b'\\' altsep = b'/' colon_sep = b':\\' else: sep = '\\' altsep = '/' colon_sep = ':\\' s = s[:3].replace(altsep, sep) # Absolute: UNC, device, and paths with a drive and root. # LEGACY BUG: isabs("/x") should be false since the path has no drive. if s.startswith(sep) or s.startswith(colon_sep, 1): return True return False # Join two (or more) paths. def join(path, paths): path = os.fspath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): sep = b'\\' seps = b'\\/' colon = b':' else: sep = '\\' seps = '\\/' colon = ':' try: if not paths: path[:0] + sep #23780: Ensure compatible data type even if p is null. result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path) for p in map(os.fspath, paths): p_drive, p_path = splitdrive(p) if p_path and p_path[0] in seps: # Second path is absolute if p_drive or not result_drive: result_drive = p_drive result_path = p_path continue elif p_drive and p_drive != result_drive: if p_drive.lower() != result_drive.lower(): # Different drives => ignore the first path entirely result_drive = p_drive result_path = p_path continue # Same drive in different case result_drive = p_drive # Second path is relative to the first if result_path and result_path[-1] not in seps: result_path = result_path + sep result_path = result_path + p_path ## add separator between UNC and non-absolute path if (result_path and result_path[0] not in seps and result_drive and result_drive[-1:] != colon): return result_drive + sep + result_path return result_drive + result_path except (TypeError, AttributeError, BytesWarning): genericpath._check_arg_types('join', path, paths) raise # Split a path in a drive specification (a drive letter followed by a # colon) and the path specification. # It is always true that drivespec + pathspec == p def splitdrive(p): """Split a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path specifiers. Returns a 2-tuple (drive_or_unc, path); either part may be empty. If you assign result = splitdrive(p) It is always true that: result[0] + result[1] == p If the path contained a drive letter, drive_or_unc will contain everything up to and including the colon. e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir") If the path contained a UNC path, the drive_or_unc will contain the host name and share up to but not including the fourth directory separator character. e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir") Paths cannot contain both a drive letter and a UNC path. """ p = os.fspath(p) if len(p) >= 2: if isinstance(p, bytes): sep = b'\\' altsep = b'/' colon = b':' unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\' else: sep = '\\' altsep = '/' colon = ':' unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\' normp = p.replace(altsep, sep) if normp[0:2] == sep * 2: # UNC drives, e.g. \\server\share or \\?\UNC\server\share # Device drives, e.g. \\.\device or \\?\device start = 8 if normp[:8].upper() == unc_prefix else 2 index = normp.find(sep, start) if index == -1: return p, p[:0] index2 = normp.find(sep, index + 1) if index2 == -1: return p, p[:0] return p[:index2], p[index2:] if normp[1:2] == colon: # Drive-letter drives, e.g. X: return p[:2], p[2:] return p[:0], p # Split a path in head (everything up to the last '/') and tail (the # rest). After the trailing '/' is stripped, the invariant # join(head, tail) == p holds. # The resulting head won't end in '/' unless it is the root. def split(p): """Split a pathname. Return tuple (head, tail) where tail is everything after the final slash. Either part may be empty.""" p = os.fspath(p) seps = _get_bothseps(p) d, p = splitdrive(p) # set i to index beyond p's last slash i = len(p) while i and p[i-1] not in seps: i -= 1 head, tail = p[:i], p[i:] # now tail has no slashes # remove trailing slashes from head, unless it's all slashes head = head.rstrip(seps) or head return d + head, tail # Split a path in root and extension. # The extension is everything starting at the last dot in the last # pathname component; the root is everything before that. # It is always true that root + ext == p. def splitext(p): p = os.fspath(p) if isinstance(p, bytes): return genericpath._splitext(p, b'\\', b'/', b'.') else: return genericpath._splitext(p, '\\', '/', '.') splitext.__doc__ = genericpath._splitext.__doc__ # Return the tail (basename) part of a path. def basename(p): """Returns the final component of a pathname""" return split(p)[1] # Return the head (dirname) part of a path. def dirname(p): """Returns the directory component of a pathname""" return split(p)[0] # Is a path a symbolic link? # This will always return false on systems where os.lstat doesn't exist. def islink(path): """Test whether a path is a symbolic link. This will always return false for Windows prior to 6.0. """ try: st = os.lstat(path) except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError): return False return stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) # Being true for dangling symbolic links is also useful. def lexists(path): """Test whether a path exists. Returns True for broken symbolic links""" try: st = os.lstat(path) except (OSError, ValueError): return False return True # Is a path a mount point? # Any drive letter root (eg c:\) # Any share UNC (eg \\server\share) # Any volume mounted on a filesystem folder # # No one method detects all three situations. Historically we've lexically # detected drive letter roots and share UNCs. The canonical approach to # detecting mounted volumes (querying the reparse tag) fails for the most # common case: drive letter roots. The alternative which uses GetVolumePathName # fails if the drive letter is the result of a SUBST. try: from nt import _getvolumepathname except ImportError: _getvolumepathname = None def ismount(path): """Test whether a path is a mount point (a drive root, the root of a share, or a mounted volume)""" path = os.fspath(path) seps = _get_bothseps(path) path = abspath(path) root, rest = splitdrive(path) if root and root[0] in seps: return (not rest) or (rest in seps) if rest and rest in seps: return True if _getvolumepathname: x = path.rstrip(seps) y =_getvolumepathname(path).rstrip(seps) return x.casefold() == y.casefold() else: return False # Expand paths beginning with '~' or '~user'. # '~' means $HOME; '~user' means that user's home directory. # If the path doesn't begin with '~', or if the user or $HOME is unknown, # the path is returned unchanged (leaving error reporting to whatever # function is called with the expanded path as argument). # See also module 'glob' for expansion of , ? and [...] in pathnames. # (A function should also be defined to do full sh-style environment # variable expansion.) def expanduser(path): """Expand ~ and ~user constructs. If user or $HOME is unknown, do nothing.""" path = os.fspath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): tilde = b'~' else: tilde = '~' if not path.startswith(tilde): return path i, n = 1, len(path) while i < n and path[i] not in _get_bothseps(path): i += 1 if 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ: userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE'] elif not 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ: return path else: try: drive = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE'] except KeyError: drive = '' userhome = join(drive, os.environ['HOMEPATH']) if i != 1: #~user target_user = path[1:i] if isinstance(target_user, bytes): target_user = os.fsdecode(target_user) current_user = os.environ.get('USERNAME') if target_user != current_user: # Try to guess user home directory. By default all user # profile directories are located in the same place and are # named by corresponding usernames. If userhome isn't a # normal profile directory, this guess is likely wrong, # so we bail out. if current_user != basename(userhome): return path userhome = join(dirname(userhome), target_user) if isinstance(path, bytes): userhome = os.fsencode(userhome) return userhome + path[i:] # Expand paths containing shell variable substitutions. # The following rules apply: # - no expansion within single quotes # - '$$' is translated into '$' # - '%%' is translated into '%' if '%%' are not seen in %var1%%var2% # - ${varname} is accepted. # - $varname is accepted. # - %varname% is accepted. # - varnames can be made out of letters, digits and the characters '_-' # (though is not verified in the ${varname} and %varname% cases) # XXX With COMMAND.COM you can use any characters in a variable name, # XXX except '^\|<>='. def expandvars(path): """Expand shell variables of the forms $var, ${var} and %var%. Unknown variables are left unchanged.""" path = os.fspath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): if b'$' not in path and b'%' not in path: return path import string varchars = bytes(string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-', 'ascii') quote = b'\'' percent = b'%' brace = b'{' rbrace = b'}' dollar = b'$' environ = getattr(os, 'environb', None) else: if '$' not in path and '%' not in path: return path import string varchars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-' quote = '\'' percent = '%' brace = '{' rbrace = '}' dollar = '$' environ = os.environ res = path[:0] index = 0 pathlen = len(path) while index < pathlen: c = path[index:index+1] if c == quote: # no expansion within single quotes path = path[index + 1:] pathlen = len(path) try: index = path.index(c) res += c + path[:index + 1] except ValueError: res += c + path index = pathlen - 1 elif c == percent: # variable or '%' if path[index + 1:index + 2] == percent: res += c index += 1 else: path = path[index+1:] pathlen = len(path) try: index = path.index(percent) except ValueError: res += percent + path index = pathlen - 1 else: var = path[:index] try: if environ is None: value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)]) else: value = environ[var] except KeyError: value = percent + var + percent res += value elif c == dollar: # variable or '$$' if path[index + 1:index + 2] == dollar: res += c index += 1 elif path[index + 1:index + 2] == brace: path = path[index+2:] pathlen = len(path) try: index = path.index(rbrace) except ValueError: res += dollar + brace + path index = pathlen - 1 else: var = path[:index] try: if environ is None: value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)]) else: value = environ[var] except KeyError: value = dollar + brace + var + rbrace res += value else: var = path[:0] index += 1 c = path[index:index + 1] while c and c in varchars: var += c index += 1 c = path[index:index + 1] try: if environ is None: value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)]) else: value = environ[var] except KeyError: value = dollar + var res += value if c: index -= 1 else: res += c index += 1 return res # Normalize a path, e.g. A//B, A/./B and A/foo/../B all become A\B. # Previously, this function also truncated pathnames to 8+3 format, # but as this module is called "ntpath", that's obviously wrong! try: from nt import _path_normpath except ImportError: def normpath(path): """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc.""" path = os.fspath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): sep = b'\\' altsep = b'/' curdir = b'.' pardir = b'..' else: sep = '\\' altsep = '/' curdir = '.' pardir = '..' path = path.replace(altsep, sep) prefix, path = splitdrive(path) # collapse initial backslashes if path.startswith(sep): prefix += sep path = path.lstrip(sep) comps = path.split(sep) i = 0 while i < len(comps): if not comps[i] or comps[i] == curdir: del comps[i] elif comps[i] == pardir: if i > 0 and comps[i-1] != pardir: del comps[i-1:i+1] i -= 1 elif i == 0 and prefix.endswith(sep): del comps[i] else: i += 1 else: i += 1 # If the path is now empty, substitute '.' if not prefix and not comps: comps.append(curdir) return prefix + sep.join(comps) else: def normpath(path): """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc.""" path = os.fspath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): return os.fsencode(_path_normpath(os.fsdecode(path))) or b"." return _path_normpath(path) or "." def _abspath_fallback(path): """Return the absolute version of a path as a fallback function in case `nt._getfullpathname` is not available or raises OSError. See bpo-31047 for more. """ path = os.fspath(path) if not isabs(path): if isinstance(path, bytes): cwd = os.getcwdb() else: cwd = os.getcwd() path = join(cwd, path) return normpath(path) # Return an absolute path. try: from nt import _getfullpathname except ImportError: # not running on Windows - mock up something sensible abspath = _abspath_fallback else: # use native Windows method on Windows def abspath(path): """Return the absolute version of a path.""" try: return _getfullpathname(normpath(path)) except (OSError, ValueError): return _abspath_fallback(path) try: from nt import _getfinalpathname, readlink as _nt_readlink except ImportError: # realpath is a no-op on systems without _getfinalpathname support. realpath = abspath else: def _readlink_deep(path): # These error codes indicate that we should stop reading links and # return the path we currently have. # 1: ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION # 2: ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND # 3: ERROR_DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND # 5: ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED # 21: ERROR_NOT_READY (implies drive with no media) # 32: ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION (probably an NTFS paging file) # 50: ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED (implies no support for reparse points) # 67: ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME (implies remote server unavailable) # 87: ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER # 4390: ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT # 4392: ERROR_INVALID_REPARSE_DATA # 4393: ERROR_REPARSE_TAG_INVALID allowed_winerror = 1, 2, 3, 5, 21, 32, 50, 67, 87, 4390, 4392, 4393 seen = set() while normcase(path) not in seen: seen.add(normcase(path)) try: old_path = path path = _nt_readlink(path) # Links may be relative, so resolve them against their # own location if not isabs(path): # If it's something other than a symlink, we don't know # what it's actually going to be resolved against, so # just return the old path. if not islink(old_path): path = old_path break path = normpath(join(dirname(old_path), path)) except OSError as ex: if ex.winerror in allowed_winerror: break raise except ValueError: # Stop on reparse points that are not symlinks break return path def _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path): # These error codes indicate that we should stop resolving the path # and return the value we currently have. # 1: ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION # 2: ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND # 3: ERROR_DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND # 5: ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED # 21: ERROR_NOT_READY (implies drive with no media) # 32: ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION (probably an NTFS paging file) # 50: ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED # 53: ERROR_BAD_NETPATH # 65: ERROR_NETWORK_ACCESS_DENIED # 67: ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME (implies remote server unavailable) # 87: ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER # 123: ERROR_INVALID_NAME # 161: ERROR_BAD_PATHNAME # 1920: ERROR_CANT_ACCESS_FILE # 1921: ERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME (implies unfollowable symlink) allowed_winerror = 1, 2, 3, 5, 21, 32, 50, 53, 65, 67, 87, 123, 161, 1920, 1921 # Non-strict algorithm is to find as much of the target directory # as we can and join the rest. tail = path[:0] while path: try: path = _getfinalpathname(path) return join(path, tail) if tail else path except OSError as ex: if ex.winerror not in allowed_winerror: raise try: # The OS could not resolve this path fully, so we attempt # to follow the link ourselves. If we succeed, join the tail # and return. new_path = _readlink_deep(path) if new_path != path: return join(new_path, tail) if tail else new_path except OSError: # If we fail to readlink(), let's keep traversing pass path, name = split(path) # TODO (bpo-38186): Request the real file name from the directory # entry using FindFirstFileW. For now, we will return the path # as best we have it if path and not name: return path + tail tail = join(name, tail) if tail else name return tail def realpath(path, , strict=False): path = normpath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): prefix = b'\\\\?\\' unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\' new_unc_prefix = b'\\\\' cwd = os.getcwdb() # bpo-38081: Special case for realpath(b'nul') if normcase(path) == normcase(os.fsencode(devnull)): return b'\\\\.\\NUL' else: prefix = '\\\\?\\' unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\' new_unc_prefix = '\\\\' cwd = os.getcwd() # bpo-38081: Special case for realpath('nul') if normcase(path) == normcase(devnull): return '\\\\.\\NUL' had_prefix = path.startswith(prefix) if not had_prefix and not isabs(path): path = join(cwd, path) try: path = _getfinalpathname(path) initial_winerror = 0 except ValueError as ex: # gh-106242: Raised for embedded null characters # In strict mode, we convert into an OSError. # Non-strict mode returns the path as-is, since we've already # made it absolute. if strict: raise OSError(str(ex)) from None path = normpath(path) except OSError as ex: if strict: raise initial_winerror = ex.winerror path = _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path) # The path returned by _getfinalpathname will always start with \\?\ - # strip off that prefix unless it was already provided on the original # path. if not had_prefix and path.startswith(prefix): # For UNC paths, the prefix will actually be \\?\UNC\ # Handle that case as well. if path.startswith(unc_prefix): spath = new_unc_prefix + path[len(unc_prefix):] else: spath = path[len(prefix):] # Ensure that the non-prefixed path resolves to the same path try: if _getfinalpathname(spath) == path: path = spath except ValueError as ex: # Unexpected, as an invalid path should not have gained a prefix # at any point, but we ignore this error just in case. pass except OSError as ex: # If the path does not exist and originally did not exist, then # strip the prefix anyway. if ex.winerror == initial_winerror: path = spath return path # Win9x family and earlier have no Unicode filename support. supports_unicode_filenames = (hasattr(sys, "getwindowsversion") and sys.getwindowsversion()[3] >= 2) def relpath(path, start=None): """Return a relative version of a path""" path = os.fspath(path) if isinstance(path, bytes): sep = b'\\' curdir = b'.' pardir = b'..' else: sep = '\\' curdir = '.' pardir = '..' if start is None: start = curdir if not path: raise ValueError("no path specified") start = os.fspath(start) try: start_abs = abspath(normpath(start)) path_abs = abspath(normpath(path)) start_drive, start_rest = splitdrive(start_abs) path_drive, path_rest = splitdrive(path_abs) if normcase(start_drive) != normcase(path_drive): raise ValueError("path is on mount %r, start on mount %r" % ( path_drive, start_drive)) start_list = [x for x in start_rest.split(sep) if x] path_list = [x for x in path_rest.split(sep) if x] # Work out how much of the filepath is shared by start and path. i = 0 for e1, e2 in zip(start_list, path_list): if normcase(e1) != normcase(e2): break i += 1 rel_list = [pardir] (len(start_list)-i) + path_list[i:] if not rel_list: return curdir return join(rel_list) except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError, BytesWarning, DeprecationWarning): genericpath._check_arg_types('relpath', path, start) raise # Return the longest common sub-path of the sequence of paths given as input. # The function is case-insensitive and 'separator-insensitive', i.e. if the # only difference between two paths is the use of '\' versus '/' as separator, # they are deemed to be equal. # # However, the returned path will have the standard '\' separator (even if the # given paths had the alternative '/' separator) and will have the case of the # first path given in the sequence. Additionally, any trailing separator is # stripped from the returned path. def commonpath(paths): """Given a sequence of path names, returns the longest common sub-path.""" if not paths: raise ValueError('commonpath() arg is an empty sequence') paths = tuple(map(os.fspath, paths)) if isinstance(paths[0], bytes): sep = b'\\' altsep = b'/' curdir = b'.' else: sep = '\\' altsep = '/' curdir = '.' try: drivesplits = [splitdrive(p.replace(altsep, sep).lower()) for p in paths] split_paths = [p.split(sep) for d, p in drivesplits] try: isabs, = set(p[:1] == sep for d, p in drivesplits) except ValueError: raise ValueError("Can't mix absolute and relative paths") from None # Check that all drive letters or UNC paths match. The check is made only # now otherwise type errors for mixing strings and bytes would not be # caught. if len(set(d for d, p in drivesplits)) != 1: raise ValueError("Paths don't have the same drive") drive, path = splitdrive(paths[0].replace(altsep, sep)) common = path.split(sep) common = [c for c in common if c and c != curdir] split_paths = [[c for c in s if c and c != curdir] for s in split_paths] s1 = min(split_paths) s2 = max(split_paths) for i, c in enumerate(s1): if c != s2[i]: common = common[:i] break else: common = common[:len(s1)] prefix = drive + sep if isabs else drive return prefix + sep.join(common) except (TypeError, AttributeError): genericpath._check_arg_types('commonpath', paths) raise try: # The genericpath.isdir implementation uses os.stat and checks the mode # attribute to tell whether or not the path is a directory. # This is overkill on Windows - just pass the path to GetFileAttributes # and check the attribute from there. from nt import _isdir as isdir except ImportError: # Use genericpath.isdir as imported above. pass Back

Edit File : ntpath.py | Size : 29.51 KB

# Module 'ntpath' -- common operations on WinNT/Win95 pathnames
"""Common pathname manipulations, WindowsNT/95 version.

Instead of importing this module directly, import os and refer to this
module as os.path.
"""

# strings representing various path-related bits and pieces
# These are primarily for export; internally, they are hardcoded.
# Should be set before imports for resolving cyclic dependency.
curdir = '.'
pardir = '..'
extsep = '.'
sep = '\\'
pathsep = ';'
altsep = '/'
defpath = '.;C:\\bin'
devnull = 'nul'

import os
import sys
import stat
import genericpath
from genericpath import *

__all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext",
           "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime",
           "getatime","getctime", "islink","exists","lexists","isdir","isfile",
           "ismount", "expanduser","expandvars","normpath","abspath",
           "curdir","pardir","sep","pathsep","defpath","altsep",
           "extsep","devnull","realpath","supports_unicode_filenames","relpath",
           "samefile", "sameopenfile", "samestat", "commonpath"]

def _get_bothseps(path):
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
        return b'\\/'
    else:
        return '\\/'

# Normalize the case of a pathname and map slashes to backslashes.
# Other normalizations (such as optimizing '../' away) are not done
# (this is done by normpath).

try:
    from _winapi import (
        LCMapStringEx as _LCMapStringEx,
        LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT as _LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
        LCMAP_LOWERCASE as _LCMAP_LOWERCASE)

def normcase(s):
        """Normalize case of pathname.

Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes.
        """
        s = os.fspath(s)
        if not s:
            return s
        if isinstance(s, bytes):
            encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
            s = s.decode(encoding, 'surrogateescape').replace('/', '\\')
            s = _LCMapStringEx(_LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
                               _LCMAP_LOWERCASE, s)
            return s.encode(encoding, 'surrogateescape')
        else:
            return _LCMapStringEx(_LOCALE_NAME_INVARIANT,
                                  _LCMAP_LOWERCASE,
                                  s.replace('/', '\\'))
except ImportError:
    def normcase(s):
        """Normalize case of pathname.

Makes all characters lowercase and all slashes into backslashes.
        """
        s = os.fspath(s)
        if isinstance(s, bytes):
            return os.fsencode(os.fsdecode(s).replace('/', '\\').lower())
        return s.replace('/', '\\').lower()

# Return whether a path is absolute.
# Trivial in Posix, harder on Windows.
# For Windows it is absolute if it starts with a slash or backslash (current
# volume), or if a pathname after the volume-letter-and-colon or UNC-resource
# starts with a slash or backslash.

def isabs(s):
    """Test whether a path is absolute"""
    s = os.fspath(s)
    if isinstance(s, bytes):
        sep = b'\\'
        altsep = b'/'
        colon_sep = b':\\'
    else:
        sep = '\\'
        altsep = '/'
        colon_sep = ':\\'
    s = s[:3].replace(altsep, sep)
    # Absolute: UNC, device, and paths with a drive and root.
    # LEGACY BUG: isabs("/x") should be false since the path has no drive.
    if s.startswith(sep) or s.startswith(colon_sep, 1):
        return True
    return False

# Join two (or more) paths.
def join(path, *paths):
    path = os.fspath(path)
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
        sep = b'\\'
        seps = b'\\/'
        colon = b':'
    else:
        sep = '\\'
        seps = '\\/'
        colon = ':'
    try:
        if not paths:
            path[:0] + sep  #23780: Ensure compatible data type even if p is null.
        result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path)
        for p in map(os.fspath, paths):
            p_drive, p_path = splitdrive(p)
            if p_path and p_path[0] in seps:
                # Second path is absolute
                if p_drive or not result_drive:
                    result_drive = p_drive
                result_path = p_path
                continue
            elif p_drive and p_drive != result_drive:
                if p_drive.lower() != result_drive.lower():
                    # Different drives => ignore the first path entirely
                    result_drive = p_drive
                    result_path = p_path
                    continue
                # Same drive in different case
                result_drive = p_drive
            # Second path is relative to the first
            if result_path and result_path[-1] not in seps:
                result_path = result_path + sep
            result_path = result_path + p_path
        ## add separator between UNC and non-absolute path
        if (result_path and result_path[0] not in seps and
            result_drive and result_drive[-1:] != colon):
            return result_drive + sep + result_path
        return result_drive + result_path
    except (TypeError, AttributeError, BytesWarning):
        genericpath._check_arg_types('join', path, *paths)
        raise

# Split a path in a drive specification (a drive letter followed by a
# colon) and the path specification.
# It is always true that drivespec + pathspec == p
def splitdrive(p):
    """Split a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path specifiers.
    Returns a 2-tuple (drive_or_unc, path); either part may be empty.

If you assign
        result = splitdrive(p)
    It is always true that:
        result[0] + result[1] == p

If the path contained a drive letter, drive_or_unc will contain everything
    up to and including the colon.  e.g. splitdrive("c:/dir") returns ("c:", "/dir")

If the path contained a UNC path, the drive_or_unc will contain the host name
    and share up to but not including the fourth directory separator character.
    e.g. splitdrive("//host/computer/dir") returns ("//host/computer", "/dir")

Paths cannot contain both a drive letter and a UNC path.

"""
    p = os.fspath(p)
    if len(p) >= 2:
        if isinstance(p, bytes):
            sep = b'\\'
            altsep = b'/'
            colon = b':'
            unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\'
        else:
            sep = '\\'
            altsep = '/'
            colon = ':'
            unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\'
        normp = p.replace(altsep, sep)
        if normp[0:2] == sep * 2:
            # UNC drives, e.g. \\server\share or \\?\UNC\server\share
            # Device drives, e.g. \\.\device or \\?\device
            start = 8 if normp[:8].upper() == unc_prefix else 2
            index = normp.find(sep, start)
            if index == -1:
                return p, p[:0]
            index2 = normp.find(sep, index + 1)
            if index2 == -1:
                return p, p[:0]
            return p[:index2], p[index2:]
        if normp[1:2] == colon:
            # Drive-letter drives, e.g. X:
            return p[:2], p[2:]
    return p[:0], p

# Split a path in head (everything up to the last '/') and tail (the
# rest).  After the trailing '/' is stripped, the invariant
# join(head, tail) == p holds.
# The resulting head won't end in '/' unless it is the root.

def split(p):
    """Split a pathname.

Return tuple (head, tail) where tail is everything after the final slash.
    Either part may be empty."""
    p = os.fspath(p)
    seps = _get_bothseps(p)
    d, p = splitdrive(p)
    # set i to index beyond p's last slash
    i = len(p)
    while i and p[i-1] not in seps:
        i -= 1
    head, tail = p[:i], p[i:]  # now tail has no slashes
    # remove trailing slashes from head, unless it's all slashes
    head = head.rstrip(seps) or head
    return d + head, tail

# Split a path in root and extension.
# The extension is everything starting at the last dot in the last
# pathname component; the root is everything before that.
# It is always true that root + ext == p.

def splitext(p):
    p = os.fspath(p)
    if isinstance(p, bytes):
        return genericpath._splitext(p, b'\\', b'/', b'.')
    else:
        return genericpath._splitext(p, '\\', '/', '.')
splitext.__doc__ = genericpath._splitext.__doc__

# Return the tail (basename) part of a path.

def basename(p):
    """Returns the final component of a pathname"""
    return split(p)[1]

# Return the head (dirname) part of a path.

def dirname(p):
    """Returns the directory component of a pathname"""
    return split(p)[0]

# Is a path a symbolic link?
# This will always return false on systems where os.lstat doesn't exist.

def islink(path):
    """Test whether a path is a symbolic link.
    This will always return false for Windows prior to 6.0.
    """
    try:
        st = os.lstat(path)
    except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
        return False
    return stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)

# Being true for dangling symbolic links is also useful.

def lexists(path):
    """Test whether a path exists.  Returns True for broken symbolic links"""
    try:
        st = os.lstat(path)
    except (OSError, ValueError):
        return False
    return True

# Is a path a mount point?
# Any drive letter root (eg c:\)
# Any share UNC (eg \\server\share)
# Any volume mounted on a filesystem folder
#
# No one method detects all three situations. Historically we've lexically
# detected drive letter roots and share UNCs. The canonical approach to
# detecting mounted volumes (querying the reparse tag) fails for the most
# common case: drive letter roots. The alternative which uses GetVolumePathName
# fails if the drive letter is the result of a SUBST.
try:
    from nt import _getvolumepathname
except ImportError:
    _getvolumepathname = None
def ismount(path):
    """Test whether a path is a mount point (a drive root, the root of a
    share, or a mounted volume)"""
    path = os.fspath(path)
    seps = _get_bothseps(path)
    path = abspath(path)
    root, rest = splitdrive(path)
    if root and root[0] in seps:
        return (not rest) or (rest in seps)
    if rest and rest in seps:
        return True

if _getvolumepathname:
        x = path.rstrip(seps)
        y =_getvolumepathname(path).rstrip(seps)
        return x.casefold() == y.casefold()
    else:
        return False

# Expand paths beginning with '~' or '~user'.
# '~' means $HOME; '~user' means that user's home directory.
# If the path doesn't begin with '~', or if the user or $HOME is unknown,
# the path is returned unchanged (leaving error reporting to whatever
# function is called with the expanded path as argument).
# See also module 'glob' for expansion of *, ? and [...] in pathnames.
# (A function should also be defined to do full *sh-style environment
# variable expansion.)

def expanduser(path):
    """Expand ~ and ~user constructs.

If user or $HOME is unknown, do nothing."""
    path = os.fspath(path)
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
        tilde = b'~'
    else:
        tilde = '~'
    if not path.startswith(tilde):
        return path
    i, n = 1, len(path)
    while i < n and path[i] not in _get_bothseps(path):
        i += 1

if 'USERPROFILE' in os.environ:
        userhome = os.environ['USERPROFILE']
    elif not 'HOMEPATH' in os.environ:
        return path
    else:
        try:
            drive = os.environ['HOMEDRIVE']
        except KeyError:
            drive = ''
        userhome = join(drive, os.environ['HOMEPATH'])

if i != 1: #~user
        target_user = path[1:i]
        if isinstance(target_user, bytes):
            target_user = os.fsdecode(target_user)
        current_user = os.environ.get('USERNAME')

if target_user != current_user:
            # Try to guess user home directory.  By default all user
            # profile directories are located in the same place and are
            # named by corresponding usernames.  If userhome isn't a
            # normal profile directory, this guess is likely wrong,
            # so we bail out.
            if current_user != basename(userhome):
                return path
            userhome = join(dirname(userhome), target_user)

if isinstance(path, bytes):
        userhome = os.fsencode(userhome)

return userhome + path[i:]

# Expand paths containing shell variable substitutions.
# The following rules apply:
#       - no expansion within single quotes
#       - '$$' is translated into '$'
#       - '%%' is translated into '%' if '%%' are not seen in %var1%%var2%
#       - ${varname} is accepted.
#       - $varname is accepted.
#       - %varname% is accepted.
#       - varnames can be made out of letters, digits and the characters '_-'
#         (though is not verified in the ${varname} and %varname% cases)
# XXX With COMMAND.COM you can use any characters in a variable name,
# XXX except '^|<>='.

def expandvars(path):
    """Expand shell variables of the forms $var, ${var} and %var%.

Unknown variables are left unchanged."""
    path = os.fspath(path)
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
        if b'$' not in path and b'%' not in path:
            return path
        import string
        varchars = bytes(string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-', 'ascii')
        quote = b'\''
        percent = b'%'
        brace = b'{'
        rbrace = b'}'
        dollar = b'$'
        environ = getattr(os, 'environb', None)
    else:
        if '$' not in path and '%' not in path:
            return path
        import string
        varchars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + '_-'
        quote = '\''
        percent = '%'
        brace = '{'
        rbrace = '}'
        dollar = '$'
        environ = os.environ
    res = path[:0]
    index = 0
    pathlen = len(path)
    while index < pathlen:
        c = path[index:index+1]
        if c == quote:   # no expansion within single quotes
            path = path[index + 1:]
            pathlen = len(path)
            try:
                index = path.index(c)
                res += c + path[:index + 1]
            except ValueError:
                res += c + path
                index = pathlen - 1
        elif c == percent:  # variable or '%'
            if path[index + 1:index + 2] == percent:
                res += c
                index += 1
            else:
                path = path[index+1:]
                pathlen = len(path)
                try:
                    index = path.index(percent)
                except ValueError:
                    res += percent + path
                    index = pathlen - 1
                else:
                    var = path[:index]
                    try:
                        if environ is None:
                            value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)])
                        else:
                            value = environ[var]
                    except KeyError:
                        value = percent + var + percent
                    res += value
        elif c == dollar:  # variable or '$$'
            if path[index + 1:index + 2] == dollar:
                res += c
                index += 1
            elif path[index + 1:index + 2] == brace:
                path = path[index+2:]
                pathlen = len(path)
                try:
                    index = path.index(rbrace)
                except ValueError:
                    res += dollar + brace + path
                    index = pathlen - 1
                else:
                    var = path[:index]
                    try:
                        if environ is None:
                            value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)])
                        else:
                            value = environ[var]
                    except KeyError:
                        value = dollar + brace + var + rbrace
                    res += value
            else:
                var = path[:0]
                index += 1
                c = path[index:index + 1]
                while c and c in varchars:
                    var += c
                    index += 1
                    c = path[index:index + 1]
                try:
                    if environ is None:
                        value = os.fsencode(os.environ[os.fsdecode(var)])
                    else:
                        value = environ[var]
                except KeyError:
                    value = dollar + var
                res += value
                if c:
                    index -= 1
        else:
            res += c
        index += 1
    return res

# Normalize a path, e.g. A//B, A/./B and A/foo/../B all become A\B.
# Previously, this function also truncated pathnames to 8+3 format,
# but as this module is called "ntpath", that's obviously wrong!
try:
    from nt import _path_normpath

except ImportError:
    def normpath(path):
        """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
        path = os.fspath(path)
        if isinstance(path, bytes):
            sep = b'\\'
            altsep = b'/'
            curdir = b'.'
            pardir = b'..'
        else:
            sep = '\\'
            altsep = '/'
            curdir = '.'
            pardir = '..'
        path = path.replace(altsep, sep)
        prefix, path = splitdrive(path)

# collapse initial backslashes
        if path.startswith(sep):
            prefix += sep
            path = path.lstrip(sep)

comps = path.split(sep)
        i = 0
        while i < len(comps):
            if not comps[i] or comps[i] == curdir:
                del comps[i]
            elif comps[i] == pardir:
                if i > 0 and comps[i-1] != pardir:
                    del comps[i-1:i+1]
                    i -= 1
                elif i == 0 and prefix.endswith(sep):
                    del comps[i]
                else:
                    i += 1
            else:
                i += 1
        # If the path is now empty, substitute '.'
        if not prefix and not comps:
            comps.append(curdir)
        return prefix + sep.join(comps)

else:
    def normpath(path):
        """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
        path = os.fspath(path)
        if isinstance(path, bytes):
            return os.fsencode(_path_normpath(os.fsdecode(path))) or b"."
        return _path_normpath(path) or "."

def _abspath_fallback(path):
    """Return the absolute version of a path as a fallback function in case
    `nt._getfullpathname` is not available or raises OSError. See bpo-31047 for
    more.

"""

path = os.fspath(path)
    if not isabs(path):
        if isinstance(path, bytes):
            cwd = os.getcwdb()
        else:
            cwd = os.getcwd()
        path = join(cwd, path)
    return normpath(path)

# Return an absolute path.
try:
    from nt import _getfullpathname

except ImportError: # not running on Windows - mock up something sensible
    abspath = _abspath_fallback

else:  # use native Windows method on Windows
    def abspath(path):
        """Return the absolute version of a path."""
        try:
            return _getfullpathname(normpath(path))
        except (OSError, ValueError):
            return _abspath_fallback(path)

try:
    from nt import _getfinalpathname, readlink as _nt_readlink
except ImportError:
    # realpath is a no-op on systems without _getfinalpathname support.
    realpath = abspath
else:
    def _readlink_deep(path):
        # These error codes indicate that we should stop reading links and
        # return the path we currently have.
        # 1: ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
        # 2: ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
        # 3: ERROR_DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND
        # 5: ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
        # 21: ERROR_NOT_READY (implies drive with no media)
        # 32: ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION (probably an NTFS paging file)
        # 50: ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED (implies no support for reparse points)
        # 67: ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME (implies remote server unavailable)
        # 87: ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
        # 4390: ERROR_NOT_A_REPARSE_POINT
        # 4392: ERROR_INVALID_REPARSE_DATA
        # 4393: ERROR_REPARSE_TAG_INVALID
        allowed_winerror = 1, 2, 3, 5, 21, 32, 50, 67, 87, 4390, 4392, 4393

seen = set()
        while normcase(path) not in seen:
            seen.add(normcase(path))
            try:
                old_path = path
                path = _nt_readlink(path)
                # Links may be relative, so resolve them against their
                # own location
                if not isabs(path):
                    # If it's something other than a symlink, we don't know
                    # what it's actually going to be resolved against, so
                    # just return the old path.
                    if not islink(old_path):
                        path = old_path
                        break
                    path = normpath(join(dirname(old_path), path))
            except OSError as ex:
                if ex.winerror in allowed_winerror:
                    break
                raise
            except ValueError:
                # Stop on reparse points that are not symlinks
                break
        return path

def _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path):
        # These error codes indicate that we should stop resolving the path
        # and return the value we currently have.
        # 1: ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
        # 2: ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
        # 3: ERROR_DIRECTORY_NOT_FOUND
        # 5: ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
        # 21: ERROR_NOT_READY (implies drive with no media)
        # 32: ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION (probably an NTFS paging file)
        # 50: ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED
        # 53: ERROR_BAD_NETPATH
        # 65: ERROR_NETWORK_ACCESS_DENIED
        # 67: ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME (implies remote server unavailable)
        # 87: ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
        # 123: ERROR_INVALID_NAME
        # 161: ERROR_BAD_PATHNAME
        # 1920: ERROR_CANT_ACCESS_FILE
        # 1921: ERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME (implies unfollowable symlink)
        allowed_winerror = 1, 2, 3, 5, 21, 32, 50, 53, 65, 67, 87, 123, 161, 1920, 1921

# Non-strict algorithm is to find as much of the target directory
        # as we can and join the rest.
        tail = path[:0]
        while path:
            try:
                path = _getfinalpathname(path)
                return join(path, tail) if tail else path
            except OSError as ex:
                if ex.winerror not in allowed_winerror:
                    raise
                try:
                    # The OS could not resolve this path fully, so we attempt
                    # to follow the link ourselves. If we succeed, join the tail
                    # and return.
                    new_path = _readlink_deep(path)
                    if new_path != path:
                        return join(new_path, tail) if tail else new_path
                except OSError:
                    # If we fail to readlink(), let's keep traversing
                    pass
                path, name = split(path)
                # TODO (bpo-38186): Request the real file name from the directory
                # entry using FindFirstFileW. For now, we will return the path
                # as best we have it
                if path and not name:
                    return path + tail
                tail = join(name, tail) if tail else name
        return tail

def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
        path = normpath(path)
        if isinstance(path, bytes):
            prefix = b'\\\\?\\'
            unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\'
            new_unc_prefix = b'\\\\'
            cwd = os.getcwdb()
            # bpo-38081: Special case for realpath(b'nul')
            if normcase(path) == normcase(os.fsencode(devnull)):
                return b'\\\\.\\NUL'
        else:
            prefix = '\\\\?\\'
            unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\'
            new_unc_prefix = '\\\\'
            cwd = os.getcwd()
            # bpo-38081: Special case for realpath('nul')
            if normcase(path) == normcase(devnull):
                return '\\\\.\\NUL'
        had_prefix = path.startswith(prefix)
        if not had_prefix and not isabs(path):
            path = join(cwd, path)
        try:
            path = _getfinalpathname(path)
            initial_winerror = 0
        except ValueError as ex:
            # gh-106242: Raised for embedded null characters
            # In strict mode, we convert into an OSError.
            # Non-strict mode returns the path as-is, since we've already
            # made it absolute.
            if strict:
                raise OSError(str(ex)) from None
            path = normpath(path)
        except OSError as ex:
            if strict:
                raise
            initial_winerror = ex.winerror
            path = _getfinalpathname_nonstrict(path)
        # The path returned by _getfinalpathname will always start with \\?\ -
        # strip off that prefix unless it was already provided on the original
        # path.
        if not had_prefix and path.startswith(prefix):
            # For UNC paths, the prefix will actually be \\?\UNC\
            # Handle that case as well.
            if path.startswith(unc_prefix):
                spath = new_unc_prefix + path[len(unc_prefix):]
            else:
                spath = path[len(prefix):]
            # Ensure that the non-prefixed path resolves to the same path
            try:
                if _getfinalpathname(spath) == path:
                    path = spath
            except ValueError as ex:
                # Unexpected, as an invalid path should not have gained a prefix
                # at any point, but we ignore this error just in case.
                pass
            except OSError as ex:
                # If the path does not exist and originally did not exist, then
                # strip the prefix anyway.
                if ex.winerror == initial_winerror:
                    path = spath
        return path

# Win9x family and earlier have no Unicode filename support.
supports_unicode_filenames = (hasattr(sys, "getwindowsversion") and
                              sys.getwindowsversion()[3] >= 2)

def relpath(path, start=None):
    """Return a relative version of a path"""
    path = os.fspath(path)
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
        sep = b'\\'
        curdir = b'.'
        pardir = b'..'
    else:
        sep = '\\'
        curdir = '.'
        pardir = '..'

if start is None:
        start = curdir

if not path:
        raise ValueError("no path specified")

start = os.fspath(start)
    try:
        start_abs = abspath(normpath(start))
        path_abs = abspath(normpath(path))
        start_drive, start_rest = splitdrive(start_abs)
        path_drive, path_rest = splitdrive(path_abs)
        if normcase(start_drive) != normcase(path_drive):
            raise ValueError("path is on mount %r, start on mount %r" % (
                path_drive, start_drive))

start_list = [x for x in start_rest.split(sep) if x]
        path_list = [x for x in path_rest.split(sep) if x]
        # Work out how much of the filepath is shared by start and path.
        i = 0
        for e1, e2 in zip(start_list, path_list):
            if normcase(e1) != normcase(e2):
                break
            i += 1

rel_list = [pardir] * (len(start_list)-i) + path_list[i:]
        if not rel_list:
            return curdir
        return join(*rel_list)
    except (TypeError, ValueError, AttributeError, BytesWarning, DeprecationWarning):
        genericpath._check_arg_types('relpath', path, start)
        raise

# Return the longest common sub-path of the sequence of paths given as input.
# The function is case-insensitive and 'separator-insensitive', i.e. if the
# only difference between two paths is the use of '\' versus '/' as separator,
# they are deemed to be equal.
#
# However, the returned path will have the standard '\' separator (even if the
# given paths had the alternative '/' separator) and will have the case of the
# first path given in the sequence. Additionally, any trailing separator is
# stripped from the returned path.

def commonpath(paths):
    """Given a sequence of path names, returns the longest common sub-path."""

if not paths:
        raise ValueError('commonpath() arg is an empty sequence')

paths = tuple(map(os.fspath, paths))
    if isinstance(paths[0], bytes):
        sep = b'\\'
        altsep = b'/'
        curdir = b'.'
    else:
        sep = '\\'
        altsep = '/'
        curdir = '.'

try:
        drivesplits = [splitdrive(p.replace(altsep, sep).lower()) for p in paths]
        split_paths = [p.split(sep) for d, p in drivesplits]

try:
            isabs, = set(p[:1] == sep for d, p in drivesplits)
        except ValueError:
            raise ValueError("Can't mix absolute and relative paths") from None

# Check that all drive letters or UNC paths match. The check is made only
        # now otherwise type errors for mixing strings and bytes would not be
        # caught.
        if len(set(d for d, p in drivesplits)) != 1:
            raise ValueError("Paths don't have the same drive")

drive, path = splitdrive(paths[0].replace(altsep, sep))
        common = path.split(sep)
        common = [c for c in common if c and c != curdir]

split_paths = [[c for c in s if c and c != curdir] for s in split_paths]
        s1 = min(split_paths)
        s2 = max(split_paths)
        for i, c in enumerate(s1):
            if c != s2[i]:
                common = common[:i]
                break
        else:
            common = common[:len(s1)]

prefix = drive + sep if isabs else drive
        return prefix + sep.join(common)
    except (TypeError, AttributeError):
        genericpath._check_arg_types('commonpath', *paths)
        raise

try:
    # The genericpath.isdir implementation uses os.stat and checks the mode
    # attribute to tell whether or not the path is a directory.
    # This is overkill on Windows - just pass the path to GetFileAttributes
    # and check the attribute from there.
    from nt import _isdir as isdir
except ImportError:
    # Use genericpath.isdir as imported above.
    pass

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