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Edit File : pickle.py \| Size : 44.42 KB
"""Create portable serialized representations of Python objects. See module cPickle for a (much) faster implementation. See module copy_reg for a mechanism for registering custom picklers. See module pickletools source for extensive comments. Classes: Pickler Unpickler Functions: dump(object, file) dumps(object) -> string load(file) -> object loads(string) -> object Misc variables: __version__ format_version compatible_formats """ __version__ = "$Revision: 72223 $" # Code version from types import * from copy_reg import dispatch_table from copy_reg import _extension_registry, _inverted_registry, _extension_cache import marshal import sys import struct import re __all__ = ["PickleError", "PicklingError", "UnpicklingError", "Pickler", "Unpickler", "dump", "dumps", "load", "loads"] # These are purely informational; no code uses these. format_version = "2.0" # File format version we write compatible_formats = ["1.0", # Original protocol 0 "1.1", # Protocol 0 with INST added "1.2", # Original protocol 1 "1.3", # Protocol 1 with BINFLOAT added "2.0", # Protocol 2 ] # Old format versions we can read # Keep in synch with cPickle. This is the highest protocol number we # know how to read. HIGHEST_PROTOCOL = 2 # Why use struct.pack() for pickling but marshal.loads() for # unpickling? struct.pack() is 40% faster than marshal.dumps(), but # marshal.loads() is twice as fast as struct.unpack()! mloads = marshal.loads class PickleError(Exception): """A common base class for the other pickling exceptions.""" pass class PicklingError(PickleError): """This exception is raised when an unpicklable object is passed to the dump() method. """ pass class UnpicklingError(PickleError): """This exception is raised when there is a problem unpickling an object, such as a security violation. Note that other exceptions may also be raised during unpickling, including (but not necessarily limited to) AttributeError, EOFError, ImportError, and IndexError. """ pass # An instance of _Stop is raised by Unpickler.load_stop() in response to # the STOP opcode, passing the object that is the result of unpickling. class _Stop(Exception): def __init__(self, value): self.value = value # Jython has PyStringMap; it's a dict subclass with string keys try: from org.python.core import PyStringMap except ImportError: PyStringMap = None # UnicodeType may or may not be exported (normally imported from types) try: UnicodeType except NameError: UnicodeType = None # Pickle opcodes. See pickletools.py for extensive docs. The listing # here is in kind-of alphabetical order of 1-character pickle code. # pickletools groups them by purpose. MARK = '(' # push special markobject on stack STOP = '.' # every pickle ends with STOP POP = '0' # discard topmost stack item POP_MARK = '1' # discard stack top through topmost markobject DUP = '2' # duplicate top stack item FLOAT = 'F' # push float object; decimal string argument INT = 'I' # push integer or bool; decimal string argument BININT = 'J' # push four-byte signed int BININT1 = 'K' # push 1-byte unsigned int LONG = 'L' # push long; decimal string argument BININT2 = 'M' # push 2-byte unsigned int NONE = 'N' # push None PERSID = 'P' # push persistent object; id is taken from string arg BINPERSID = 'Q' # " " " ; " " " " stack REDUCE = 'R' # apply callable to argtuple, both on stack STRING = 'S' # push string; NL-terminated string argument BINSTRING = 'T' # push string; counted binary string argument SHORT_BINSTRING = 'U' # " " ; " " " " < 256 bytes UNICODE = 'V' # push Unicode string; raw-unicode-escaped'd argument BINUNICODE = 'X' # " " " ; counted UTF-8 string argument APPEND = 'a' # append stack top to list below it BUILD = 'b' # call __setstate__ or __dict__.update() GLOBAL = 'c' # push self.find_class(modname, name); 2 string args DICT = 'd' # build a dict from stack items EMPTY_DICT = '}' # push empty dict APPENDS = 'e' # extend list on stack by topmost stack slice GET = 'g' # push item from memo on stack; index is string arg BINGET = 'h' # " " " " " " ; " " 1-byte arg INST = 'i' # build & push class instance LONG_BINGET = 'j' # push item from memo on stack; index is 4-byte arg LIST = 'l' # build list from topmost stack items EMPTY_LIST = ']' # push empty list OBJ = 'o' # build & push class instance PUT = 'p' # store stack top in memo; index is string arg BINPUT = 'q' # " " " " " ; " " 1-byte arg LONG_BINPUT = 'r' # " " " " " ; " " 4-byte arg SETITEM = 's' # add key+value pair to dict TUPLE = 't' # build tuple from topmost stack items EMPTY_TUPLE = ')' # push empty tuple SETITEMS = 'u' # modify dict by adding topmost key+value pairs BINFLOAT = 'G' # push float; arg is 8-byte float encoding TRUE = 'I01\n' # not an opcode; see INT docs in pickletools.py FALSE = 'I00\n' # not an opcode; see INT docs in pickletools.py # Protocol 2 PROTO = '\x80' # identify pickle protocol NEWOBJ = '\x81' # build object by applying cls.__new__ to argtuple EXT1 = '\x82' # push object from extension registry; 1-byte index EXT2 = '\x83' # ditto, but 2-byte index EXT4 = '\x84' # ditto, but 4-byte index TUPLE1 = '\x85' # build 1-tuple from stack top TUPLE2 = '\x86' # build 2-tuple from two topmost stack items TUPLE3 = '\x87' # build 3-tuple from three topmost stack items NEWTRUE = '\x88' # push True NEWFALSE = '\x89' # push False LONG1 = '\x8a' # push long from < 256 bytes LONG4 = '\x8b' # push really big long _tuplesize2code = [EMPTY_TUPLE, TUPLE1, TUPLE2, TUPLE3] __all__.extend([x for x in dir() if re.match("[A-Z][A-Z0-9_]+$",x)]) del x # Pickling machinery class Pickler: def __init__(self, file, protocol=None): """This takes a file-like object for writing a pickle data stream. The optional protocol argument tells the pickler to use the given protocol; supported protocols are 0, 1, 2. The default protocol is 0, to be backwards compatible. (Protocol 0 is the only protocol that can be written to a file opened in text mode and read back successfully. When using a protocol higher than 0, make sure the file is opened in binary mode, both when pickling and unpickling.) Protocol 1 is more efficient than protocol 0; protocol 2 is more efficient than protocol 1. Specifying a negative protocol version selects the highest protocol version supported. The higher the protocol used, the more recent the version of Python needed to read the pickle produced. The file parameter must have a write() method that accepts a single string argument. It can thus be an open file object, a StringIO object, or any other custom object that meets this interface. """ if protocol is None: protocol = 0 if protocol < 0: protocol = HIGHEST_PROTOCOL elif not 0 <= protocol <= HIGHEST_PROTOCOL: raise ValueError("pickle protocol must be <= %d" % HIGHEST_PROTOCOL) self.write = file.write self.memo = {} self.proto = int(protocol) self.bin = protocol >= 1 self.fast = 0 def clear_memo(self): """Clears the pickler's "memo". The memo is the data structure that remembers which objects the pickler has already seen, so that shared or recursive objects are pickled by reference and not by value. This method is useful when re-using picklers. """ self.memo.clear() def dump(self, obj): """Write a pickled representation of obj to the open file.""" if self.proto >= 2: self.write(PROTO + chr(self.proto)) self.save(obj) self.write(STOP) def memoize(self, obj): """Store an object in the memo.""" # The Pickler memo is a dictionary mapping object ids to 2-tuples # that contain the Unpickler memo key and the object being memoized. # The memo key is written to the pickle and will become # the key in the Unpickler's memo. The object is stored in the # Pickler memo so that transient objects are kept alive during # pickling. # The use of the Unpickler memo length as the memo key is just a # convention. The only requirement is that the memo values be unique. # But there appears no advantage to any other scheme, and this # scheme allows the Unpickler memo to be implemented as a plain (but # growable) array, indexed by memo key. if self.fast: return assert id(obj) not in self.memo memo_len = len(self.memo) self.write(self.put(memo_len)) self.memo[id(obj)] = memo_len, obj # Return a PUT (BINPUT, LONG_BINPUT) opcode string, with argument i. def put(self, i, pack=struct.pack): if self.bin: if i < 256: return BINPUT + chr(i) else: return LONG_BINPUT + pack("<i", i) return PUT + repr(i) + '\n' # Return a GET (BINGET, LONG_BINGET) opcode string, with argument i. def get(self, i, pack=struct.pack): if self.bin: if i < 256: return BINGET + chr(i) else: return LONG_BINGET + pack("<i", i) return GET + repr(i) + '\n' def save(self, obj): # Check for persistent id (defined by a subclass) pid = self.persistent_id(obj) if pid is not None: self.save_pers(pid) return # Check the memo x = self.memo.get(id(obj)) if x: self.write(self.get(x[0])) return # Check the type dispatch table t = type(obj) f = self.dispatch.get(t) if f: f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self return # Check copy_reg.dispatch_table reduce = dispatch_table.get(t) if reduce: rv = reduce(obj) else: # Check for a class with a custom metaclass; treat as regular class try: issc = issubclass(t, TypeType) except TypeError: # t is not a class (old Boost; see SF #502085) issc = 0 if issc: self.save_global(obj) return # Check for a __reduce_ex__ method, fall back to __reduce__ reduce = getattr(obj, "__reduce_ex__", None) if reduce: rv = reduce(self.proto) else: reduce = getattr(obj, "__reduce__", None) if reduce: rv = reduce() else: raise PicklingError("Can't pickle %r object: %r" % (t.__name__, obj)) # Check for string returned by reduce(), meaning "save as global" if type(rv) is StringType: self.save_global(obj, rv) return # Assert that reduce() returned a tuple if type(rv) is not TupleType: raise PicklingError("%s must return string or tuple" % reduce) # Assert that it returned an appropriately sized tuple l = len(rv) if not (2 <= l <= 5): raise PicklingError("Tuple returned by %s must have " "two to five elements" % reduce) # Save the reduce() output and finally memoize the object self.save_reduce(obj=obj, rv) def persistent_id(self, obj): # This exists so a subclass can override it return None def save_pers(self, pid): # Save a persistent id reference if self.bin: self.save(pid) self.write(BINPERSID) else: self.write(PERSID + str(pid) + '\n') def save_reduce(self, func, args, state=None, listitems=None, dictitems=None, obj=None): # This API is called by some subclasses # Assert that args is a tuple or None if not isinstance(args, TupleType): raise PicklingError("args from reduce() should be a tuple") # Assert that func is callable if not hasattr(func, '__call__'): raise PicklingError("func from reduce should be callable") save = self.save write = self.write # Protocol 2 special case: if func's name is __newobj__, use NEWOBJ if self.proto >= 2 and getattr(func, "__name__", "") == "__newobj__": # A __reduce__ implementation can direct protocol 2 to # use the more efficient NEWOBJ opcode, while still # allowing protocol 0 and 1 to work normally. For this to # work, the function returned by __reduce__ should be # called __newobj__, and its first argument should be a # new-style class. The implementation for __newobj__ # should be as follows, although pickle has no way to # verify this: # # def __newobj__(cls, args): # return cls.__new__(cls, args) # # Protocols 0 and 1 will pickle a reference to __newobj__, # while protocol 2 (and above) will pickle a reference to # cls, the remaining args tuple, and the NEWOBJ code, # which calls cls.__new__(cls, args) at unpickling time # (see load_newobj below). If __reduce__ returns a # three-tuple, the state from the third tuple item will be # pickled regardless of the protocol, calling __setstate__ # at unpickling time (see load_build below). # # Note that no standard __newobj__ implementation exists; # you have to provide your own. This is to enforce # compatibility with Python 2.2 (pickles written using # protocol 0 or 1 in Python 2.3 should be unpicklable by # Python 2.2). cls = args[0] if not hasattr(cls, "__new__"): raise PicklingError( "args[0] from __newobj__ args has no __new__") if obj is not None and cls is not obj.__class__: raise PicklingError( "args[0] from __newobj__ args has the wrong class") args = args[1:] save(cls) save(args) write(NEWOBJ) else: save(func) save(args) write(REDUCE) if obj is not None: # If the object is already in the memo, this means it is # recursive. In this case, throw away everything we put on the # stack, and fetch the object back from the memo. if id(obj) in self.memo: write(POP + self.get(self.memo[id(obj)][0])) else: self.memoize(obj) # More new special cases (that work with older protocols as # well): when __reduce__ returns a tuple with 4 or 5 items, # the 4th and 5th item should be iterators that provide list # items and dict items (as (key, value) tuples), or None. if listitems is not None: self._batch_appends(listitems) if dictitems is not None: self._batch_setitems(dictitems) if state is not None: save(state) write(BUILD) # Methods below this point are dispatched through the dispatch table dispatch = {} def save_none(self, obj): self.write(NONE) dispatch[NoneType] = save_none def save_bool(self, obj): if self.proto >= 2: self.write(obj and NEWTRUE or NEWFALSE) else: self.write(obj and TRUE or FALSE) dispatch[bool] = save_bool def save_int(self, obj, pack=struct.pack): if self.bin: # If the int is small enough to fit in a signed 4-byte 2's-comp # format, we can store it more efficiently than the general # case. # First one- and two-byte unsigned ints: if obj >= 0: if obj <= 0xff: self.write(BININT1 + chr(obj)) return if obj <= 0xffff: self.write("%c%c%c" % (BININT2, obj&0xff, obj>>8)) return # Next check for 4-byte signed ints: high_bits = obj >> 31 # note that Python shift sign-extends if high_bits == 0 or high_bits == -1: # All high bits are copies of bit 2*31, so the value # fits in a 4-byte signed int. self.write(BININT + pack("<i", obj)) return # Text pickle, or int too big to fit in signed 4-byte format. self.write(INT + repr(obj) + '\n') dispatch[IntType] = save_int def save_long(self, obj, pack=struct.pack): if self.proto >= 2: bytes = encode_long(obj) n = len(bytes) if n < 256: self.write(LONG1 + chr(n) + bytes) else: self.write(LONG4 + pack("<i", n) + bytes) return self.write(LONG + repr(obj) + '\n') dispatch[LongType] = save_long def save_float(self, obj, pack=struct.pack): if self.bin: self.write(BINFLOAT + pack('>d', obj)) else: self.write(FLOAT + repr(obj) + '\n') dispatch[FloatType] = save_float def save_string(self, obj, pack=struct.pack): if self.bin: n = len(obj) if n < 256: self.write(SHORT_BINSTRING + chr(n) + obj) else: self.write(BINSTRING + pack("<i", n) + obj) else: self.write(STRING + repr(obj) + '\n') self.memoize(obj) dispatch[StringType] = save_string def save_unicode(self, obj, pack=struct.pack): if self.bin: encoding = obj.encode('utf-8') n = len(encoding) self.write(BINUNICODE + pack("<i", n) + encoding) else: obj = obj.replace("\\", "\\u005c") obj = obj.replace("\n", "\\u000a") self.write(UNICODE + obj.encode('raw-unicode-escape') + '\n') self.memoize(obj) dispatch[UnicodeType] = save_unicode if StringType is UnicodeType: # This is true for Jython def save_string(self, obj, pack=struct.pack): unicode = obj.isunicode() if self.bin: if unicode: obj = obj.encode("utf-8") l = len(obj) if l < 256 and not unicode: self.write(SHORT_BINSTRING + chr(l) + obj) else: s = pack("<i", l) if unicode: self.write(BINUNICODE + s + obj) else: self.write(BINSTRING + s + obj) else: if unicode: obj = obj.replace("\\", "\\u005c") obj = obj.replace("\n", "\\u000a") obj = obj.encode('raw-unicode-escape') self.write(UNICODE + obj + '\n') else: self.write(STRING + repr(obj) + '\n') self.memoize(obj) dispatch[StringType] = save_string def save_tuple(self, obj): write = self.write proto = self.proto n = len(obj) if n == 0: if proto: write(EMPTY_TUPLE) else: write(MARK + TUPLE) return save = self.save memo = self.memo if n <= 3 and proto >= 2: for element in obj: save(element) # Subtle. Same as in the big comment below. if id(obj) in memo: get = self.get(memo[id(obj)][0]) write(POP n + get) else: write(_tuplesize2code[n]) self.memoize(obj) return # proto 0 or proto 1 and tuple isn't empty, or proto > 1 and tuple # has more than 3 elements. write(MARK) for element in obj: save(element) if id(obj) in memo: # Subtle. d was not in memo when we entered save_tuple(), so # the process of saving the tuple's elements must have saved # the tuple itself: the tuple is recursive. The proper action # now is to throw away everything we put on the stack, and # simply GET the tuple (it's already constructed). This check # could have been done in the "for element" loop instead, but # recursive tuples are a rare thing. get = self.get(memo[id(obj)][0]) if proto: write(POP_MARK + get) else: # proto 0 -- POP_MARK not available write(POP * (n+1) + get) return # No recursion. self.write(TUPLE) self.memoize(obj) dispatch[TupleType] = save_tuple # save_empty_tuple() isn't used by anything in Python 2.3. However, I # found a Pickler subclass in Zope3 that calls it, so it's not harmless # to remove it. def save_empty_tuple(self, obj): self.write(EMPTY_TUPLE) def save_list(self, obj): write = self.write if self.bin: write(EMPTY_LIST) else: # proto 0 -- can't use EMPTY_LIST write(MARK + LIST) self.memoize(obj) self._batch_appends(iter(obj)) dispatch[ListType] = save_list # Keep in synch with cPickle's BATCHSIZE. Nothing will break if it gets # out of synch, though. _BATCHSIZE = 1000 def _batch_appends(self, items): # Helper to batch up APPENDS sequences save = self.save write = self.write if not self.bin: for x in items: save(x) write(APPEND) return r = xrange(self._BATCHSIZE) while items is not None: tmp = [] for i in r: try: x = items.next() tmp.append(x) except StopIteration: items = None break n = len(tmp) if n > 1: write(MARK) for x in tmp: save(x) write(APPENDS) elif n: save(tmp[0]) write(APPEND) # else tmp is empty, and we're done def save_dict(self, obj): write = self.write if self.bin: write(EMPTY_DICT) else: # proto 0 -- can't use EMPTY_DICT write(MARK + DICT) self.memoize(obj) self._batch_setitems(obj.iteritems()) dispatch[DictionaryType] = save_dict if not PyStringMap is None: dispatch[PyStringMap] = save_dict def _batch_setitems(self, items): # Helper to batch up SETITEMS sequences; proto >= 1 only save = self.save write = self.write if not self.bin: for k, v in items: save(k) save(v) write(SETITEM) return r = xrange(self._BATCHSIZE) while items is not None: tmp = [] for i in r: try: tmp.append(items.next()) except StopIteration: items = None break n = len(tmp) if n > 1: write(MARK) for k, v in tmp: save(k) save(v) write(SETITEMS) elif n: k, v = tmp[0] save(k) save(v) write(SETITEM) # else tmp is empty, and we're done def save_inst(self, obj): cls = obj.__class__ memo = self.memo write = self.write save = self.save if hasattr(obj, '__getinitargs__'): args = obj.__getinitargs__() len(args) # XXX Assert it's a sequence _keep_alive(args, memo) else: args = () write(MARK) if self.bin: save(cls) for arg in args: save(arg) write(OBJ) else: for arg in args: save(arg) write(INST + cls.__module__ + '\n' + cls.__name__ + '\n') self.memoize(obj) try: getstate = obj.__getstate__ except AttributeError: stuff = obj.__dict__ else: stuff = getstate() _keep_alive(stuff, memo) save(stuff) write(BUILD) dispatch[InstanceType] = save_inst def save_global(self, obj, name=None, pack=struct.pack): write = self.write memo = self.memo if name is None: name = obj.__name__ module = getattr(obj, "__module__", None) if module is None: module = whichmodule(obj, name) try: __import__(module) mod = sys.modules[module] klass = getattr(mod, name) except (ImportError, KeyError, AttributeError): raise PicklingError( "Can't pickle %r: it's not found as %s.%s" % (obj, module, name)) else: if klass is not obj: raise PicklingError( "Can't pickle %r: it's not the same object as %s.%s" % (obj, module, name)) if self.proto >= 2: code = _extension_registry.get((module, name)) if code: assert code > 0 if code <= 0xff: write(EXT1 + chr(code)) elif code <= 0xffff: write("%c%c%c" % (EXT2, code&0xff, code>>8)) else: write(EXT4 + pack("<i", code)) return write(GLOBAL + module + '\n' + name + '\n') self.memoize(obj) dispatch[ClassType] = save_global dispatch[FunctionType] = save_global dispatch[BuiltinFunctionType] = save_global dispatch[TypeType] = save_global # Pickling helpers def _keep_alive(x, memo): """Keeps a reference to the object x in the memo. Because we remember objects by their id, we have to assure that possibly temporary objects are kept alive by referencing them. We store a reference at the id of the memo, which should normally not be used unless someone tries to deepcopy the memo itself... """ try: memo[id(memo)].append(x) except KeyError: # aha, this is the first one :-) memo[id(memo)]=[x] # A cache for whichmodule(), mapping a function object to the name of # the module in which the function was found. classmap = {} # called classmap for backwards compatibility def whichmodule(func, funcname): """Figure out the module in which a function occurs. Search sys.modules for the module. Cache in classmap. Return a module name. If the function cannot be found, return "__main__". """ # Python functions should always get an __module__ from their globals. mod = getattr(func, "__module__", None) if mod is not None: return mod if func in classmap: return classmap[func] for name, module in sys.modules.items(): if module is None: continue # skip dummy package entries if name != '__main__' and getattr(module, funcname, None) is func: break else: name = '__main__' classmap[func] = name return name # Unpickling machinery class Unpickler: def __init__(self, file): """This takes a file-like object for reading a pickle data stream. The protocol version of the pickle is detected automatically, so no proto argument is needed. The file-like object must have two methods, a read() method that takes an integer argument, and a readline() method that requires no arguments. Both methods should return a string. Thus file-like object can be a file object opened for reading, a StringIO object, or any other custom object that meets this interface. """ self.readline = file.readline self.read = file.read self.memo = {} def load(self): """Read a pickled object representation from the open file. Return the reconstituted object hierarchy specified in the file. """ self.mark = object() # any new unique object self.stack = [] self.append = self.stack.append read = self.read dispatch = self.dispatch try: while 1: key = read(1) dispatch[key](self) except _Stop, stopinst: return stopinst.value # Return largest index k such that self.stack[k] is self.mark. # If the stack doesn't contain a mark, eventually raises IndexError. # This could be sped by maintaining another stack, of indices at which # the mark appears. For that matter, the latter stack would suffice, # and we wouldn't need to push mark objects on self.stack at all. # Doing so is probably a good thing, though, since if the pickle is # corrupt (or hostile) we may get a clue from finding self.mark embedded # in unpickled objects. def marker(self): stack = self.stack mark = self.mark k = len(stack)-1 while stack[k] is not mark: k = k-1 return k dispatch = {} def load_eof(self): raise EOFError dispatch[''] = load_eof def load_proto(self): proto = ord(self.read(1)) if not 0 <= proto <= 2: raise ValueError, "unsupported pickle protocol: %d" % proto dispatch[PROTO] = load_proto def load_persid(self): pid = self.readline()[:-1] self.append(self.persistent_load(pid)) dispatch[PERSID] = load_persid def load_binpersid(self): pid = self.stack.pop() self.append(self.persistent_load(pid)) dispatch[BINPERSID] = load_binpersid def load_none(self): self.append(None) dispatch[NONE] = load_none def load_false(self): self.append(False) dispatch[NEWFALSE] = load_false def load_true(self): self.append(True) dispatch[NEWTRUE] = load_true def load_int(self): data = self.readline() if data == FALSE[1:]: val = False elif data == TRUE[1:]: val = True else: try: val = int(data) except ValueError: val = long(data) self.append(val) dispatch[INT] = load_int def load_binint(self): self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(4))) dispatch[BININT] = load_binint def load_binint1(self): self.append(ord(self.read(1))) dispatch[BININT1] = load_binint1 def load_binint2(self): self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(2) + '\000\000')) dispatch[BININT2] = load_binint2 def load_long(self): self.append(long(self.readline()[:-1], 0)) dispatch[LONG] = load_long def load_long1(self): n = ord(self.read(1)) bytes = self.read(n) self.append(decode_long(bytes)) dispatch[LONG1] = load_long1 def load_long4(self): n = mloads('i' + self.read(4)) bytes = self.read(n) self.append(decode_long(bytes)) dispatch[LONG4] = load_long4 def load_float(self): self.append(float(self.readline()[:-1])) dispatch[FLOAT] = load_float def load_binfloat(self, unpack=struct.unpack): self.append(unpack('>d', self.read(8))[0]) dispatch[BINFLOAT] = load_binfloat def load_string(self): rep = self.readline()[:-1] for q in "\"'": # double or single quote if rep.startswith(q): if len(rep) < 2 or not rep.endswith(q): raise ValueError, "insecure string pickle" rep = rep[len(q):-len(q)] break else: raise ValueError, "insecure string pickle" self.append(rep.decode("string-escape")) dispatch[STRING] = load_string def load_binstring(self): len = mloads('i' + self.read(4)) self.append(self.read(len)) dispatch[BINSTRING] = load_binstring def load_unicode(self): self.append(unicode(self.readline()[:-1],'raw-unicode-escape')) dispatch[UNICODE] = load_unicode def load_binunicode(self): len = mloads('i' + self.read(4)) self.append(unicode(self.read(len),'utf-8')) dispatch[BINUNICODE] = load_binunicode def load_short_binstring(self): len = ord(self.read(1)) self.append(self.read(len)) dispatch[SHORT_BINSTRING] = load_short_binstring def load_tuple(self): k = self.marker() self.stack[k:] = [tuple(self.stack[k+1:])] dispatch[TUPLE] = load_tuple def load_empty_tuple(self): self.stack.append(()) dispatch[EMPTY_TUPLE] = load_empty_tuple def load_tuple1(self): self.stack[-1] = (self.stack[-1],) dispatch[TUPLE1] = load_tuple1 def load_tuple2(self): self.stack[-2:] = [(self.stack[-2], self.stack[-1])] dispatch[TUPLE2] = load_tuple2 def load_tuple3(self): self.stack[-3:] = [(self.stack[-3], self.stack[-2], self.stack[-1])] dispatch[TUPLE3] = load_tuple3 def load_empty_list(self): self.stack.append([]) dispatch[EMPTY_LIST] = load_empty_list def load_empty_dictionary(self): self.stack.append({}) dispatch[EMPTY_DICT] = load_empty_dictionary def load_list(self): k = self.marker() self.stack[k:] = [self.stack[k+1:]] dispatch[LIST] = load_list def load_dict(self): k = self.marker() d = {} items = self.stack[k+1:] for i in range(0, len(items), 2): key = items[i] value = items[i+1] d[key] = value self.stack[k:] = [d] dispatch[DICT] = load_dict # INST and OBJ differ only in how they get a class object. It's not # only sensible to do the rest in a common routine, the two routines # previously diverged and grew different bugs. # klass is the class to instantiate, and k points to the topmost mark # object, following which are the arguments for klass.__init__. def _instantiate(self, klass, k): args = tuple(self.stack[k+1:]) del self.stack[k:] instantiated = 0 if (not args and type(klass) is ClassType and not hasattr(klass, "__getinitargs__")): try: value = _EmptyClass() value.__class__ = klass instantiated = 1 except RuntimeError: # In restricted execution, assignment to inst.__class__ is # prohibited pass if not instantiated: try: value = klass(args) except TypeError, err: raise TypeError, "in constructor for %s: %s" % ( klass.__name__, str(err)), sys.exc_info()[2] self.append(value) def load_inst(self): module = self.readline()[:-1] name = self.readline()[:-1] klass = self.find_class(module, name) self._instantiate(klass, self.marker()) dispatch[INST] = load_inst def load_obj(self): # Stack is ... markobject classobject arg1 arg2 ... k = self.marker() klass = self.stack.pop(k+1) self._instantiate(klass, k) dispatch[OBJ] = load_obj def load_newobj(self): args = self.stack.pop() cls = self.stack[-1] obj = cls.__new__(cls, args) self.stack[-1] = obj dispatch[NEWOBJ] = load_newobj def load_global(self): module = self.readline()[:-1] name = self.readline()[:-1] klass = self.find_class(module, name) self.append(klass) dispatch[GLOBAL] = load_global def load_ext1(self): code = ord(self.read(1)) self.get_extension(code) dispatch[EXT1] = load_ext1 def load_ext2(self): code = mloads('i' + self.read(2) + '\000\000') self.get_extension(code) dispatch[EXT2] = load_ext2 def load_ext4(self): code = mloads('i' + self.read(4)) self.get_extension(code) dispatch[EXT4] = load_ext4 def get_extension(self, code): nil = [] obj = _extension_cache.get(code, nil) if obj is not nil: self.append(obj) return key = _inverted_registry.get(code) if not key: raise ValueError("unregistered extension code %d" % code) obj = self.find_class(key) _extension_cache[code] = obj self.append(obj) def find_class(self, module, name): # Subclasses may override this __import__(module) mod = sys.modules[module] klass = getattr(mod, name) return klass def load_reduce(self): stack = self.stack args = stack.pop() func = stack[-1] value = func(args) stack[-1] = value dispatch[REDUCE] = load_reduce def load_pop(self): del self.stack[-1] dispatch[POP] = load_pop def load_pop_mark(self): k = self.marker() del self.stack[k:] dispatch[POP_MARK] = load_pop_mark def load_dup(self): self.append(self.stack[-1]) dispatch[DUP] = load_dup def load_get(self): self.append(self.memo[self.readline()[:-1]]) dispatch[GET] = load_get def load_binget(self): i = ord(self.read(1)) self.append(self.memo[repr(i)]) dispatch[BINGET] = load_binget def load_long_binget(self): i = mloads('i' + self.read(4)) self.append(self.memo[repr(i)]) dispatch[LONG_BINGET] = load_long_binget def load_put(self): self.memo[self.readline()[:-1]] = self.stack[-1] dispatch[PUT] = load_put def load_binput(self): i = ord(self.read(1)) self.memo[repr(i)] = self.stack[-1] dispatch[BINPUT] = load_binput def load_long_binput(self): i = mloads('i' + self.read(4)) self.memo[repr(i)] = self.stack[-1] dispatch[LONG_BINPUT] = load_long_binput def load_append(self): stack = self.stack value = stack.pop() list = stack[-1] list.append(value) dispatch[APPEND] = load_append def load_appends(self): stack = self.stack mark = self.marker() list = stack[mark - 1] list.extend(stack[mark + 1:]) del stack[mark:] dispatch[APPENDS] = load_appends def load_setitem(self): stack = self.stack value = stack.pop() key = stack.pop() dict = stack[-1] dict[key] = value dispatch[SETITEM] = load_setitem def load_setitems(self): stack = self.stack mark = self.marker() dict = stack[mark - 1] for i in range(mark + 1, len(stack), 2): dict[stack[i]] = stack[i + 1] del stack[mark:] dispatch[SETITEMS] = load_setitems def load_build(self): stack = self.stack state = stack.pop() inst = stack[-1] setstate = getattr(inst, "__setstate__", None) if setstate: setstate(state) return slotstate = None if isinstance(state, tuple) and len(state) == 2: state, slotstate = state if state: try: d = inst.__dict__ try: for k, v in state.iteritems(): d[intern(k)] = v # keys in state don't have to be strings # don't blow up, but don't go out of our way except TypeError: d.update(state) except RuntimeError: # XXX In restricted execution, the instance's __dict__ # is not accessible. Use the old way of unpickling # the instance variables. This is a semantic # difference when unpickling in restricted # vs. unrestricted modes. # Note, however, that cPickle has never tried to do the # .update() business, and always uses # PyObject_SetItem(inst.__dict__, key, value) in a # loop over state.items(). for k, v in state.items(): setattr(inst, k, v) if slotstate: for k, v in slotstate.items(): setattr(inst, k, v) dispatch[BUILD] = load_build def load_mark(self): self.append(self.mark) dispatch[MARK] = load_mark def load_stop(self): value = self.stack.pop() raise _Stop(value) dispatch[STOP] = load_stop # Helper class for load_inst/load_obj class _EmptyClass: pass # Encode/decode longs in linear time. import binascii as _binascii def encode_long(x): r"""Encode a long to a two's complement little-endian binary string. Note that 0L is a special case, returning an empty string, to save a byte in the LONG1 pickling context. >>> encode_long(0L) '' >>> encode_long(255L) '\xff\x00' >>> encode_long(32767L) '\xff\x7f' >>> encode_long(-256L) '\x00\xff' >>> encode_long(-32768L) '\x00\x80' >>> encode_long(-128L) '\x80' >>> encode_long(127L) '\x7f' >>> """ if x == 0: return '' if x > 0: ashex = hex(x) assert ashex.startswith("0x") njunkchars = 2 + ashex.endswith('L') nibbles = len(ashex) - njunkchars if nibbles & 1: # need an even # of nibbles for unhexlify ashex = "0x0" + ashex[2:] elif int(ashex[2], 16) >= 8: # "looks negative", so need a byte of sign bits ashex = "0x00" + ashex[2:] else: # Build the 256's-complement: (1L << nbytes) + x. The trick is # to find the number of bytes in linear time (although that should # really be a constant-time task). ashex = hex(-x) assert ashex.startswith("0x") njunkchars = 2 + ashex.endswith('L') nibbles = len(ashex) - njunkchars if nibbles & 1: # Extend to a full byte. nibbles += 1 nbits = nibbles * 4 x += 1L << nbits assert x > 0 ashex = hex(x) njunkchars = 2 + ashex.endswith('L') newnibbles = len(ashex) - njunkchars if newnibbles < nibbles: ashex = "0x" + "0" * (nibbles - newnibbles) + ashex[2:] if int(ashex[2], 16) < 8: # "looks positive", so need a byte of sign bits ashex = "0xff" + ashex[2:] if ashex.endswith('L'): ashex = ashex[2:-1] else: ashex = ashex[2:] assert len(ashex) & 1 == 0, (x, ashex) binary = _binascii.unhexlify(ashex) return binary[::-1] def decode_long(data): r"""Decode a long from a two's complement little-endian binary string. >>> decode_long('') 0L >>> decode_long("\xff\x00") 255L >>> decode_long("\xff\x7f") 32767L >>> decode_long("\x00\xff") -256L >>> decode_long("\x00\x80") -32768L >>> decode_long("\x80") -128L >>> decode_long("\x7f") 127L """ nbytes = len(data) if nbytes == 0: return 0L ashex = _binascii.hexlify(data[::-1]) n = long(ashex, 16) # quadratic time before Python 2.3; linear now if data[-1] >= '\x80': n -= 1L << (nbytes * 8) return n # Shorthands try: from cStringIO import StringIO except ImportError: from StringIO import StringIO def dump(obj, file, protocol=None): Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj) def dumps(obj, protocol=None): file = StringIO() Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj) return file.getvalue() def load(file): return Unpickler(file).load() def loads(str): file = StringIO(str) return Unpickler(file).load() # Doctest def _test(): import doctest return doctest.testmod() if __name__ == "__main__": _test() Back

Edit File : pickle.py | Size : 44.42 KB

"""Create portable serialized representations of Python objects.

See module cPickle for a (much) faster implementation.
See module copy_reg for a mechanism for registering custom picklers.
See module pickletools source for extensive comments.

Classes:

Pickler
    Unpickler

Functions:

dump(object, file)
    dumps(object) -> string
    load(file) -> object
    loads(string) -> object

Misc variables:

__version__
    format_version
    compatible_formats

"""

__version__ = "$Revision: 72223 $"       # Code version

from types import *
from copy_reg import dispatch_table
from copy_reg import _extension_registry, _inverted_registry, _extension_cache
import marshal
import sys
import struct
import re

__all__ = ["PickleError", "PicklingError", "UnpicklingError", "Pickler",
           "Unpickler", "dump", "dumps", "load", "loads"]

# These are purely informational; no code uses these.
format_version = "2.0"                  # File format version we write
compatible_formats = ["1.0",            # Original protocol 0
                      "1.1",            # Protocol 0 with INST added
                      "1.2",            # Original protocol 1
                      "1.3",            # Protocol 1 with BINFLOAT added
                      "2.0",            # Protocol 2
                      ]                 # Old format versions we can read

# Keep in synch with cPickle.  This is the highest protocol number we
# know how to read.
HIGHEST_PROTOCOL = 2

# Why use struct.pack() for pickling but marshal.loads() for
# unpickling?  struct.pack() is 40% faster than marshal.dumps(), but
# marshal.loads() is twice as fast as struct.unpack()!
mloads = marshal.loads

class PickleError(Exception):
    """A common base class for the other pickling exceptions."""
    pass

class PicklingError(PickleError):
    """This exception is raised when an unpicklable object is passed to the
    dump() method.

"""
    pass

class UnpicklingError(PickleError):
    """This exception is raised when there is a problem unpickling an object,
    such as a security violation.

Note that other exceptions may also be raised during unpickling, including
    (but not necessarily limited to) AttributeError, EOFError, ImportError,
    and IndexError.

"""
    pass

# An instance of _Stop is raised by Unpickler.load_stop() in response to
# the STOP opcode, passing the object that is the result of unpickling.
class _Stop(Exception):
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

# Jython has PyStringMap; it's a dict subclass with string keys
try:
    from org.python.core import PyStringMap
except ImportError:
    PyStringMap = None

# UnicodeType may or may not be exported (normally imported from types)
try:
    UnicodeType
except NameError:
    UnicodeType = None

# Pickle opcodes.  See pickletools.py for extensive docs.  The listing
# here is in kind-of alphabetical order of 1-character pickle code.
# pickletools groups them by purpose.

MARK            = '('   # push special markobject on stack
STOP            = '.'   # every pickle ends with STOP
POP             = '0'   # discard topmost stack item
POP_MARK        = '1'   # discard stack top through topmost markobject
DUP             = '2'   # duplicate top stack item
FLOAT           = 'F'   # push float object; decimal string argument
INT             = 'I'   # push integer or bool; decimal string argument
BININT          = 'J'   # push four-byte signed int
BININT1         = 'K'   # push 1-byte unsigned int
LONG            = 'L'   # push long; decimal string argument
BININT2         = 'M'   # push 2-byte unsigned int
NONE            = 'N'   # push None
PERSID          = 'P'   # push persistent object; id is taken from string arg
BINPERSID       = 'Q'   #  "       "         "  ;  "  "   "     "  stack
REDUCE          = 'R'   # apply callable to argtuple, both on stack
STRING          = 'S'   # push string; NL-terminated string argument
BINSTRING       = 'T'   # push string; counted binary string argument
SHORT_BINSTRING = 'U'   #  "     "   ;    "      "       "      " < 256 bytes
UNICODE         = 'V'   # push Unicode string; raw-unicode-escaped'd argument
BINUNICODE      = 'X'   #   "     "       "  ; counted UTF-8 string argument
APPEND          = 'a'   # append stack top to list below it
BUILD           = 'b'   # call __setstate__ or __dict__.update()
GLOBAL          = 'c'   # push self.find_class(modname, name); 2 string args
DICT            = 'd'   # build a dict from stack items
EMPTY_DICT      = '}'   # push empty dict
APPENDS         = 'e'   # extend list on stack by topmost stack slice
GET             = 'g'   # push item from memo on stack; index is string arg
BINGET          = 'h'   #   "    "    "    "   "   "  ;   "    " 1-byte arg
INST            = 'i'   # build & push class instance
LONG_BINGET     = 'j'   # push item from memo on stack; index is 4-byte arg
LIST            = 'l'   # build list from topmost stack items
EMPTY_LIST      = ']'   # push empty list
OBJ             = 'o'   # build & push class instance
PUT             = 'p'   # store stack top in memo; index is string arg
BINPUT          = 'q'   #   "     "    "   "   " ;   "    " 1-byte arg
LONG_BINPUT     = 'r'   #   "     "    "   "   " ;   "    " 4-byte arg
SETITEM         = 's'   # add key+value pair to dict
TUPLE           = 't'   # build tuple from topmost stack items
EMPTY_TUPLE     = ')'   # push empty tuple
SETITEMS        = 'u'   # modify dict by adding topmost key+value pairs
BINFLOAT        = 'G'   # push float; arg is 8-byte float encoding

TRUE            = 'I01\n'  # not an opcode; see INT docs in pickletools.py
FALSE           = 'I00\n'  # not an opcode; see INT docs in pickletools.py

# Protocol 2

PROTO           = '\x80'  # identify pickle protocol
NEWOBJ          = '\x81'  # build object by applying cls.__new__ to argtuple
EXT1            = '\x82'  # push object from extension registry; 1-byte index
EXT2            = '\x83'  # ditto, but 2-byte index
EXT4            = '\x84'  # ditto, but 4-byte index
TUPLE1          = '\x85'  # build 1-tuple from stack top
TUPLE2          = '\x86'  # build 2-tuple from two topmost stack items
TUPLE3          = '\x87'  # build 3-tuple from three topmost stack items
NEWTRUE         = '\x88'  # push True
NEWFALSE        = '\x89'  # push False
LONG1           = '\x8a'  # push long from < 256 bytes
LONG4           = '\x8b'  # push really big long

_tuplesize2code = [EMPTY_TUPLE, TUPLE1, TUPLE2, TUPLE3]

__all__.extend([x for x in dir() if re.match("[A-Z][A-Z0-9_]+$",x)])
del x

# Pickling machinery

class Pickler:

def __init__(self, file, protocol=None):
        """This takes a file-like object for writing a pickle data stream.

The optional protocol argument tells the pickler to use the
        given protocol; supported protocols are 0, 1, 2.  The default
        protocol is 0, to be backwards compatible.  (Protocol 0 is the
        only protocol that can be written to a file opened in text
        mode and read back successfully.  When using a protocol higher
        than 0, make sure the file is opened in binary mode, both when
        pickling and unpickling.)

Protocol 1 is more efficient than protocol 0; protocol 2 is
        more efficient than protocol 1.

Specifying a negative protocol version selects the highest
        protocol version supported.  The higher the protocol used, the
        more recent the version of Python needed to read the pickle
        produced.

The file parameter must have a write() method that accepts a single
        string argument.  It can thus be an open file object, a StringIO
        object, or any other custom object that meets this interface.

"""
        if protocol is None:
            protocol = 0
        if protocol < 0:
            protocol = HIGHEST_PROTOCOL
        elif not 0 <= protocol <= HIGHEST_PROTOCOL:
            raise ValueError("pickle protocol must be <= %d" % HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
        self.write = file.write
        self.memo = {}
        self.proto = int(protocol)
        self.bin = protocol >= 1
        self.fast = 0

def clear_memo(self):
        """Clears the pickler's "memo".

The memo is the data structure that remembers which objects the
        pickler has already seen, so that shared or recursive objects are
        pickled by reference and not by value.  This method is useful when
        re-using picklers.

"""
        self.memo.clear()

def dump(self, obj):
        """Write a pickled representation of obj to the open file."""
        if self.proto >= 2:
            self.write(PROTO + chr(self.proto))
        self.save(obj)
        self.write(STOP)

def memoize(self, obj):
        """Store an object in the memo."""

# The Pickler memo is a dictionary mapping object ids to 2-tuples
        # that contain the Unpickler memo key and the object being memoized.
        # The memo key is written to the pickle and will become
        # the key in the Unpickler's memo.  The object is stored in the
        # Pickler memo so that transient objects are kept alive during
        # pickling.

# The use of the Unpickler memo length as the memo key is just a
        # convention.  The only requirement is that the memo values be unique.
        # But there appears no advantage to any other scheme, and this
        # scheme allows the Unpickler memo to be implemented as a plain (but
        # growable) array, indexed by memo key.
        if self.fast:
            return
        assert id(obj) not in self.memo
        memo_len = len(self.memo)
        self.write(self.put(memo_len))
        self.memo[id(obj)] = memo_len, obj

# Return a PUT (BINPUT, LONG_BINPUT) opcode string, with argument i.
    def put(self, i, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.bin:
            if i < 256:
                return BINPUT + chr(i)
            else:
                return LONG_BINPUT + pack("<i", i)

return PUT + repr(i) + '\n'

# Return a GET (BINGET, LONG_BINGET) opcode string, with argument i.
    def get(self, i, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.bin:
            if i < 256:
                return BINGET + chr(i)
            else:
                return LONG_BINGET + pack("<i", i)

return GET + repr(i) + '\n'

def save(self, obj):
        # Check for persistent id (defined by a subclass)
        pid = self.persistent_id(obj)
        if pid is not None:
            self.save_pers(pid)
            return

# Check the memo
        x = self.memo.get(id(obj))
        if x:
            self.write(self.get(x[0]))
            return

# Check the type dispatch table
        t = type(obj)
        f = self.dispatch.get(t)
        if f:
            f(self, obj) # Call unbound method with explicit self
            return

# Check copy_reg.dispatch_table
        reduce = dispatch_table.get(t)
        if reduce:
            rv = reduce(obj)
        else:
            # Check for a class with a custom metaclass; treat as regular class
            try:
                issc = issubclass(t, TypeType)
            except TypeError: # t is not a class (old Boost; see SF #502085)
                issc = 0
            if issc:
                self.save_global(obj)
                return

# Check for a __reduce_ex__ method, fall back to __reduce__
            reduce = getattr(obj, "__reduce_ex__", None)
            if reduce:
                rv = reduce(self.proto)
            else:
                reduce = getattr(obj, "__reduce__", None)
                if reduce:
                    rv = reduce()
                else:
                    raise PicklingError("Can't pickle %r object: %r" %
                                        (t.__name__, obj))

# Check for string returned by reduce(), meaning "save as global"
        if type(rv) is StringType:
            self.save_global(obj, rv)
            return

# Assert that reduce() returned a tuple
        if type(rv) is not TupleType:
            raise PicklingError("%s must return string or tuple" % reduce)

# Assert that it returned an appropriately sized tuple
        l = len(rv)
        if not (2 <= l <= 5):
            raise PicklingError("Tuple returned by %s must have "
                                "two to five elements" % reduce)

# Save the reduce() output and finally memoize the object
        self.save_reduce(obj=obj, *rv)

def persistent_id(self, obj):
        # This exists so a subclass can override it
        return None

def save_pers(self, pid):
        # Save a persistent id reference
        if self.bin:
            self.save(pid)
            self.write(BINPERSID)
        else:
            self.write(PERSID + str(pid) + '\n')

def save_reduce(self, func, args, state=None,
                    listitems=None, dictitems=None, obj=None):
        # This API is called by some subclasses

# Assert that args is a tuple or None
        if not isinstance(args, TupleType):
            raise PicklingError("args from reduce() should be a tuple")

# Assert that func is callable
        if not hasattr(func, '__call__'):
            raise PicklingError("func from reduce should be callable")

save = self.save
        write = self.write

# Protocol 2 special case: if func's name is __newobj__, use NEWOBJ
        if self.proto >= 2 and getattr(func, "__name__", "") == "__newobj__":
            # A __reduce__ implementation can direct protocol 2 to
            # use the more efficient NEWOBJ opcode, while still
            # allowing protocol 0 and 1 to work normally.  For this to
            # work, the function returned by __reduce__ should be
            # called __newobj__, and its first argument should be a
            # new-style class.  The implementation for __newobj__
            # should be as follows, although pickle has no way to
            # verify this:
            #
            # def __newobj__(cls, *args):
            #     return cls.__new__(cls, *args)
            #
            # Protocols 0 and 1 will pickle a reference to __newobj__,
            # while protocol 2 (and above) will pickle a reference to
            # cls, the remaining args tuple, and the NEWOBJ code,
            # which calls cls.__new__(cls, *args) at unpickling time
            # (see load_newobj below).  If __reduce__ returns a
            # three-tuple, the state from the third tuple item will be
            # pickled regardless of the protocol, calling __setstate__
            # at unpickling time (see load_build below).
            #
            # Note that no standard __newobj__ implementation exists;
            # you have to provide your own.  This is to enforce
            # compatibility with Python 2.2 (pickles written using
            # protocol 0 or 1 in Python 2.3 should be unpicklable by
            # Python 2.2).
            cls = args[0]
            if not hasattr(cls, "__new__"):
                raise PicklingError(
                    "args[0] from __newobj__ args has no __new__")
            if obj is not None and cls is not obj.__class__:
                raise PicklingError(
                    "args[0] from __newobj__ args has the wrong class")
            args = args[1:]
            save(cls)
            save(args)
            write(NEWOBJ)
        else:
            save(func)
            save(args)
            write(REDUCE)

if obj is not None:
            # If the object is already in the memo, this means it is
            # recursive. In this case, throw away everything we put on the
            # stack, and fetch the object back from the memo.
            if id(obj) in self.memo:
                write(POP + self.get(self.memo[id(obj)][0]))
            else:
                self.memoize(obj)

# More new special cases (that work with older protocols as
        # well): when __reduce__ returns a tuple with 4 or 5 items,
        # the 4th and 5th item should be iterators that provide list
        # items and dict items (as (key, value) tuples), or None.

if listitems is not None:
            self._batch_appends(listitems)

if dictitems is not None:
            self._batch_setitems(dictitems)

if state is not None:
            save(state)
            write(BUILD)

# Methods below this point are dispatched through the dispatch table

dispatch = {}

def save_none(self, obj):
        self.write(NONE)
    dispatch[NoneType] = save_none

def save_bool(self, obj):
        if self.proto >= 2:
            self.write(obj and NEWTRUE or NEWFALSE)
        else:
            self.write(obj and TRUE or FALSE)
    dispatch[bool] = save_bool

def save_int(self, obj, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.bin:
            # If the int is small enough to fit in a signed 4-byte 2's-comp
            # format, we can store it more efficiently than the general
            # case.
            # First one- and two-byte unsigned ints:
            if obj >= 0:
                if obj <= 0xff:
                    self.write(BININT1 + chr(obj))
                    return
                if obj <= 0xffff:
                    self.write("%c%c%c" % (BININT2, obj&0xff, obj>>8))
                    return
            # Next check for 4-byte signed ints:
            high_bits = obj >> 31  # note that Python shift sign-extends
            if high_bits == 0 or high_bits == -1:
                # All high bits are copies of bit 2**31, so the value
                # fits in a 4-byte signed int.
                self.write(BININT + pack("<i", obj))
                return
        # Text pickle, or int too big to fit in signed 4-byte format.
        self.write(INT + repr(obj) + '\n')
    dispatch[IntType] = save_int

def save_long(self, obj, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.proto >= 2:
            bytes = encode_long(obj)
            n = len(bytes)
            if n < 256:
                self.write(LONG1 + chr(n) + bytes)
            else:
                self.write(LONG4 + pack("<i", n) + bytes)
            return
        self.write(LONG + repr(obj) + '\n')
    dispatch[LongType] = save_long

def save_float(self, obj, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.bin:
            self.write(BINFLOAT + pack('>d', obj))
        else:
            self.write(FLOAT + repr(obj) + '\n')
    dispatch[FloatType] = save_float

def save_string(self, obj, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.bin:
            n = len(obj)
            if n < 256:
                self.write(SHORT_BINSTRING + chr(n) + obj)
            else:
                self.write(BINSTRING + pack("<i", n) + obj)
        else:
            self.write(STRING + repr(obj) + '\n')
        self.memoize(obj)
    dispatch[StringType] = save_string

def save_unicode(self, obj, pack=struct.pack):
        if self.bin:
            encoding = obj.encode('utf-8')
            n = len(encoding)
            self.write(BINUNICODE + pack("<i", n) + encoding)
        else:
            obj = obj.replace("\\", "\\u005c")
            obj = obj.replace("\n", "\\u000a")
            self.write(UNICODE + obj.encode('raw-unicode-escape') + '\n')
        self.memoize(obj)
    dispatch[UnicodeType] = save_unicode

if StringType is UnicodeType:
        # This is true for Jython
        def save_string(self, obj, pack=struct.pack):
            unicode = obj.isunicode()

if self.bin:
                if unicode:
                    obj = obj.encode("utf-8")
                l = len(obj)
                if l < 256 and not unicode:
                    self.write(SHORT_BINSTRING + chr(l) + obj)
                else:
                    s = pack("<i", l)
                    if unicode:
                        self.write(BINUNICODE + s + obj)
                    else:
                        self.write(BINSTRING + s + obj)
            else:
                if unicode:
                    obj = obj.replace("\\", "\\u005c")
                    obj = obj.replace("\n", "\\u000a")
                    obj = obj.encode('raw-unicode-escape')
                    self.write(UNICODE + obj + '\n')
                else:
                    self.write(STRING + repr(obj) + '\n')
            self.memoize(obj)
        dispatch[StringType] = save_string

def save_tuple(self, obj):
        write = self.write
        proto = self.proto

n = len(obj)
        if n == 0:
            if proto:
                write(EMPTY_TUPLE)
            else:
                write(MARK + TUPLE)
            return

save = self.save
        memo = self.memo
        if n <= 3 and proto >= 2:
            for element in obj:
                save(element)
            # Subtle.  Same as in the big comment below.
            if id(obj) in memo:
                get = self.get(memo[id(obj)][0])
                write(POP * n + get)
            else:
                write(_tuplesize2code[n])
                self.memoize(obj)
            return

# proto 0 or proto 1 and tuple isn't empty, or proto > 1 and tuple
        # has more than 3 elements.
        write(MARK)
        for element in obj:
            save(element)

if id(obj) in memo:
            # Subtle.  d was not in memo when we entered save_tuple(), so
            # the process of saving the tuple's elements must have saved
            # the tuple itself:  the tuple is recursive.  The proper action
            # now is to throw away everything we put on the stack, and
            # simply GET the tuple (it's already constructed).  This check
            # could have been done in the "for element" loop instead, but
            # recursive tuples are a rare thing.
            get = self.get(memo[id(obj)][0])
            if proto:
                write(POP_MARK + get)
            else:   # proto 0 -- POP_MARK not available
                write(POP * (n+1) + get)
            return

# No recursion.
        self.write(TUPLE)
        self.memoize(obj)

dispatch[TupleType] = save_tuple

# save_empty_tuple() isn't used by anything in Python 2.3.  However, I
    # found a Pickler subclass in Zope3 that calls it, so it's not harmless
    # to remove it.
    def save_empty_tuple(self, obj):
        self.write(EMPTY_TUPLE)

def save_list(self, obj):
        write = self.write

if self.bin:
            write(EMPTY_LIST)
        else:   # proto 0 -- can't use EMPTY_LIST
            write(MARK + LIST)

self.memoize(obj)
        self._batch_appends(iter(obj))

dispatch[ListType] = save_list

# Keep in synch with cPickle's BATCHSIZE.  Nothing will break if it gets
    # out of synch, though.
    _BATCHSIZE = 1000

def _batch_appends(self, items):
        # Helper to batch up APPENDS sequences
        save = self.save
        write = self.write

if not self.bin:
            for x in items:
                save(x)
                write(APPEND)
            return

r = xrange(self._BATCHSIZE)
        while items is not None:
            tmp = []
            for i in r:
                try:
                    x = items.next()
                    tmp.append(x)
                except StopIteration:
                    items = None
                    break
            n = len(tmp)
            if n > 1:
                write(MARK)
                for x in tmp:
                    save(x)
                write(APPENDS)
            elif n:
                save(tmp[0])
                write(APPEND)
            # else tmp is empty, and we're done

def save_dict(self, obj):
        write = self.write

if self.bin:
            write(EMPTY_DICT)
        else:   # proto 0 -- can't use EMPTY_DICT
            write(MARK + DICT)

self.memoize(obj)
        self._batch_setitems(obj.iteritems())

dispatch[DictionaryType] = save_dict
    if not PyStringMap is None:
        dispatch[PyStringMap] = save_dict

def _batch_setitems(self, items):
        # Helper to batch up SETITEMS sequences; proto >= 1 only
        save = self.save
        write = self.write

if not self.bin:
            for k, v in items:
                save(k)
                save(v)
                write(SETITEM)
            return

r = xrange(self._BATCHSIZE)
        while items is not None:
            tmp = []
            for i in r:
                try:
                    tmp.append(items.next())
                except StopIteration:
                    items = None
                    break
            n = len(tmp)
            if n > 1:
                write(MARK)
                for k, v in tmp:
                    save(k)
                    save(v)
                write(SETITEMS)
            elif n:
                k, v = tmp[0]
                save(k)
                save(v)
                write(SETITEM)
            # else tmp is empty, and we're done

def save_inst(self, obj):
        cls = obj.__class__

memo  = self.memo
        write = self.write
        save  = self.save

if hasattr(obj, '__getinitargs__'):
            args = obj.__getinitargs__()
            len(args) # XXX Assert it's a sequence
            _keep_alive(args, memo)
        else:
            args = ()

write(MARK)

if self.bin:
            save(cls)
            for arg in args:
                save(arg)
            write(OBJ)
        else:
            for arg in args:
                save(arg)
            write(INST + cls.__module__ + '\n' + cls.__name__ + '\n')

self.memoize(obj)

try:
            getstate = obj.__getstate__
        except AttributeError:
            stuff = obj.__dict__
        else:
            stuff = getstate()
            _keep_alive(stuff, memo)
        save(stuff)
        write(BUILD)

dispatch[InstanceType] = save_inst

def save_global(self, obj, name=None, pack=struct.pack):
        write = self.write
        memo = self.memo

if name is None:
            name = obj.__name__

module = getattr(obj, "__module__", None)
        if module is None:
            module = whichmodule(obj, name)

try:
            __import__(module)
            mod = sys.modules[module]
            klass = getattr(mod, name)
        except (ImportError, KeyError, AttributeError):
            raise PicklingError(
                "Can't pickle %r: it's not found as %s.%s" %
                (obj, module, name))
        else:
            if klass is not obj:
                raise PicklingError(
                    "Can't pickle %r: it's not the same object as %s.%s" %
                    (obj, module, name))

if self.proto >= 2:
            code = _extension_registry.get((module, name))
            if code:
                assert code > 0
                if code <= 0xff:
                    write(EXT1 + chr(code))
                elif code <= 0xffff:
                    write("%c%c%c" % (EXT2, code&0xff, code>>8))
                else:
                    write(EXT4 + pack("<i", code))
                return

write(GLOBAL + module + '\n' + name + '\n')
        self.memoize(obj)

dispatch[ClassType] = save_global
    dispatch[FunctionType] = save_global
    dispatch[BuiltinFunctionType] = save_global
    dispatch[TypeType] = save_global

# Pickling helpers

def _keep_alive(x, memo):
    """Keeps a reference to the object x in the memo.

Because we remember objects by their id, we have
    to assure that possibly temporary objects are kept
    alive by referencing them.
    We store a reference at the id of the memo, which should
    normally not be used unless someone tries to deepcopy
    the memo itself...
    """
    try:
        memo[id(memo)].append(x)
    except KeyError:
        # aha, this is the first one :-)
        memo[id(memo)]=[x]

# A cache for whichmodule(), mapping a function object to the name of
# the module in which the function was found.

classmap = {} # called classmap for backwards compatibility

def whichmodule(func, funcname):
    """Figure out the module in which a function occurs.

Search sys.modules for the module.
    Cache in classmap.
    Return a module name.
    If the function cannot be found, return "__main__".
    """
    # Python functions should always get an __module__ from their globals.
    mod = getattr(func, "__module__", None)
    if mod is not None:
        return mod
    if func in classmap:
        return classmap[func]

for name, module in sys.modules.items():
        if module is None:
            continue # skip dummy package entries
        if name != '__main__' and getattr(module, funcname, None) is func:
            break
    else:
        name = '__main__'
    classmap[func] = name
    return name

# Unpickling machinery

class Unpickler:

def __init__(self, file):
        """This takes a file-like object for reading a pickle data stream.

The protocol version of the pickle is detected automatically, so no
        proto argument is needed.

The file-like object must have two methods, a read() method that
        takes an integer argument, and a readline() method that requires no
        arguments.  Both methods should return a string.  Thus file-like
        object can be a file object opened for reading, a StringIO object,
        or any other custom object that meets this interface.
        """
        self.readline = file.readline
        self.read = file.read
        self.memo = {}

def load(self):
        """Read a pickled object representation from the open file.

Return the reconstituted object hierarchy specified in the file.
        """
        self.mark = object() # any new unique object
        self.stack = []
        self.append = self.stack.append
        read = self.read
        dispatch = self.dispatch
        try:
            while 1:
                key = read(1)
                dispatch[key](self)
        except _Stop, stopinst:
            return stopinst.value

# Return largest index k such that self.stack[k] is self.mark.
    # If the stack doesn't contain a mark, eventually raises IndexError.
    # This could be sped by maintaining another stack, of indices at which
    # the mark appears.  For that matter, the latter stack would suffice,
    # and we wouldn't need to push mark objects on self.stack at all.
    # Doing so is probably a good thing, though, since if the pickle is
    # corrupt (or hostile) we may get a clue from finding self.mark embedded
    # in unpickled objects.
    def marker(self):
        stack = self.stack
        mark = self.mark
        k = len(stack)-1
        while stack[k] is not mark: k = k-1
        return k

dispatch = {}

def load_eof(self):
        raise EOFError
    dispatch[''] = load_eof

def load_proto(self):
        proto = ord(self.read(1))
        if not 0 <= proto <= 2:
            raise ValueError, "unsupported pickle protocol: %d" % proto
    dispatch[PROTO] = load_proto

def load_persid(self):
        pid = self.readline()[:-1]
        self.append(self.persistent_load(pid))
    dispatch[PERSID] = load_persid

def load_binpersid(self):
        pid = self.stack.pop()
        self.append(self.persistent_load(pid))
    dispatch[BINPERSID] = load_binpersid

def load_none(self):
        self.append(None)
    dispatch[NONE] = load_none

def load_false(self):
        self.append(False)
    dispatch[NEWFALSE] = load_false

def load_true(self):
        self.append(True)
    dispatch[NEWTRUE] = load_true

def load_int(self):
        data = self.readline()
        if data == FALSE[1:]:
            val = False
        elif data == TRUE[1:]:
            val = True
        else:
            try:
                val = int(data)
            except ValueError:
                val = long(data)
        self.append(val)
    dispatch[INT] = load_int

def load_binint(self):
        self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(4)))
    dispatch[BININT] = load_binint

def load_binint1(self):
        self.append(ord(self.read(1)))
    dispatch[BININT1] = load_binint1

def load_binint2(self):
        self.append(mloads('i' + self.read(2) + '\000\000'))
    dispatch[BININT2] = load_binint2

def load_long(self):
        self.append(long(self.readline()[:-1], 0))
    dispatch[LONG] = load_long

def load_long1(self):
        n = ord(self.read(1))
        bytes = self.read(n)
        self.append(decode_long(bytes))
    dispatch[LONG1] = load_long1

def load_long4(self):
        n = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
        bytes = self.read(n)
        self.append(decode_long(bytes))
    dispatch[LONG4] = load_long4

def load_float(self):
        self.append(float(self.readline()[:-1]))
    dispatch[FLOAT] = load_float

def load_binfloat(self, unpack=struct.unpack):
        self.append(unpack('>d', self.read(8))[0])
    dispatch[BINFLOAT] = load_binfloat

def load_string(self):
        rep = self.readline()[:-1]
        for q in "\"'": # double or single quote
            if rep.startswith(q):
                if len(rep) < 2 or not rep.endswith(q):
                    raise ValueError, "insecure string pickle"
                rep = rep[len(q):-len(q)]
                break
        else:
            raise ValueError, "insecure string pickle"
        self.append(rep.decode("string-escape"))
    dispatch[STRING] = load_string

def load_binstring(self):
        len = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
        self.append(self.read(len))
    dispatch[BINSTRING] = load_binstring

def load_unicode(self):
        self.append(unicode(self.readline()[:-1],'raw-unicode-escape'))
    dispatch[UNICODE] = load_unicode

def load_binunicode(self):
        len = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
        self.append(unicode(self.read(len),'utf-8'))
    dispatch[BINUNICODE] = load_binunicode

def load_short_binstring(self):
        len = ord(self.read(1))
        self.append(self.read(len))
    dispatch[SHORT_BINSTRING] = load_short_binstring

def load_tuple(self):
        k = self.marker()
        self.stack[k:] = [tuple(self.stack[k+1:])]
    dispatch[TUPLE] = load_tuple

def load_empty_tuple(self):
        self.stack.append(())
    dispatch[EMPTY_TUPLE] = load_empty_tuple

def load_tuple1(self):
        self.stack[-1] = (self.stack[-1],)
    dispatch[TUPLE1] = load_tuple1

def load_tuple2(self):
        self.stack[-2:] = [(self.stack[-2], self.stack[-1])]
    dispatch[TUPLE2] = load_tuple2

def load_tuple3(self):
        self.stack[-3:] = [(self.stack[-3], self.stack[-2], self.stack[-1])]
    dispatch[TUPLE3] = load_tuple3

def load_empty_list(self):
        self.stack.append([])
    dispatch[EMPTY_LIST] = load_empty_list

def load_empty_dictionary(self):
        self.stack.append({})
    dispatch[EMPTY_DICT] = load_empty_dictionary

def load_list(self):
        k = self.marker()
        self.stack[k:] = [self.stack[k+1:]]
    dispatch[LIST] = load_list

def load_dict(self):
        k = self.marker()
        d = {}
        items = self.stack[k+1:]
        for i in range(0, len(items), 2):
            key = items[i]
            value = items[i+1]
            d[key] = value
        self.stack[k:] = [d]
    dispatch[DICT] = load_dict

# INST and OBJ differ only in how they get a class object.  It's not
    # only sensible to do the rest in a common routine, the two routines
    # previously diverged and grew different bugs.
    # klass is the class to instantiate, and k points to the topmost mark
    # object, following which are the arguments for klass.__init__.
    def _instantiate(self, klass, k):
        args = tuple(self.stack[k+1:])
        del self.stack[k:]
        instantiated = 0
        if (not args and
                type(klass) is ClassType and
                not hasattr(klass, "__getinitargs__")):
            try:
                value = _EmptyClass()
                value.__class__ = klass
                instantiated = 1
            except RuntimeError:
                # In restricted execution, assignment to inst.__class__ is
                # prohibited
                pass
        if not instantiated:
            try:
                value = klass(*args)
            except TypeError, err:
                raise TypeError, "in constructor for %s: %s" % (
                    klass.__name__, str(err)), sys.exc_info()[2]
        self.append(value)

def load_inst(self):
        module = self.readline()[:-1]
        name = self.readline()[:-1]
        klass = self.find_class(module, name)
        self._instantiate(klass, self.marker())
    dispatch[INST] = load_inst

def load_obj(self):
        # Stack is ... markobject classobject arg1 arg2 ...
        k = self.marker()
        klass = self.stack.pop(k+1)
        self._instantiate(klass, k)
    dispatch[OBJ] = load_obj

def load_newobj(self):
        args = self.stack.pop()
        cls = self.stack[-1]
        obj = cls.__new__(cls, *args)
        self.stack[-1] = obj
    dispatch[NEWOBJ] = load_newobj

def load_global(self):
        module = self.readline()[:-1]
        name = self.readline()[:-1]
        klass = self.find_class(module, name)
        self.append(klass)
    dispatch[GLOBAL] = load_global

def load_ext1(self):
        code = ord(self.read(1))
        self.get_extension(code)
    dispatch[EXT1] = load_ext1

def load_ext2(self):
        code = mloads('i' + self.read(2) + '\000\000')
        self.get_extension(code)
    dispatch[EXT2] = load_ext2

def load_ext4(self):
        code = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
        self.get_extension(code)
    dispatch[EXT4] = load_ext4

def get_extension(self, code):
        nil = []
        obj = _extension_cache.get(code, nil)
        if obj is not nil:
            self.append(obj)
            return
        key = _inverted_registry.get(code)
        if not key:
            raise ValueError("unregistered extension code %d" % code)
        obj = self.find_class(*key)
        _extension_cache[code] = obj
        self.append(obj)

def find_class(self, module, name):
        # Subclasses may override this
        __import__(module)
        mod = sys.modules[module]
        klass = getattr(mod, name)
        return klass

def load_reduce(self):
        stack = self.stack
        args = stack.pop()
        func = stack[-1]
        value = func(*args)
        stack[-1] = value
    dispatch[REDUCE] = load_reduce

def load_pop(self):
        del self.stack[-1]
    dispatch[POP] = load_pop

def load_pop_mark(self):
        k = self.marker()
        del self.stack[k:]
    dispatch[POP_MARK] = load_pop_mark

def load_dup(self):
        self.append(self.stack[-1])
    dispatch[DUP] = load_dup

def load_get(self):
        self.append(self.memo[self.readline()[:-1]])
    dispatch[GET] = load_get

def load_binget(self):
        i = ord(self.read(1))
        self.append(self.memo[repr(i)])
    dispatch[BINGET] = load_binget

def load_long_binget(self):
        i = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
        self.append(self.memo[repr(i)])
    dispatch[LONG_BINGET] = load_long_binget

def load_put(self):
        self.memo[self.readline()[:-1]] = self.stack[-1]
    dispatch[PUT] = load_put

def load_binput(self):
        i = ord(self.read(1))
        self.memo[repr(i)] = self.stack[-1]
    dispatch[BINPUT] = load_binput

def load_long_binput(self):
        i = mloads('i' + self.read(4))
        self.memo[repr(i)] = self.stack[-1]
    dispatch[LONG_BINPUT] = load_long_binput

def load_append(self):
        stack = self.stack
        value = stack.pop()
        list = stack[-1]
        list.append(value)
    dispatch[APPEND] = load_append

def load_appends(self):
        stack = self.stack
        mark = self.marker()
        list = stack[mark - 1]
        list.extend(stack[mark + 1:])
        del stack[mark:]
    dispatch[APPENDS] = load_appends

def load_setitem(self):
        stack = self.stack
        value = stack.pop()
        key = stack.pop()
        dict = stack[-1]
        dict[key] = value
    dispatch[SETITEM] = load_setitem

def load_setitems(self):
        stack = self.stack
        mark = self.marker()
        dict = stack[mark - 1]
        for i in range(mark + 1, len(stack), 2):
            dict[stack[i]] = stack[i + 1]

del stack[mark:]
    dispatch[SETITEMS] = load_setitems

def load_build(self):
        stack = self.stack
        state = stack.pop()
        inst = stack[-1]
        setstate = getattr(inst, "__setstate__", None)
        if setstate:
            setstate(state)
            return
        slotstate = None
        if isinstance(state, tuple) and len(state) == 2:
            state, slotstate = state
        if state:
            try:
                d = inst.__dict__
                try:
                    for k, v in state.iteritems():
                        d[intern(k)] = v
                # keys in state don't have to be strings
                # don't blow up, but don't go out of our way
                except TypeError:
                    d.update(state)

except RuntimeError:
                # XXX In restricted execution, the instance's __dict__
                # is not accessible.  Use the old way of unpickling
                # the instance variables.  This is a semantic
                # difference when unpickling in restricted
                # vs. unrestricted modes.
                # Note, however, that cPickle has never tried to do the
                # .update() business, and always uses
                #     PyObject_SetItem(inst.__dict__, key, value) in a
                # loop over state.items().
                for k, v in state.items():
                    setattr(inst, k, v)
        if slotstate:
            for k, v in slotstate.items():
                setattr(inst, k, v)
    dispatch[BUILD] = load_build

def load_mark(self):
        self.append(self.mark)
    dispatch[MARK] = load_mark

def load_stop(self):
        value = self.stack.pop()
        raise _Stop(value)
    dispatch[STOP] = load_stop

# Helper class for load_inst/load_obj

class _EmptyClass:
    pass

# Encode/decode longs in linear time.

import binascii as _binascii

def encode_long(x):
    r"""Encode a long to a two's complement little-endian binary string.
    Note that 0L is a special case, returning an empty string, to save a
    byte in the LONG1 pickling context.

>>> encode_long(0L)
    ''
    >>> encode_long(255L)
    '\xff\x00'
    >>> encode_long(32767L)
    '\xff\x7f'
    >>> encode_long(-256L)
    '\x00\xff'
    >>> encode_long(-32768L)
    '\x00\x80'
    >>> encode_long(-128L)
    '\x80'
    >>> encode_long(127L)
    '\x7f'
    >>>
    """

if x == 0:
        return ''
    if x > 0:
        ashex = hex(x)
        assert ashex.startswith("0x")
        njunkchars = 2 + ashex.endswith('L')
        nibbles = len(ashex) - njunkchars
        if nibbles & 1:
            # need an even # of nibbles for unhexlify
            ashex = "0x0" + ashex[2:]
        elif int(ashex[2], 16) >= 8:
            # "looks negative", so need a byte of sign bits
            ashex = "0x00" + ashex[2:]
    else:
        # Build the 256's-complement:  (1L << nbytes) + x.  The trick is
        # to find the number of bytes in linear time (although that should
        # really be a constant-time task).
        ashex = hex(-x)
        assert ashex.startswith("0x")
        njunkchars = 2 + ashex.endswith('L')
        nibbles = len(ashex) - njunkchars
        if nibbles & 1:
            # Extend to a full byte.
            nibbles += 1
        nbits = nibbles * 4
        x += 1L << nbits
        assert x > 0
        ashex = hex(x)
        njunkchars = 2 + ashex.endswith('L')
        newnibbles = len(ashex) - njunkchars
        if newnibbles < nibbles:
            ashex = "0x" + "0" * (nibbles - newnibbles) + ashex[2:]
        if int(ashex[2], 16) < 8:
            # "looks positive", so need a byte of sign bits
            ashex = "0xff" + ashex[2:]

if ashex.endswith('L'):
        ashex = ashex[2:-1]
    else:
        ashex = ashex[2:]
    assert len(ashex) & 1 == 0, (x, ashex)
    binary = _binascii.unhexlify(ashex)
    return binary[::-1]

def decode_long(data):
    r"""Decode a long from a two's complement little-endian binary string.

>>> decode_long('')
    0L
    >>> decode_long("\xff\x00")
    255L
    >>> decode_long("\xff\x7f")
    32767L
    >>> decode_long("\x00\xff")
    -256L
    >>> decode_long("\x00\x80")
    -32768L
    >>> decode_long("\x80")
    -128L
    >>> decode_long("\x7f")
    127L
    """

nbytes = len(data)
    if nbytes == 0:
        return 0L
    ashex = _binascii.hexlify(data[::-1])
    n = long(ashex, 16) # quadratic time before Python 2.3; linear now
    if data[-1] >= '\x80':
        n -= 1L << (nbytes * 8)
    return n

# Shorthands

try:
    from cStringIO import StringIO
except ImportError:
    from StringIO import StringIO

def dump(obj, file, protocol=None):
    Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)

def dumps(obj, protocol=None):
    file = StringIO()
    Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)
    return file.getvalue()

def load(file):
    return Unpickler(file).load()

def loads(str):
    file = StringIO(str)
    return Unpickler(file).load()

# Doctest

def _test():
    import doctest
    return doctest.testmod()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    _test()

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