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Edit File : refactor.py \| Size : 26.76 KB
# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved. # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement. """Refactoring framework. Used as a main program, this can refactor any number of files and/or recursively descend down directories. Imported as a module, this provides infrastructure to write your own refactoring tool. """ __author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>" # Python imports import io import os import pkgutil import sys import logging import operator import collections from itertools import chain # Local imports from .pgen2 import driver, tokenize, token from .fixer_util import find_root from . import pytree, pygram from . import btm_matcher as bm def get_all_fix_names(fixer_pkg, remove_prefix=True): """Return a sorted list of all available fix names in the given package.""" pkg = __import__(fixer_pkg, [], [], [""]) fix_names = [] for finder, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(pkg.__path__): if name.startswith("fix_"): if remove_prefix: name = name[4:] fix_names.append(name) return fix_names class _EveryNode(Exception): pass def _get_head_types(pat): """ Accepts a pytree Pattern Node and returns a set of the pattern types which will match first. """ if isinstance(pat, (pytree.NodePattern, pytree.LeafPattern)): # NodePatters must either have no type and no content # or a type and content -- so they don't get any farther # Always return leafs if pat.type is None: raise _EveryNode return {pat.type} if isinstance(pat, pytree.NegatedPattern): if pat.content: return _get_head_types(pat.content) raise _EveryNode # Negated Patterns don't have a type if isinstance(pat, pytree.WildcardPattern): # Recurse on each node in content r = set() for p in pat.content: for x in p: r.update(_get_head_types(x)) return r raise Exception("Oh no! I don't understand pattern %s" %(pat)) def _get_headnode_dict(fixer_list): """ Accepts a list of fixers and returns a dictionary of head node type --> fixer list. """ head_nodes = collections.defaultdict(list) every = [] for fixer in fixer_list: if fixer.pattern: try: heads = _get_head_types(fixer.pattern) except _EveryNode: every.append(fixer) else: for node_type in heads: head_nodes[node_type].append(fixer) else: if fixer._accept_type is not None: head_nodes[fixer._accept_type].append(fixer) else: every.append(fixer) for node_type in chain(pygram.python_grammar.symbol2number.values(), pygram.python_grammar.tokens): head_nodes[node_type].extend(every) return dict(head_nodes) def get_fixers_from_package(pkg_name): """ Return the fully qualified names for fixers in the package pkg_name. """ return [pkg_name + "." + fix_name for fix_name in get_all_fix_names(pkg_name, False)] def _identity(obj): return obj def _detect_future_features(source): have_docstring = False gen = tokenize.generate_tokens(io.StringIO(source).readline) def advance(): tok = next(gen) return tok[0], tok[1] ignore = frozenset({token.NEWLINE, tokenize.NL, token.COMMENT}) features = set() try: while True: tp, value = advance() if tp in ignore: continue elif tp == token.STRING: if have_docstring: break have_docstring = True elif tp == token.NAME and value == "from": tp, value = advance() if tp != token.NAME or value != "__future__": break tp, value = advance() if tp != token.NAME or value != "import": break tp, value = advance() if tp == token.OP and value == "(": tp, value = advance() while tp == token.NAME: features.add(value) tp, value = advance() if tp != token.OP or value != ",": break tp, value = advance() else: break except StopIteration: pass return frozenset(features) class FixerError(Exception): """A fixer could not be loaded.""" class RefactoringTool(object): _default_options = {"print_function" : False, "write_unchanged_files" : False} CLASS_PREFIX = "Fix" # The prefix for fixer classes FILE_PREFIX = "fix_" # The prefix for modules with a fixer within def __init__(self, fixer_names, options=None, explicit=None): """Initializer. Args: fixer_names: a list of fixers to import options: a dict with configuration. explicit: a list of fixers to run even if they are explicit. """ self.fixers = fixer_names self.explicit = explicit or [] self.options = self._default_options.copy() if options is not None: self.options.update(options) if self.options["print_function"]: self.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement else: self.grammar = pygram.python_grammar # When this is True, the refactor() methods will call write_file() for # files processed even if they were not changed during refactoring. If # and only if the refactor method's write parameter was True. self.write_unchanged_files = self.options.get("write_unchanged_files") self.errors = [] self.logger = logging.getLogger("RefactoringTool") self.fixer_log = [] self.wrote = False self.driver = driver.Driver(self.grammar, convert=pytree.convert, logger=self.logger) self.pre_order, self.post_order = self.get_fixers() self.files = [] # List of files that were or should be modified self.BM = bm.BottomMatcher() self.bmi_pre_order = [] # Bottom Matcher incompatible fixers self.bmi_post_order = [] for fixer in chain(self.post_order, self.pre_order): if fixer.BM_compatible: self.BM.add_fixer(fixer) # remove fixers that will be handled by the bottom-up # matcher elif fixer in self.pre_order: self.bmi_pre_order.append(fixer) elif fixer in self.post_order: self.bmi_post_order.append(fixer) self.bmi_pre_order_heads = _get_headnode_dict(self.bmi_pre_order) self.bmi_post_order_heads = _get_headnode_dict(self.bmi_post_order) def get_fixers(self): """Inspects the options to load the requested patterns and handlers. Returns: (pre_order, post_order), where pre_order is the list of fixers that want a pre-order AST traversal, and post_order is the list that want post-order traversal. """ pre_order_fixers = [] post_order_fixers = [] for fix_mod_path in self.fixers: mod = __import__(fix_mod_path, {}, {}, [""]) fix_name = fix_mod_path.rsplit(".", 1)[-1] if fix_name.startswith(self.FILE_PREFIX): fix_name = fix_name[len(self.FILE_PREFIX):] parts = fix_name.split("_") class_name = self.CLASS_PREFIX + "".join([p.title() for p in parts]) try: fix_class = getattr(mod, class_name) except AttributeError: raise FixerError("Can't find %s.%s" % (fix_name, class_name)) from None fixer = fix_class(self.options, self.fixer_log) if fixer.explicit and self.explicit is not True and \ fix_mod_path not in self.explicit: self.log_message("Skipping optional fixer: %s", fix_name) continue self.log_debug("Adding transformation: %s", fix_name) if fixer.order == "pre": pre_order_fixers.append(fixer) elif fixer.order == "post": post_order_fixers.append(fixer) else: raise FixerError("Illegal fixer order: %r" % fixer.order) key_func = operator.attrgetter("run_order") pre_order_fixers.sort(key=key_func) post_order_fixers.sort(key=key_func) return (pre_order_fixers, post_order_fixers) def log_error(self, msg, args, *kwds): """Called when an error occurs.""" raise def log_message(self, msg, args): """Hook to log a message.""" if args: msg = msg % args self.logger.info(msg) def log_debug(self, msg, args): if args: msg = msg % args self.logger.debug(msg) def print_output(self, old_text, new_text, filename, equal): """Called with the old version, new version, and filename of a refactored file.""" pass def refactor(self, items, write=False, doctests_only=False): """Refactor a list of files and directories.""" for dir_or_file in items: if os.path.isdir(dir_or_file): self.refactor_dir(dir_or_file, write, doctests_only) else: self.refactor_file(dir_or_file, write, doctests_only) def refactor_dir(self, dir_name, write=False, doctests_only=False): """Descends down a directory and refactor every Python file found. Python files are assumed to have a .py extension. Files and subdirectories starting with '.' are skipped. """ py_ext = os.extsep + "py" for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dir_name): self.log_debug("Descending into %s", dirpath) dirnames.sort() filenames.sort() for name in filenames: if (not name.startswith(".") and os.path.splitext(name)[1] == py_ext): fullname = os.path.join(dirpath, name) self.refactor_file(fullname, write, doctests_only) # Modify dirnames in-place to remove subdirs with leading dots dirnames[:] = [dn for dn in dirnames if not dn.startswith(".")] def _read_python_source(self, filename): """ Do our best to decode a Python source file correctly. """ try: f = open(filename, "rb") except OSError as err: self.log_error("Can't open %s: %s", filename, err) return None, None try: encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(f.readline)[0] finally: f.close() with io.open(filename, "r", encoding=encoding, newline='') as f: return f.read(), encoding def refactor_file(self, filename, write=False, doctests_only=False): """Refactors a file.""" input, encoding = self._read_python_source(filename) if input is None: # Reading the file failed. return input += "\n" # Silence certain parse errors if doctests_only: self.log_debug("Refactoring doctests in %s", filename) output = self.refactor_docstring(input, filename) if self.write_unchanged_files or output != input: self.processed_file(output, filename, input, write, encoding) else: self.log_debug("No doctest changes in %s", filename) else: tree = self.refactor_string(input, filename) if self.write_unchanged_files or (tree and tree.was_changed): # The [:-1] is to take off the \n we added earlier self.processed_file(str(tree)[:-1], filename, write=write, encoding=encoding) else: self.log_debug("No changes in %s", filename) def refactor_string(self, data, name): """Refactor a given input string. Args: data: a string holding the code to be refactored. name: a human-readable name for use in error/log messages. Returns: An AST corresponding to the refactored input stream; None if there were errors during the parse. """ features = _detect_future_features(data) if "print_function" in features: self.driver.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement try: tree = self.driver.parse_string(data) except Exception as err: self.log_error("Can't parse %s: %s: %s", name, err.__class__.__name__, err) return finally: self.driver.grammar = self.grammar tree.future_features = features self.log_debug("Refactoring %s", name) self.refactor_tree(tree, name) return tree def refactor_stdin(self, doctests_only=False): input = sys.stdin.read() if doctests_only: self.log_debug("Refactoring doctests in stdin") output = self.refactor_docstring(input, "<stdin>") if self.write_unchanged_files or output != input: self.processed_file(output, "<stdin>", input) else: self.log_debug("No doctest changes in stdin") else: tree = self.refactor_string(input, "<stdin>") if self.write_unchanged_files or (tree and tree.was_changed): self.processed_file(str(tree), "<stdin>", input) else: self.log_debug("No changes in stdin") def refactor_tree(self, tree, name): """Refactors a parse tree (modifying the tree in place). For compatible patterns the bottom matcher module is used. Otherwise the tree is traversed node-to-node for matches. Args: tree: a pytree.Node instance representing the root of the tree to be refactored. name: a human-readable name for this tree. Returns: True if the tree was modified, False otherwise. """ for fixer in chain(self.pre_order, self.post_order): fixer.start_tree(tree, name) #use traditional matching for the incompatible fixers self.traverse_by(self.bmi_pre_order_heads, tree.pre_order()) self.traverse_by(self.bmi_post_order_heads, tree.post_order()) # obtain a set of candidate nodes match_set = self.BM.run(tree.leaves()) while any(match_set.values()): for fixer in self.BM.fixers: if fixer in match_set and match_set[fixer]: #sort by depth; apply fixers from bottom(of the AST) to top match_set[fixer].sort(key=pytree.Base.depth, reverse=True) if fixer.keep_line_order: #some fixers(eg fix_imports) must be applied #with the original file's line order match_set[fixer].sort(key=pytree.Base.get_lineno) for node in list(match_set[fixer]): if node in match_set[fixer]: match_set[fixer].remove(node) try: find_root(node) except ValueError: # this node has been cut off from a # previous transformation ; skip continue if node.fixers_applied and fixer in node.fixers_applied: # do not apply the same fixer again continue results = fixer.match(node) if results: new = fixer.transform(node, results) if new is not None: node.replace(new) #new.fixers_applied.append(fixer) for node in new.post_order(): # do not apply the fixer again to # this or any subnode if not node.fixers_applied: node.fixers_applied = [] node.fixers_applied.append(fixer) # update the original match set for # the added code new_matches = self.BM.run(new.leaves()) for fxr in new_matches: if not fxr in match_set: match_set[fxr]=[] match_set[fxr].extend(new_matches[fxr]) for fixer in chain(self.pre_order, self.post_order): fixer.finish_tree(tree, name) return tree.was_changed def traverse_by(self, fixers, traversal): """Traverse an AST, applying a set of fixers to each node. This is a helper method for refactor_tree(). Args: fixers: a list of fixer instances. traversal: a generator that yields AST nodes. Returns: None """ if not fixers: return for node in traversal: for fixer in fixers[node.type]: results = fixer.match(node) if results: new = fixer.transform(node, results) if new is not None: node.replace(new) node = new def processed_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text=None, write=False, encoding=None): """ Called when a file has been refactored and there may be changes. """ self.files.append(filename) if old_text is None: old_text = self._read_python_source(filename)[0] if old_text is None: return equal = old_text == new_text self.print_output(old_text, new_text, filename, equal) if equal: self.log_debug("No changes to %s", filename) if not self.write_unchanged_files: return if write: self.write_file(new_text, filename, old_text, encoding) else: self.log_debug("Not writing changes to %s", filename) def write_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text, encoding=None): """Writes a string to a file. It first shows a unified diff between the old text and the new text, and then rewrites the file; the latter is only done if the write option is set. """ try: fp = io.open(filename, "w", encoding=encoding, newline='') except OSError as err: self.log_error("Can't create %s: %s", filename, err) return with fp: try: fp.write(new_text) except OSError as err: self.log_error("Can't write %s: %s", filename, err) self.log_debug("Wrote changes to %s", filename) self.wrote = True PS1 = ">>> " PS2 = "... " def refactor_docstring(self, input, filename): """Refactors a docstring, looking for doctests. This returns a modified version of the input string. It looks for doctests, which start with a ">>>" prompt, and may be continued with "..." prompts, as long as the "..." is indented the same as the ">>>". (Unfortunately we can't use the doctest module's parser, since, like most parsers, it is not geared towards preserving the original source.) """ result = [] block = None block_lineno = None indent = None lineno = 0 for line in input.splitlines(keepends=True): lineno += 1 if line.lstrip().startswith(self.PS1): if block is not None: result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno, indent, filename)) block_lineno = lineno block = [line] i = line.find(self.PS1) indent = line[:i] elif (indent is not None and (line.startswith(indent + self.PS2) or line == indent + self.PS2.rstrip() + "\n")): block.append(line) else: if block is not None: result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno, indent, filename)) block = None indent = None result.append(line) if block is not None: result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno, indent, filename)) return "".join(result) def refactor_doctest(self, block, lineno, indent, filename): """Refactors one doctest. A doctest is given as a block of lines, the first of which starts with ">>>" (possibly indented), while the remaining lines start with "..." (identically indented). """ try: tree = self.parse_block(block, lineno, indent) except Exception as err: if self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG): for line in block: self.log_debug("Source: %s", line.rstrip("\n")) self.log_error("Can't parse docstring in %s line %s: %s: %s", filename, lineno, err.__class__.__name__, err) return block if self.refactor_tree(tree, filename): new = str(tree).splitlines(keepends=True) # Undo the adjustment of the line numbers in wrap_toks() below. clipped, new = new[:lineno-1], new[lineno-1:] assert clipped == ["\n"] (lineno-1), clipped if not new[-1].endswith("\n"): new[-1] += "\n" block = [indent + self.PS1 + new.pop(0)] if new: block += [indent + self.PS2 + line for line in new] return block def summarize(self): if self.wrote: were = "were" else: were = "need to be" if not self.files: self.log_message("No files %s modified.", were) else: self.log_message("Files that %s modified:", were) for file in self.files: self.log_message(file) if self.fixer_log: self.log_message("Warnings/messages while refactoring:") for message in self.fixer_log: self.log_message(message) if self.errors: if len(self.errors) == 1: self.log_message("There was 1 error:") else: self.log_message("There were %d errors:", len(self.errors)) for msg, args, kwds in self.errors: self.log_message(msg, args, kwds) def parse_block(self, block, lineno, indent): """Parses a block into a tree. This is necessary to get correct line number / offset information in the parser diagnostics and embedded into the parse tree. """ tree = self.driver.parse_tokens(self.wrap_toks(block, lineno, indent)) tree.future_features = frozenset() return tree def wrap_toks(self, block, lineno, indent): """Wraps a tokenize stream to systematically modify start/end.""" tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(self.gen_lines(block, indent).__next__) for type, value, (line0, col0), (line1, col1), line_text in tokens: line0 += lineno - 1 line1 += lineno - 1 # Don't bother updating the columns; this is too complicated # since line_text would also have to be updated and it would # still break for tokens spanning lines. Let the user guess # that the column numbers for doctests are relative to the # end of the prompt string (PS1 or PS2). yield type, value, (line0, col0), (line1, col1), line_text def gen_lines(self, block, indent): """Generates lines as expected by tokenize from a list of lines. This strips the first len(indent + self.PS1) characters off each line. """ prefix1 = indent + self.PS1 prefix2 = indent + self.PS2 prefix = prefix1 for line in block: if line.startswith(prefix): yield line[len(prefix):] elif line == prefix.rstrip() + "\n": yield "\n" else: raise AssertionError("line=%r, prefix=%r" % (line, prefix)) prefix = prefix2 while True: yield "" class MultiprocessingUnsupported(Exception): pass class MultiprocessRefactoringTool(RefactoringTool): def __init__(self, args, *kwargs): super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).__init__(args, *kwargs) self.queue = None self.output_lock = None def refactor(self, items, write=False, doctests_only=False, num_processes=1): if num_processes == 1: return super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor( items, write, doctests_only) try: import multiprocessing except ImportError: raise MultiprocessingUnsupported if self.queue is not None: raise RuntimeError("already doing multiple processes") self.queue = multiprocessing.JoinableQueue() self.output_lock = multiprocessing.Lock() processes = [multiprocessing.Process(target=self._child) for i in range(num_processes)] try: for p in processes: p.start() super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor(items, write, doctests_only) finally: self.queue.join() for i in range(num_processes): self.queue.put(None) for p in processes: if p.is_alive(): p.join() self.queue = None def _child(self): task = self.queue.get() while task is not None: args, kwargs = task try: super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor_file( args, *kwargs) finally: self.queue.task_done() task = self.queue.get() def refactor_file(self, args, *kwargs): if self.queue is not None: self.queue.put((args, kwargs)) else: return super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor_file( args, **kwargs) Back

Edit File : refactor.py | Size : 26.76 KB

# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.

"""Refactoring framework.

Used as a main program, this can refactor any number of files and/or
recursively descend down directories.  Imported as a module, this
provides infrastructure to write your own refactoring tool.
"""

__author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>"

# Python imports
import io
import os
import pkgutil
import sys
import logging
import operator
import collections
from itertools import chain

# Local imports
from .pgen2 import driver, tokenize, token
from .fixer_util import find_root
from . import pytree, pygram
from . import btm_matcher as bm

def get_all_fix_names(fixer_pkg, remove_prefix=True):
    """Return a sorted list of all available fix names in the given package."""
    pkg = __import__(fixer_pkg, [], [], ["*"])
    fix_names = []
    for finder, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(pkg.__path__):
        if name.startswith("fix_"):
            if remove_prefix:
                name = name[4:]
            fix_names.append(name)
    return fix_names

class _EveryNode(Exception):
    pass

def _get_head_types(pat):
    """ Accepts a pytree Pattern Node and returns a set
        of the pattern types which will match first. """

if isinstance(pat, (pytree.NodePattern, pytree.LeafPattern)):
        # NodePatters must either have no type and no content
        #   or a type and content -- so they don't get any farther
        # Always return leafs
        if pat.type is None:
            raise _EveryNode
        return {pat.type}

if isinstance(pat, pytree.NegatedPattern):
        if pat.content:
            return _get_head_types(pat.content)
        raise _EveryNode # Negated Patterns don't have a type

if isinstance(pat, pytree.WildcardPattern):
        # Recurse on each node in content
        r = set()
        for p in pat.content:
            for x in p:
                r.update(_get_head_types(x))
        return r

raise Exception("Oh no! I don't understand pattern %s" %(pat))

def _get_headnode_dict(fixer_list):
    """ Accepts a list of fixers and returns a dictionary
        of head node type --> fixer list.  """
    head_nodes = collections.defaultdict(list)
    every = []
    for fixer in fixer_list:
        if fixer.pattern:
            try:
                heads = _get_head_types(fixer.pattern)
            except _EveryNode:
                every.append(fixer)
            else:
                for node_type in heads:
                    head_nodes[node_type].append(fixer)
        else:
            if fixer._accept_type is not None:
                head_nodes[fixer._accept_type].append(fixer)
            else:
                every.append(fixer)
    for node_type in chain(pygram.python_grammar.symbol2number.values(),
                           pygram.python_grammar.tokens):
        head_nodes[node_type].extend(every)
    return dict(head_nodes)

def get_fixers_from_package(pkg_name):
    """
    Return the fully qualified names for fixers in the package pkg_name.
    """
    return [pkg_name + "." + fix_name
            for fix_name in get_all_fix_names(pkg_name, False)]

def _identity(obj):
    return obj

def _detect_future_features(source):
    have_docstring = False
    gen = tokenize.generate_tokens(io.StringIO(source).readline)
    def advance():
        tok = next(gen)
        return tok[0], tok[1]
    ignore = frozenset({token.NEWLINE, tokenize.NL, token.COMMENT})
    features = set()
    try:
        while True:
            tp, value = advance()
            if tp in ignore:
                continue
            elif tp == token.STRING:
                if have_docstring:
                    break
                have_docstring = True
            elif tp == token.NAME and value == "from":
                tp, value = advance()
                if tp != token.NAME or value != "__future__":
                    break
                tp, value = advance()
                if tp != token.NAME or value != "import":
                    break
                tp, value = advance()
                if tp == token.OP and value == "(":
                    tp, value = advance()
                while tp == token.NAME:
                    features.add(value)
                    tp, value = advance()
                    if tp != token.OP or value != ",":
                        break
                    tp, value = advance()
            else:
                break
    except StopIteration:
        pass
    return frozenset(features)

class FixerError(Exception):
    """A fixer could not be loaded."""

class RefactoringTool(object):

_default_options = {"print_function" : False,
                        "write_unchanged_files" : False}

CLASS_PREFIX = "Fix" # The prefix for fixer classes
    FILE_PREFIX = "fix_" # The prefix for modules with a fixer within

def __init__(self, fixer_names, options=None, explicit=None):
        """Initializer.

Args:
            fixer_names: a list of fixers to import
            options: a dict with configuration.
            explicit: a list of fixers to run even if they are explicit.
        """
        self.fixers = fixer_names
        self.explicit = explicit or []
        self.options = self._default_options.copy()
        if options is not None:
            self.options.update(options)
        if self.options["print_function"]:
            self.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement
        else:
            self.grammar = pygram.python_grammar
        # When this is True, the refactor*() methods will call write_file() for
        # files processed even if they were not changed during refactoring. If
        # and only if the refactor method's write parameter was True.
        self.write_unchanged_files = self.options.get("write_unchanged_files")
        self.errors = []
        self.logger = logging.getLogger("RefactoringTool")
        self.fixer_log = []
        self.wrote = False
        self.driver = driver.Driver(self.grammar,
                                    convert=pytree.convert,
                                    logger=self.logger)
        self.pre_order, self.post_order = self.get_fixers()

self.files = []  # List of files that were or should be modified

self.BM = bm.BottomMatcher()
        self.bmi_pre_order = [] # Bottom Matcher incompatible fixers
        self.bmi_post_order = []

for fixer in chain(self.post_order, self.pre_order):
            if fixer.BM_compatible:
                self.BM.add_fixer(fixer)
                # remove fixers that will be handled by the bottom-up
                # matcher
            elif fixer in self.pre_order:
                self.bmi_pre_order.append(fixer)
            elif fixer in self.post_order:
                self.bmi_post_order.append(fixer)

self.bmi_pre_order_heads = _get_headnode_dict(self.bmi_pre_order)
        self.bmi_post_order_heads = _get_headnode_dict(self.bmi_post_order)

def get_fixers(self):
        """Inspects the options to load the requested patterns and handlers.

Returns:
          (pre_order, post_order), where pre_order is the list of fixers that
          want a pre-order AST traversal, and post_order is the list that want
          post-order traversal.
        """
        pre_order_fixers = []
        post_order_fixers = []
        for fix_mod_path in self.fixers:
            mod = __import__(fix_mod_path, {}, {}, ["*"])
            fix_name = fix_mod_path.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
            if fix_name.startswith(self.FILE_PREFIX):
                fix_name = fix_name[len(self.FILE_PREFIX):]
            parts = fix_name.split("_")
            class_name = self.CLASS_PREFIX + "".join([p.title() for p in parts])
            try:
                fix_class = getattr(mod, class_name)
            except AttributeError:
                raise FixerError("Can't find %s.%s" % (fix_name, class_name)) from None
            fixer = fix_class(self.options, self.fixer_log)
            if fixer.explicit and self.explicit is not True and \
                    fix_mod_path not in self.explicit:
                self.log_message("Skipping optional fixer: %s", fix_name)
                continue

self.log_debug("Adding transformation: %s", fix_name)
            if fixer.order == "pre":
                pre_order_fixers.append(fixer)
            elif fixer.order == "post":
                post_order_fixers.append(fixer)
            else:
                raise FixerError("Illegal fixer order: %r" % fixer.order)

key_func = operator.attrgetter("run_order")
        pre_order_fixers.sort(key=key_func)
        post_order_fixers.sort(key=key_func)
        return (pre_order_fixers, post_order_fixers)

def log_error(self, msg, *args, **kwds):
        """Called when an error occurs."""
        raise

def log_message(self, msg, *args):
        """Hook to log a message."""
        if args:
            msg = msg % args
        self.logger.info(msg)

def log_debug(self, msg, *args):
        if args:
            msg = msg % args
        self.logger.debug(msg)

def print_output(self, old_text, new_text, filename, equal):
        """Called with the old version, new version, and filename of a
        refactored file."""
        pass

def refactor(self, items, write=False, doctests_only=False):
        """Refactor a list of files and directories."""

for dir_or_file in items:
            if os.path.isdir(dir_or_file):
                self.refactor_dir(dir_or_file, write, doctests_only)
            else:
                self.refactor_file(dir_or_file, write, doctests_only)

def refactor_dir(self, dir_name, write=False, doctests_only=False):
        """Descends down a directory and refactor every Python file found.

Python files are assumed to have a .py extension.

Files and subdirectories starting with '.' are skipped.
        """
        py_ext = os.extsep + "py"
        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dir_name):
            self.log_debug("Descending into %s", dirpath)
            dirnames.sort()
            filenames.sort()
            for name in filenames:
                if (not name.startswith(".") and
                    os.path.splitext(name)[1] == py_ext):
                    fullname = os.path.join(dirpath, name)
                    self.refactor_file(fullname, write, doctests_only)
            # Modify dirnames in-place to remove subdirs with leading dots
            dirnames[:] = [dn for dn in dirnames if not dn.startswith(".")]

def _read_python_source(self, filename):
        """
        Do our best to decode a Python source file correctly.
        """
        try:
            f = open(filename, "rb")
        except OSError as err:
            self.log_error("Can't open %s: %s", filename, err)
            return None, None
        try:
            encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(f.readline)[0]
        finally:
            f.close()
        with io.open(filename, "r", encoding=encoding, newline='') as f:
            return f.read(), encoding

def refactor_file(self, filename, write=False, doctests_only=False):
        """Refactors a file."""
        input, encoding = self._read_python_source(filename)
        if input is None:
            # Reading the file failed.
            return
        input += "\n" # Silence certain parse errors
        if doctests_only:
            self.log_debug("Refactoring doctests in %s", filename)
            output = self.refactor_docstring(input, filename)
            if self.write_unchanged_files or output != input:
                self.processed_file(output, filename, input, write, encoding)
            else:
                self.log_debug("No doctest changes in %s", filename)
        else:
            tree = self.refactor_string(input, filename)
            if self.write_unchanged_files or (tree and tree.was_changed):
                # The [:-1] is to take off the \n we added earlier
                self.processed_file(str(tree)[:-1], filename,
                                    write=write, encoding=encoding)
            else:
                self.log_debug("No changes in %s", filename)

def refactor_string(self, data, name):
        """Refactor a given input string.

Args:
            data: a string holding the code to be refactored.
            name: a human-readable name for use in error/log messages.

Returns:
            An AST corresponding to the refactored input stream; None if
            there were errors during the parse.
        """
        features = _detect_future_features(data)
        if "print_function" in features:
            self.driver.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement
        try:
            tree = self.driver.parse_string(data)
        except Exception as err:
            self.log_error("Can't parse %s: %s: %s",
                           name, err.__class__.__name__, err)
            return
        finally:
            self.driver.grammar = self.grammar
        tree.future_features = features
        self.log_debug("Refactoring %s", name)
        self.refactor_tree(tree, name)
        return tree

def refactor_stdin(self, doctests_only=False):
        input = sys.stdin.read()
        if doctests_only:
            self.log_debug("Refactoring doctests in stdin")
            output = self.refactor_docstring(input, "<stdin>")
            if self.write_unchanged_files or output != input:
                self.processed_file(output, "<stdin>", input)
            else:
                self.log_debug("No doctest changes in stdin")
        else:
            tree = self.refactor_string(input, "<stdin>")
            if self.write_unchanged_files or (tree and tree.was_changed):
                self.processed_file(str(tree), "<stdin>", input)
            else:
                self.log_debug("No changes in stdin")

def refactor_tree(self, tree, name):
        """Refactors a parse tree (modifying the tree in place).

For compatible patterns the bottom matcher module is
        used. Otherwise the tree is traversed node-to-node for
        matches.

Args:
            tree: a pytree.Node instance representing the root of the tree
                  to be refactored.
            name: a human-readable name for this tree.

Returns:
            True if the tree was modified, False otherwise.
        """

for fixer in chain(self.pre_order, self.post_order):
            fixer.start_tree(tree, name)

#use traditional matching for the incompatible fixers
        self.traverse_by(self.bmi_pre_order_heads, tree.pre_order())
        self.traverse_by(self.bmi_post_order_heads, tree.post_order())

# obtain a set of candidate nodes
        match_set = self.BM.run(tree.leaves())

while any(match_set.values()):
            for fixer in self.BM.fixers:
                if fixer in match_set and match_set[fixer]:
                    #sort by depth; apply fixers from bottom(of the AST) to top
                    match_set[fixer].sort(key=pytree.Base.depth, reverse=True)

if fixer.keep_line_order:
                        #some fixers(eg fix_imports) must be applied
                        #with the original file's line order
                        match_set[fixer].sort(key=pytree.Base.get_lineno)

for node in list(match_set[fixer]):
                        if node in match_set[fixer]:
                            match_set[fixer].remove(node)

try:
                            find_root(node)
                        except ValueError:
                            # this node has been cut off from a
                            # previous transformation ; skip
                            continue

if node.fixers_applied and fixer in node.fixers_applied:
                            # do not apply the same fixer again
                            continue

results = fixer.match(node)

if results:
                            new = fixer.transform(node, results)
                            if new is not None:
                                node.replace(new)
                                #new.fixers_applied.append(fixer)
                                for node in new.post_order():
                                    # do not apply the fixer again to
                                    # this or any subnode
                                    if not node.fixers_applied:
                                        node.fixers_applied = []
                                    node.fixers_applied.append(fixer)

# update the original match set for
                                # the added code
                                new_matches = self.BM.run(new.leaves())
                                for fxr in new_matches:
                                    if not fxr in match_set:
                                        match_set[fxr]=[]

match_set[fxr].extend(new_matches[fxr])

for fixer in chain(self.pre_order, self.post_order):
            fixer.finish_tree(tree, name)
        return tree.was_changed

def traverse_by(self, fixers, traversal):
        """Traverse an AST, applying a set of fixers to each node.

This is a helper method for refactor_tree().

Args:
            fixers: a list of fixer instances.
            traversal: a generator that yields AST nodes.

Returns:
            None
        """
        if not fixers:
            return
        for node in traversal:
            for fixer in fixers[node.type]:
                results = fixer.match(node)
                if results:
                    new = fixer.transform(node, results)
                    if new is not None:
                        node.replace(new)
                        node = new

def processed_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text=None, write=False,
                       encoding=None):
        """
        Called when a file has been refactored and there may be changes.
        """
        self.files.append(filename)
        if old_text is None:
            old_text = self._read_python_source(filename)[0]
            if old_text is None:
                return
        equal = old_text == new_text
        self.print_output(old_text, new_text, filename, equal)
        if equal:
            self.log_debug("No changes to %s", filename)
            if not self.write_unchanged_files:
                return
        if write:
            self.write_file(new_text, filename, old_text, encoding)
        else:
            self.log_debug("Not writing changes to %s", filename)

def write_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text, encoding=None):
        """Writes a string to a file.

It first shows a unified diff between the old text and the new text, and
        then rewrites the file; the latter is only done if the write option is
        set.
        """
        try:
            fp = io.open(filename, "w", encoding=encoding, newline='')
        except OSError as err:
            self.log_error("Can't create %s: %s", filename, err)
            return

with fp:
            try:
                fp.write(new_text)
            except OSError as err:
                self.log_error("Can't write %s: %s", filename, err)
        self.log_debug("Wrote changes to %s", filename)
        self.wrote = True

PS1 = ">>> "
    PS2 = "... "

def refactor_docstring(self, input, filename):
        """Refactors a docstring, looking for doctests.

This returns a modified version of the input string.  It looks
        for doctests, which start with a ">>>" prompt, and may be
        continued with "..." prompts, as long as the "..." is indented
        the same as the ">>>".

(Unfortunately we can't use the doctest module's parser,
        since, like most parsers, it is not geared towards preserving
        the original source.)
        """
        result = []
        block = None
        block_lineno = None
        indent = None
        lineno = 0
        for line in input.splitlines(keepends=True):
            lineno += 1
            if line.lstrip().startswith(self.PS1):
                if block is not None:
                    result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno,
                                                        indent, filename))
                block_lineno = lineno
                block = [line]
                i = line.find(self.PS1)
                indent = line[:i]
            elif (indent is not None and
                  (line.startswith(indent + self.PS2) or
                   line == indent + self.PS2.rstrip() + "\n")):
                block.append(line)
            else:
                if block is not None:
                    result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno,
                                                        indent, filename))
                block = None
                indent = None
                result.append(line)
        if block is not None:
            result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno,
                                                indent, filename))
        return "".join(result)

def refactor_doctest(self, block, lineno, indent, filename):
        """Refactors one doctest.

A doctest is given as a block of lines, the first of which starts
        with ">>>" (possibly indented), while the remaining lines start
        with "..." (identically indented).

"""
        try:
            tree = self.parse_block(block, lineno, indent)
        except Exception as err:
            if self.logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
                for line in block:
                    self.log_debug("Source: %s", line.rstrip("\n"))
            self.log_error("Can't parse docstring in %s line %s: %s: %s",
                           filename, lineno, err.__class__.__name__, err)
            return block
        if self.refactor_tree(tree, filename):
            new = str(tree).splitlines(keepends=True)
            # Undo the adjustment of the line numbers in wrap_toks() below.
            clipped, new = new[:lineno-1], new[lineno-1:]
            assert clipped == ["\n"] * (lineno-1), clipped
            if not new[-1].endswith("\n"):
                new[-1] += "\n"
            block = [indent + self.PS1 + new.pop(0)]
            if new:
                block += [indent + self.PS2 + line for line in new]
        return block

def summarize(self):
        if self.wrote:
            were = "were"
        else:
            were = "need to be"
        if not self.files:
            self.log_message("No files %s modified.", were)
        else:
            self.log_message("Files that %s modified:", were)
            for file in self.files:
                self.log_message(file)
        if self.fixer_log:
            self.log_message("Warnings/messages while refactoring:")
            for message in self.fixer_log:
                self.log_message(message)
        if self.errors:
            if len(self.errors) == 1:
                self.log_message("There was 1 error:")
            else:
                self.log_message("There were %d errors:", len(self.errors))
            for msg, args, kwds in self.errors:
                self.log_message(msg, *args, **kwds)

def parse_block(self, block, lineno, indent):
        """Parses a block into a tree.

This is necessary to get correct line number / offset information
        in the parser diagnostics and embedded into the parse tree.
        """
        tree = self.driver.parse_tokens(self.wrap_toks(block, lineno, indent))
        tree.future_features = frozenset()
        return tree

def wrap_toks(self, block, lineno, indent):
        """Wraps a tokenize stream to systematically modify start/end."""
        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(self.gen_lines(block, indent).__next__)
        for type, value, (line0, col0), (line1, col1), line_text in tokens:
            line0 += lineno - 1
            line1 += lineno - 1
            # Don't bother updating the columns; this is too complicated
            # since line_text would also have to be updated and it would
            # still break for tokens spanning lines.  Let the user guess
            # that the column numbers for doctests are relative to the
            # end of the prompt string (PS1 or PS2).
            yield type, value, (line0, col0), (line1, col1), line_text

def gen_lines(self, block, indent):
        """Generates lines as expected by tokenize from a list of lines.

This strips the first len(indent + self.PS1) characters off each line.
        """
        prefix1 = indent + self.PS1
        prefix2 = indent + self.PS2
        prefix = prefix1
        for line in block:
            if line.startswith(prefix):
                yield line[len(prefix):]
            elif line == prefix.rstrip() + "\n":
                yield "\n"
            else:
                raise AssertionError("line=%r, prefix=%r" % (line, prefix))
            prefix = prefix2
        while True:
            yield ""

class MultiprocessingUnsupported(Exception):
    pass

class MultiprocessRefactoringTool(RefactoringTool):

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.queue = None
        self.output_lock = None

def refactor(self, items, write=False, doctests_only=False,
                 num_processes=1):
        if num_processes == 1:
            return super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor(
                items, write, doctests_only)
        try:
            import multiprocessing
        except ImportError:
            raise MultiprocessingUnsupported
        if self.queue is not None:
            raise RuntimeError("already doing multiple processes")
        self.queue = multiprocessing.JoinableQueue()
        self.output_lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
        processes = [multiprocessing.Process(target=self._child)
                     for i in range(num_processes)]
        try:
            for p in processes:
                p.start()
            super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor(items, write,
                                                              doctests_only)
        finally:
            self.queue.join()
            for i in range(num_processes):
                self.queue.put(None)
            for p in processes:
                if p.is_alive():
                    p.join()
            self.queue = None

def _child(self):
        task = self.queue.get()
        while task is not None:
            args, kwargs = task
            try:
                super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor_file(
                    *args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                self.queue.task_done()
            task = self.queue.get()

def refactor_file(self, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.queue is not None:
            self.queue.put((args, kwargs))
        else:
            return super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor_file(
                *args, **kwargs)

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