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Edit File : request.py \| Size : 91.15 KB
"""An extensible library for opening URLs using a variety of protocols The simplest way to use this module is to call the urlopen function, which accepts a string containing a URL or a Request object (described below). It opens the URL and returns the results as file-like object; the returned object has some extra methods described below. The OpenerDirector manages a collection of Handler objects that do all the actual work. Each Handler implements a particular protocol or option. The OpenerDirector is a composite object that invokes the Handlers needed to open the requested URL. For example, the HTTPHandler performs HTTP GET and POST requests and deals with non-error returns. The HTTPRedirectHandler automatically deals with HTTP 301, 302, 303 and 307 redirect errors, and the HTTPDigestAuthHandler deals with digest authentication. urlopen(url, data=None) -- Basic usage is the same as original urllib. pass the url and optionally data to post to an HTTP URL, and get a file-like object back. One difference is that you can also pass a Request instance instead of URL. Raises a URLError (subclass of OSError); for HTTP errors, raises an HTTPError, which can also be treated as a valid response. build_opener -- Function that creates a new OpenerDirector instance. Will install the default handlers. Accepts one or more Handlers as arguments, either instances or Handler classes that it will instantiate. If one of the argument is a subclass of the default handler, the argument will be installed instead of the default. install_opener -- Installs a new opener as the default opener. objects of interest: OpenerDirector -- Sets up the User Agent as the Python-urllib client and manages the Handler classes, while dealing with requests and responses. Request -- An object that encapsulates the state of a request. The state can be as simple as the URL. It can also include extra HTTP headers, e.g. a User-Agent. BaseHandler -- internals: BaseHandler and parent _call_chain conventions Example usage: import urllib.request # set up authentication info authinfo = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler() authinfo.add_password(realm='PDQ Application', uri='https://mahler:8092/site-updates.py', user='klem', passwd='geheim$parole') proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({"http" : "http://ahad-haam:3128"}) # build a new opener that adds authentication and caching FTP handlers opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support, authinfo, urllib.request.CacheFTPHandler) # install it urllib.request.install_opener(opener) f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.python.org/') """ # XXX issues: # If an authentication error handler that tries to perform # authentication for some reason but fails, how should the error be # signalled? The client needs to know the HTTP error code. But if # the handler knows that the problem was, e.g., that it didn't know # that hash algo that requested in the challenge, it would be good to # pass that information along to the client, too. # ftp errors aren't handled cleanly # check digest against correct (i.e. non-apache) implementation # Possible extensions: # complex proxies XXX not sure what exactly was meant by this # abstract factory for opener import base64 import bisect import email import hashlib import http.client import io import os import posixpath import re import socket import sys import time import collections import tempfile import contextlib import warnings from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError, ContentTooShortError from urllib.parse import ( urlparse, urlsplit, urljoin, unwrap, quote, unquote, splittype, splithost, splitport, splituser, splitpasswd, splitattr, splitquery, splitvalue, splittag, to_bytes, unquote_to_bytes, urlunparse) from urllib.response import addinfourl, addclosehook # check for SSL try: import ssl except ImportError: _have_ssl = False else: _have_ssl = True __all__ = [ # Classes 'Request', 'OpenerDirector', 'BaseHandler', 'HTTPDefaultErrorHandler', 'HTTPRedirectHandler', 'HTTPCookieProcessor', 'ProxyHandler', 'HTTPPasswordMgr', 'HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm', 'AbstractBasicAuthHandler', 'HTTPBasicAuthHandler', 'ProxyBasicAuthHandler', 'AbstractDigestAuthHandler', 'HTTPDigestAuthHandler', 'ProxyDigestAuthHandler', 'HTTPHandler', 'FileHandler', 'FTPHandler', 'CacheFTPHandler', 'DataHandler', 'UnknownHandler', 'HTTPErrorProcessor', # Functions 'urlopen', 'install_opener', 'build_opener', 'pathname2url', 'url2pathname', 'getproxies', # Legacy interface 'urlretrieve', 'urlcleanup', 'URLopener', 'FancyURLopener', ] # used in User-Agent header sent __version__ = sys.version[:3] _opener = None def urlopen(url, data=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, , cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None): global _opener if cafile or capath or cadefault: if context is not None: raise ValueError( "You can't pass both context and any of cafile, capath, and " "cadefault" ) if not _have_ssl: raise ValueError('SSL support not available') context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH, cafile=cafile, capath=capath) https_handler = HTTPSHandler(context=context) opener = build_opener(https_handler) elif context: https_handler = HTTPSHandler(context=context) opener = build_opener(https_handler) elif _opener is None: _opener = opener = build_opener() else: opener = _opener return opener.open(url, data, timeout) def install_opener(opener): global _opener _opener = opener _url_tempfiles = [] def urlretrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None): """ Retrieve a URL into a temporary location on disk. Requires a URL argument. If a filename is passed, it is used as the temporary file location. The reporthook argument should be a callable that accepts a block number, a read size, and the total file size of the URL target. The data argument should be valid URL encoded data. If a filename is passed and the URL points to a local resource, the result is a copy from local file to new file. Returns a tuple containing the path to the newly created data file as well as the resulting HTTPMessage object. """ url_type, path = splittype(url) with contextlib.closing(urlopen(url, data)) as fp: headers = fp.info() # Just return the local path and the "headers" for file:// # URLs. No sense in performing a copy unless requested. if url_type == "file" and not filename: return os.path.normpath(path), headers # Handle temporary file setup. if filename: tfp = open(filename, 'wb') else: tfp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) filename = tfp.name _url_tempfiles.append(filename) with tfp: result = filename, headers bs = 10248 size = -1 read = 0 blocknum = 0 if "content-length" in headers: size = int(headers["Content-Length"]) if reporthook: reporthook(blocknum, bs, size) while True: block = fp.read(bs) if not block: break read += len(block) tfp.write(block) blocknum += 1 if reporthook: reporthook(blocknum, bs, size) if size >= 0 and read < size: raise ContentTooShortError( "retrieval incomplete: got only %i out of %i bytes" % (read, size), result) return result def urlcleanup(): """Clean up temporary files from urlretrieve calls.""" for temp_file in _url_tempfiles: try: os.unlink(temp_file) except OSError: pass del _url_tempfiles[:] global _opener if _opener: _opener = None # copied from cookielib.py _cut_port_re = re.compile(r":\d+$", re.ASCII) def request_host(request): """Return request-host, as defined by RFC 2965. Variation from RFC: returned value is lowercased, for convenient comparison. """ url = request.full_url host = urlparse(url)[1] if host == "": host = request.get_header("Host", "") # remove port, if present host = _cut_port_re.sub("", host, 1) return host.lower() class Request: def __init__(self, url, data=None, headers={}, origin_req_host=None, unverifiable=False, method=None): self.full_url = url self.headers = {} self.unredirected_hdrs = {} self._data = None self.data = data self._tunnel_host = None for key, value in headers.items(): self.add_header(key, value) if origin_req_host is None: origin_req_host = request_host(self) self.origin_req_host = origin_req_host self.unverifiable = unverifiable if method: self.method = method @property def full_url(self): if self.fragment: return '{}#{}'.format(self._full_url, self.fragment) return self._full_url @full_url.setter def full_url(self, url): # unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path' self._full_url = unwrap(url) self._full_url, self.fragment = splittag(self._full_url) self._parse() @full_url.deleter def full_url(self): self._full_url = None self.fragment = None self.selector = '' @property def data(self): return self._data @data.setter def data(self, data): if data != self._data: self._data = data # issue 16464 # if we change data we need to remove content-length header # (cause it's most probably calculated for previous value) if self.has_header("Content-length"): self.remove_header("Content-length") @data.deleter def data(self): self.data = None def _parse(self): self.type, rest = splittype(self._full_url) if self.type is None: raise ValueError("unknown url type: %r" % self.full_url) self.host, self.selector = splithost(rest) if self.host: self.host = unquote(self.host) def get_method(self): """Return a string indicating the HTTP request method.""" default_method = "POST" if self.data is not None else "GET" return getattr(self, 'method', default_method) def get_full_url(self): return self.full_url def set_proxy(self, host, type): if self.type == 'https' and not self._tunnel_host: self._tunnel_host = self.host else: self.type= type self.selector = self.full_url self.host = host def has_proxy(self): return self.selector == self.full_url def add_header(self, key, val): # useful for something like authentication self.headers[key.capitalize()] = val def add_unredirected_header(self, key, val): # will not be added to a redirected request self.unredirected_hdrs[key.capitalize()] = val def has_header(self, header_name): return (header_name in self.headers or header_name in self.unredirected_hdrs) def get_header(self, header_name, default=None): return self.headers.get( header_name, self.unredirected_hdrs.get(header_name, default)) def remove_header(self, header_name): self.headers.pop(header_name, None) self.unredirected_hdrs.pop(header_name, None) def header_items(self): hdrs = self.unredirected_hdrs.copy() hdrs.update(self.headers) return list(hdrs.items()) class OpenerDirector: def __init__(self): client_version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__ self.addheaders = [('User-agent', client_version)] # self.handlers is retained only for backward compatibility self.handlers = [] # manage the individual handlers self.handle_open = {} self.handle_error = {} self.process_response = {} self.process_request = {} def add_handler(self, handler): if not hasattr(handler, "add_parent"): raise TypeError("expected BaseHandler instance, got %r" % type(handler)) added = False for meth in dir(handler): if meth in ["redirect_request", "do_open", "proxy_open"]: # oops, coincidental match continue i = meth.find("_") protocol = meth[:i] condition = meth[i+1:] if condition.startswith("error"): j = condition.find("_") + i + 1 kind = meth[j+1:] try: kind = int(kind) except ValueError: pass lookup = self.handle_error.get(protocol, {}) self.handle_error[protocol] = lookup elif condition == "open": kind = protocol lookup = self.handle_open elif condition == "response": kind = protocol lookup = self.process_response elif condition == "request": kind = protocol lookup = self.process_request else: continue handlers = lookup.setdefault(kind, []) if handlers: bisect.insort(handlers, handler) else: handlers.append(handler) added = True if added: bisect.insort(self.handlers, handler) handler.add_parent(self) def close(self): # Only exists for backwards compatibility. pass def _call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, args): # Handlers raise an exception if no one else should try to handle # the request, or return None if they can't but another handler # could. Otherwise, they return the response. handlers = chain.get(kind, ()) for handler in handlers: func = getattr(handler, meth_name) result = func(args) if result is not None: return result def open(self, fullurl, data=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT): # accept a URL or a Request object if isinstance(fullurl, str): req = Request(fullurl, data) else: req = fullurl if data is not None: req.data = data req.timeout = timeout protocol = req.type # pre-process request meth_name = protocol+"_request" for processor in self.process_request.get(protocol, []): meth = getattr(processor, meth_name) req = meth(req) response = self._open(req, data) # post-process response meth_name = protocol+"_response" for processor in self.process_response.get(protocol, []): meth = getattr(processor, meth_name) response = meth(req, response) return response def _open(self, req, data=None): result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, 'default', 'default_open', req) if result: return result protocol = req.type result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol + '_open', req) if result: return result return self._call_chain(self.handle_open, 'unknown', 'unknown_open', req) def error(self, proto, args): if proto in ('http', 'https'): # XXX http[s] protocols are special-cased dict = self.handle_error['http'] # https is not different than http proto = args[2] # YUCK! meth_name = 'http_error_%s' % proto http_err = 1 orig_args = args else: dict = self.handle_error meth_name = proto + '_error' http_err = 0 args = (dict, proto, meth_name) + args result = self._call_chain(args) if result: return result if http_err: args = (dict, 'default', 'http_error_default') + orig_args return self._call_chain(args) # XXX probably also want an abstract factory that knows when it makes # sense to skip a superclass in favor of a subclass and when it might # make sense to include both def build_opener(handlers): """Create an opener object from a list of handlers. The opener will use several default handlers, including support for HTTP, FTP and when applicable HTTPS. If any of the handlers passed as arguments are subclasses of the default handlers, the default handlers will not be used. """ opener = OpenerDirector() default_classes = [ProxyHandler, UnknownHandler, HTTPHandler, HTTPDefaultErrorHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler, FTPHandler, FileHandler, HTTPErrorProcessor, DataHandler] if hasattr(http.client, "HTTPSConnection"): default_classes.append(HTTPSHandler) skip = set() for klass in default_classes: for check in handlers: if isinstance(check, type): if issubclass(check, klass): skip.add(klass) elif isinstance(check, klass): skip.add(klass) for klass in skip: default_classes.remove(klass) for klass in default_classes: opener.add_handler(klass()) for h in handlers: if isinstance(h, type): h = h() opener.add_handler(h) return opener class BaseHandler: handler_order = 500 def add_parent(self, parent): self.parent = parent def close(self): # Only exists for backwards compatibility pass def __lt__(self, other): if not hasattr(other, "handler_order"): # Try to preserve the old behavior of having custom classes # inserted after default ones (works only for custom user # classes which are not aware of handler_order). return True return self.handler_order < other.handler_order class HTTPErrorProcessor(BaseHandler): """Process HTTP error responses.""" handler_order = 1000 # after all other processing def http_response(self, request, response): code, msg, hdrs = response.code, response.msg, response.info() # According to RFC 2616, "2xx" code indicates that the client's # request was successfully received, understood, and accepted. if not (200 <= code < 300): response = self.parent.error( 'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs) return response https_response = http_response class HTTPDefaultErrorHandler(BaseHandler): def http_error_default(self, req, fp, code, msg, hdrs): raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, hdrs, fp) class HTTPRedirectHandler(BaseHandler): # maximum number of redirections to any single URL # this is needed because of the state that cookies introduce max_repeats = 4 # maximum total number of redirections (regardless of URL) before # assuming we're in a loop max_redirections = 10 def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl): """Return a Request or None in response to a redirect. This is called by the http_error_30x methods when a redirection response is received. If a redirection should take place, return a new Request to allow http_error_30x to perform the redirect. Otherwise, raise HTTPError if no-one else should try to handle this url. Return None if you can't but another Handler might. """ m = req.get_method() if (not (code in (301, 302, 303, 307) and m in ("GET", "HEAD") or code in (301, 302, 303) and m == "POST")): raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, headers, fp) # Strictly (according to RFC 2616), 301 or 302 in response to # a POST MUST NOT cause a redirection without confirmation # from the user (of urllib.request, in this case). In practice, # essentially all clients do redirect in this case, so we do # the same. # be conciliant with URIs containing a space newurl = newurl.replace(' ', '%20') CONTENT_HEADERS = ("content-length", "content-type") newheaders = dict((k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items() if k.lower() not in CONTENT_HEADERS) return Request(newurl, headers=newheaders, origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host, unverifiable=True) # Implementation note: To avoid the server sending us into an # infinite loop, the request object needs to track what URLs we # have already seen. Do this by adding a handler-specific # attribute to the Request object. def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers # (so probably same goes for URI). Use first header. if "location" in headers: newurl = headers["location"] elif "uri" in headers: newurl = headers["uri"] else: return # fix a possible malformed URL urlparts = urlparse(newurl) # For security reasons we don't allow redirection to anything other # than http, https or ftp. if urlparts.scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp', ''): raise HTTPError( newurl, code, "%s - Redirection to url '%s' is not allowed" % (msg, newurl), headers, fp) if not urlparts.path: urlparts = list(urlparts) urlparts[2] = "/" newurl = urlunparse(urlparts) newurl = urljoin(req.full_url, newurl) # XXX Probably want to forget about the state of the current # request, although that might interact poorly with other # handlers that also use handler-specific request attributes new = self.redirect_request(req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl) if new is None: return # loop detection # .redirect_dict has a key url if url was previously visited. if hasattr(req, 'redirect_dict'): visited = new.redirect_dict = req.redirect_dict if (visited.get(newurl, 0) >= self.max_repeats or len(visited) >= self.max_redirections): raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, self.inf_msg + msg, headers, fp) else: visited = new.redirect_dict = req.redirect_dict = {} visited[newurl] = visited.get(newurl, 0) + 1 # Don't close the fp until we are sure that we won't use it # with HTTPError. fp.read() fp.close() return self.parent.open(new, timeout=req.timeout) http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302 inf_msg = "The HTTP server returned a redirect error that would " \ "lead to an infinite loop.\n" \ "The last 30x error message was:\n" def _parse_proxy(proxy): """Return (scheme, user, password, host/port) given a URL or an authority. If a URL is supplied, it must have an authority (host:port) component. According to RFC 3986, having an authority component means the URL must have two slashes after the scheme. """ scheme, r_scheme = splittype(proxy) if not r_scheme.startswith("/"): # authority scheme = None authority = proxy else: # URL if not r_scheme.startswith("//"): raise ValueError("proxy URL with no authority: %r" % proxy) # We have an authority, so for RFC 3986-compliant URLs (by ss 3. # and 3.3.), path is empty or starts with '/' end = r_scheme.find("/", 2) if end == -1: end = None authority = r_scheme[2:end] userinfo, hostport = splituser(authority) if userinfo is not None: user, password = splitpasswd(userinfo) else: user = password = None return scheme, user, password, hostport class ProxyHandler(BaseHandler): # Proxies must be in front handler_order = 100 def __init__(self, proxies=None): if proxies is None: proxies = getproxies() assert hasattr(proxies, 'keys'), "proxies must be a mapping" self.proxies = proxies for type, url in proxies.items(): setattr(self, '%s_open' % type, lambda r, proxy=url, type=type, meth=self.proxy_open: meth(r, proxy, type)) def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type): orig_type = req.type proxy_type, user, password, hostport = _parse_proxy(proxy) if proxy_type is None: proxy_type = orig_type if req.host and proxy_bypass(req.host): return None if user and password: user_pass = '%s:%s' % (unquote(user), unquote(password)) creds = base64.b64encode(user_pass.encode()).decode("ascii") req.add_header('Proxy-authorization', 'Basic ' + creds) hostport = unquote(hostport) req.set_proxy(hostport, proxy_type) if orig_type == proxy_type or orig_type == 'https': # let other handlers take care of it return None else: # need to start over, because the other handlers don't # grok the proxy's URL type # e.g. if we have a constructor arg proxies like so: # {'http': 'ftp://proxy.example.com'}, we may end up turning # a request for http://acme.example.com/a into one for # ftp://proxy.example.com/a return self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout) class HTTPPasswordMgr: def __init__(self): self.passwd = {} def add_password(self, realm, uri, user, passwd): # uri could be a single URI or a sequence if isinstance(uri, str): uri = [uri] if realm not in self.passwd: self.passwd[realm] = {} for default_port in True, False: reduced_uri = tuple( [self.reduce_uri(u, default_port) for u in uri]) self.passwd[realm][reduced_uri] = (user, passwd) def find_user_password(self, realm, authuri): domains = self.passwd.get(realm, {}) for default_port in True, False: reduced_authuri = self.reduce_uri(authuri, default_port) for uris, authinfo in domains.items(): for uri in uris: if self.is_suburi(uri, reduced_authuri): return authinfo return None, None def reduce_uri(self, uri, default_port=True): """Accept authority or URI and extract only the authority and path.""" # note HTTP URLs do not have a userinfo component parts = urlsplit(uri) if parts[1]: # URI scheme = parts[0] authority = parts[1] path = parts[2] or '/' else: # host or host:port scheme = None authority = uri path = '/' host, port = splitport(authority) if default_port and port is None and scheme is not None: dport = {"http": 80, "https": 443, }.get(scheme) if dport is not None: authority = "%s:%d" % (host, dport) return authority, path def is_suburi(self, base, test): """Check if test is below base in a URI tree Both args must be URIs in reduced form. """ if base == test: return True if base[0] != test[0]: return False common = posixpath.commonprefix((base[1], test[1])) if len(common) == len(base[1]): return True return False class HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm(HTTPPasswordMgr): def find_user_password(self, realm, authuri): user, password = HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(self, realm, authuri) if user is not None: return user, password return HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(self, None, authuri) class AbstractBasicAuthHandler: # XXX this allows for multiple auth-schemes, but will stupidly pick # the last one with a realm specified. # allow for double- and single-quoted realm values # (single quotes are a violation of the RFC, but appear in the wild) rx = re.compile('(?:.,)[ \t]([^ \t]+)[ \t]+' 'realm=(["\']?)([^"\'])\\2', re.I) # XXX could pre-emptively send auth info already accepted (RFC 2617, # end of section 2, and section 1.2 immediately after "credentials" # production). def __init__(self, password_mgr=None): if password_mgr is None: password_mgr = HTTPPasswordMgr() self.passwd = password_mgr self.add_password = self.passwd.add_password def http_error_auth_reqed(self, authreq, host, req, headers): # host may be an authority (without userinfo) or a URL with an # authority # XXX could be multiple headers authreq = headers.get(authreq, None) if authreq: scheme = authreq.split()[0] if scheme.lower() != 'basic': raise ValueError("AbstractBasicAuthHandler does not" " support the following scheme: '%s'" % scheme) else: mo = AbstractBasicAuthHandler.rx.search(authreq) if mo: scheme, quote, realm = mo.groups() if quote not in ['"',"'"]: warnings.warn("Basic Auth Realm was unquoted", UserWarning, 2) if scheme.lower() == 'basic': return self.retry_http_basic_auth(host, req, realm) def retry_http_basic_auth(self, host, req, realm): user, pw = self.passwd.find_user_password(realm, host) if pw is not None: raw = "%s:%s" % (user, pw) auth = "Basic " + base64.b64encode(raw.encode()).decode("ascii") if req.get_header(self.auth_header, None) == auth: return None req.add_unredirected_header(self.auth_header, auth) return self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout) else: return None class HTTPBasicAuthHandler(AbstractBasicAuthHandler, BaseHandler): auth_header = 'Authorization' def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): url = req.full_url response = self.http_error_auth_reqed('www-authenticate', url, req, headers) return response class ProxyBasicAuthHandler(AbstractBasicAuthHandler, BaseHandler): auth_header = 'Proxy-authorization' def http_error_407(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): # http_error_auth_reqed requires that there is no userinfo component in # authority. Assume there isn't one, since urllib.request does not (and # should not, RFC 3986 s. 3.2.1) support requests for URLs containing # userinfo. authority = req.host response = self.http_error_auth_reqed('proxy-authenticate', authority, req, headers) return response # Return n random bytes. _randombytes = os.urandom class AbstractDigestAuthHandler: # Digest authentication is specified in RFC 2617. # XXX The client does not inspect the Authentication-Info header # in a successful response. # XXX It should be possible to test this implementation against # a mock server that just generates a static set of challenges. # XXX qop="auth-int" supports is shaky def __init__(self, passwd=None): if passwd is None: passwd = HTTPPasswordMgr() self.passwd = passwd self.add_password = self.passwd.add_password self.retried = 0 self.nonce_count = 0 self.last_nonce = None def reset_retry_count(self): self.retried = 0 def http_error_auth_reqed(self, auth_header, host, req, headers): authreq = headers.get(auth_header, None) if self.retried > 5: # Don't fail endlessly - if we failed once, we'll probably # fail a second time. Hm. Unless the Password Manager is # prompting for the information. Crap. This isn't great # but it's better than the current 'repeat until recursion # depth exceeded' approach <wink> raise HTTPError(req.full_url, 401, "digest auth failed", headers, None) else: self.retried += 1 if authreq: scheme = authreq.split()[0] if scheme.lower() == 'digest': return self.retry_http_digest_auth(req, authreq) elif scheme.lower() != 'basic': raise ValueError("AbstractDigestAuthHandler does not support" " the following scheme: '%s'" % scheme) def retry_http_digest_auth(self, req, auth): token, challenge = auth.split(' ', 1) chal = parse_keqv_list(filter(None, parse_http_list(challenge))) auth = self.get_authorization(req, chal) if auth: auth_val = 'Digest %s' % auth if req.headers.get(self.auth_header, None) == auth_val: return None req.add_unredirected_header(self.auth_header, auth_val) resp = self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout) return resp def get_cnonce(self, nonce): # The cnonce-value is an opaque # quoted string value provided by the client and used by both client # and server to avoid chosen plaintext attacks, to provide mutual # authentication, and to provide some message integrity protection. # This isn't a fabulous effort, but it's probably Good Enough. s = "%s:%s:%s:" % (self.nonce_count, nonce, time.ctime()) b = s.encode("ascii") + _randombytes(8) dig = hashlib.sha1(b).hexdigest() return dig[:16] def get_authorization(self, req, chal): try: realm = chal['realm'] nonce = chal['nonce'] qop = chal.get('qop') algorithm = chal.get('algorithm', 'MD5') # mod_digest doesn't send an opaque, even though it isn't # supposed to be optional opaque = chal.get('opaque', None) except KeyError: return None H, KD = self.get_algorithm_impls(algorithm) if H is None: return None user, pw = self.passwd.find_user_password(realm, req.full_url) if user is None: return None # XXX not implemented yet if req.data is not None: entdig = self.get_entity_digest(req.data, chal) else: entdig = None A1 = "%s:%s:%s" % (user, realm, pw) A2 = "%s:%s" % (req.get_method(), # XXX selector: what about proxies and full urls req.selector) if qop == 'auth': if nonce == self.last_nonce: self.nonce_count += 1 else: self.nonce_count = 1 self.last_nonce = nonce ncvalue = '%08x' % self.nonce_count cnonce = self.get_cnonce(nonce) noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, qop, H(A2)) respdig = KD(H(A1), noncebit) elif qop is None: respdig = KD(H(A1), "%s:%s" % (nonce, H(A2))) else: # XXX handle auth-int. raise URLError("qop '%s' is not supported." % qop) # XXX should the partial digests be encoded too? base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \ 'response="%s"' % (user, realm, nonce, req.selector, respdig) if opaque: base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque if entdig: base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm if qop: base += ', qop=auth, nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce) return base def get_algorithm_impls(self, algorithm): # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level if algorithm == 'MD5': H = lambda x: hashlib.md5(x.encode("ascii")).hexdigest() elif algorithm == 'SHA': H = lambda x: hashlib.sha1(x.encode("ascii")).hexdigest() # XXX MD5-sess KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d)) return H, KD def get_entity_digest(self, data, chal): # XXX not implemented yet return None class HTTPDigestAuthHandler(BaseHandler, AbstractDigestAuthHandler): """An authentication protocol defined by RFC 2069 Digest authentication improves on basic authentication because it does not transmit passwords in the clear. """ auth_header = 'Authorization' handler_order = 490 # before Basic auth def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): host = urlparse(req.full_url)[1] retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed('www-authenticate', host, req, headers) self.reset_retry_count() return retry class ProxyDigestAuthHandler(BaseHandler, AbstractDigestAuthHandler): auth_header = 'Proxy-Authorization' handler_order = 490 # before Basic auth def http_error_407(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers): host = req.host retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed('proxy-authenticate', host, req, headers) self.reset_retry_count() return retry class AbstractHTTPHandler(BaseHandler): def __init__(self, debuglevel=0): self._debuglevel = debuglevel def set_http_debuglevel(self, level): self._debuglevel = level def do_request_(self, request): host = request.host if not host: raise URLError('no host given') if request.data is not None: # POST data = request.data if isinstance(data, str): msg = "POST data should be bytes or an iterable of bytes. " \ "It cannot be of type str." raise TypeError(msg) if not request.has_header('Content-type'): request.add_unredirected_header( 'Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded') if not request.has_header('Content-length'): try: mv = memoryview(data) except TypeError: if isinstance(data, collections.Iterable): raise ValueError("Content-Length should be specified " "for iterable data of type %r %r" % (type(data), data)) else: request.add_unredirected_header( 'Content-length', '%d' % (len(mv) * mv.itemsize)) sel_host = host if request.has_proxy(): scheme, sel = splittype(request.selector) sel_host, sel_path = splithost(sel) if not request.has_header('Host'): request.add_unredirected_header('Host', sel_host) for name, value in self.parent.addheaders: name = name.capitalize() if not request.has_header(name): request.add_unredirected_header(name, value) return request def do_open(self, http_class, req, http_conn_args): """Return an HTTPResponse object for the request, using http_class. http_class must implement the HTTPConnection API from http.client. """ host = req.host if not host: raise URLError('no host given') # will parse host:port h = http_class(host, timeout=req.timeout, http_conn_args) headers = dict(req.unredirected_hdrs) headers.update(dict((k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items() if k not in headers)) # TODO(jhylton): Should this be redesigned to handle # persistent connections? # We want to make an HTTP/1.1 request, but the addinfourl # class isn't prepared to deal with a persistent connection. # It will try to read all remaining data from the socket, # which will block while the server waits for the next request. # So make sure the connection gets closed after the (only) # request. headers["Connection"] = "close" headers = dict((name.title(), val) for name, val in headers.items()) if req._tunnel_host: tunnel_headers = {} proxy_auth_hdr = "Proxy-Authorization" if proxy_auth_hdr in headers: tunnel_headers[proxy_auth_hdr] = headers[proxy_auth_hdr] # Proxy-Authorization should not be sent to origin # server. del headers[proxy_auth_hdr] h.set_tunnel(req._tunnel_host, headers=tunnel_headers) try: try: h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers) except OSError as err: # timeout error raise URLError(err) r = h.getresponse() except: h.close() raise # If the server does not send us a 'Connection: close' header, # HTTPConnection assumes the socket should be left open. Manually # mark the socket to be closed when this response object goes away. if h.sock: h.sock.close() h.sock = None r.url = req.get_full_url() # This line replaces the .msg attribute of the HTTPResponse # with .headers, because urllib clients expect the response to # have the reason in .msg. It would be good to mark this # attribute is deprecated and get then to use info() or # .headers. r.msg = r.reason return r class HTTPHandler(AbstractHTTPHandler): def http_open(self, req): return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPConnection, req) http_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_ if hasattr(http.client, 'HTTPSConnection'): class HTTPSHandler(AbstractHTTPHandler): def __init__(self, debuglevel=0, context=None, check_hostname=None): AbstractHTTPHandler.__init__(self, debuglevel) self._context = context self._check_hostname = check_hostname def https_open(self, req): return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req, context=self._context, check_hostname=self._check_hostname) https_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_ __all__.append('HTTPSHandler') class HTTPCookieProcessor(BaseHandler): def __init__(self, cookiejar=None): import http.cookiejar if cookiejar is None: cookiejar = http.cookiejar.CookieJar() self.cookiejar = cookiejar def http_request(self, request): self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(request) return request def http_response(self, request, response): self.cookiejar.extract_cookies(response, request) return response https_request = http_request https_response = http_response class UnknownHandler(BaseHandler): def unknown_open(self, req): type = req.type raise URLError('unknown url type: %s' % type) def parse_keqv_list(l): """Parse list of key=value strings where keys are not duplicated.""" parsed = {} for elt in l: k, v = elt.split('=', 1) if v[0] == '"' and v[-1] == '"': v = v[1:-1] parsed[k] = v return parsed def parse_http_list(s): """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2. In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of the list may include quoted-strings. A quoted-string could contain a comma. A non-quoted string could have quotes in the middle. Neither commas nor quotes count if they are escaped. Only double-quotes count, not single-quotes. """ res = [] part = '' escape = quote = False for cur in s: if escape: part += cur escape = False continue if quote: if cur == '\\': escape = True continue elif cur == '"': quote = False part += cur continue if cur == ',': res.append(part) part = '' continue if cur == '"': quote = True part += cur # append last part if part: res.append(part) return [part.strip() for part in res] class FileHandler(BaseHandler): # Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL def file_open(self, req): url = req.selector if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/' and (req.host and req.host != 'localhost'): if not req.host in self.get_names(): raise URLError("file:// scheme is supported only on localhost") else: return self.open_local_file(req) # names for the localhost names = None def get_names(self): if FileHandler.names is None: try: FileHandler.names = tuple( socket.gethostbyname_ex('localhost')[2] + socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2]) except socket.gaierror: FileHandler.names = (socket.gethostbyname('localhost'),) return FileHandler.names # not entirely sure what the rules are here def open_local_file(self, req): import email.utils import mimetypes host = req.host filename = req.selector localfile = url2pathname(filename) try: stats = os.stat(localfile) size = stats.st_size modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True) mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0] headers = email.message_from_string( 'Content-type: %s\nContent-length: %d\nLast-modified: %s\n' % (mtype or 'text/plain', size, modified)) if host: host, port = splitport(host) if not host or \ (not port and _safe_gethostbyname(host) in self.get_names()): if host: origurl = 'file://' + host + filename else: origurl = 'file://' + filename return addinfourl(open(localfile, 'rb'), headers, origurl) except OSError as exp: # users shouldn't expect OSErrors coming from urlopen() raise URLError(exp) raise URLError('file not on local host') def _safe_gethostbyname(host): try: return socket.gethostbyname(host) except socket.gaierror: return None class FTPHandler(BaseHandler): def ftp_open(self, req): import ftplib import mimetypes host = req.host if not host: raise URLError('ftp error: no host given') host, port = splitport(host) if port is None: port = ftplib.FTP_PORT else: port = int(port) # username/password handling user, host = splituser(host) if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user) else: passwd = None host = unquote(host) user = user or '' passwd = passwd or '' try: host = socket.gethostbyname(host) except OSError as msg: raise URLError(msg) path, attrs = splitattr(req.selector) dirs = path.split('/') dirs = list(map(unquote, dirs)) dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1] if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs = dirs[1:] try: fw = self.connect_ftp(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, req.timeout) type = file and 'I' or 'D' for attr in attrs: attr, value = splitvalue(attr) if attr.lower() == 'type' and \ value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'): type = value.upper() fp, retrlen = fw.retrfile(file, type) headers = "" mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(req.full_url)[0] if mtype: headers += "Content-type: %s\n" % mtype if retrlen is not None and retrlen >= 0: headers += "Content-length: %d\n" % retrlen headers = email.message_from_string(headers) return addinfourl(fp, headers, req.full_url) except ftplib.all_errors as exp: exc = URLError('ftp error: %r' % exp) raise exc.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2]) def connect_ftp(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout): return ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout, persistent=False) class CacheFTPHandler(FTPHandler): # XXX would be nice to have pluggable cache strategies # XXX this stuff is definitely not thread safe def __init__(self): self.cache = {} self.timeout = {} self.soonest = 0 self.delay = 60 self.max_conns = 16 def setTimeout(self, t): self.delay = t def setMaxConns(self, m): self.max_conns = m def connect_ftp(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout): key = user, host, port, '/'.join(dirs), timeout if key in self.cache: self.timeout[key] = time.time() + self.delay else: self.cache[key] = ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout) self.timeout[key] = time.time() + self.delay self.check_cache() return self.cache[key] def check_cache(self): # first check for old ones t = time.time() if self.soonest <= t: for k, v in list(self.timeout.items()): if v < t: self.cache[k].close() del self.cache[k] del self.timeout[k] self.soonest = min(list(self.timeout.values())) # then check the size if len(self.cache) == self.max_conns: for k, v in list(self.timeout.items()): if v == self.soonest: del self.cache[k] del self.timeout[k] break self.soonest = min(list(self.timeout.values())) def clear_cache(self): for conn in self.cache.values(): conn.close() self.cache.clear() self.timeout.clear() class DataHandler(BaseHandler): def data_open(self, req): # data URLs as specified in RFC 2397. # # ignores POSTed data # # syntax: # dataurl := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] ( ";" parameter ) # data := urlchar # parameter := attribute "=" value url = req.full_url scheme, data = url.split(":",1) mediatype, data = data.split(",",1) # even base64 encoded data URLs might be quoted so unquote in any case: data = unquote_to_bytes(data) if mediatype.endswith(";base64"): data = base64.decodebytes(data) mediatype = mediatype[:-7] if not mediatype: mediatype = "text/plain;charset=US-ASCII" headers = email.message_from_string("Content-type: %s\nContent-length: %d\n" % (mediatype, len(data))) return addinfourl(io.BytesIO(data), headers, url) # Code move from the old urllib module MAXFTPCACHE = 10 # Trim the ftp cache beyond this size # Helper for non-unix systems if os.name == 'nt': from nturl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url else: def url2pathname(pathname): """OS-specific conversion from a relative URL of the 'file' scheme to a file system path; not recommended for general use.""" return unquote(pathname) def pathname2url(pathname): """OS-specific conversion from a file system path to a relative URL of the 'file' scheme; not recommended for general use.""" return quote(pathname) # This really consists of two pieces: # (1) a class which handles opening of all sorts of URLs # (plus assorted utilities etc.) # (2) a set of functions for parsing URLs # XXX Should these be separated out into different modules? ftpcache = {} class URLopener: """Class to open URLs. This is a class rather than just a subroutine because we may need more than one set of global protocol-specific options. Note -- this is a base class for those who don't want the automatic handling of errors type 302 (relocated) and 401 (authorization needed).""" __tempfiles = None version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__ # Constructor def __init__(self, proxies=None, *x509): msg = "%(class)s style of invoking requests is deprecated. " \ "Use newer urlopen functions/methods" % {'class': self.__class__.__name__} warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3) if proxies is None: proxies = getproxies() assert hasattr(proxies, 'keys'), "proxies must be a mapping" self.proxies = proxies self.key_file = x509.get('key_file') self.cert_file = x509.get('cert_file') self.addheaders = [('User-Agent', self.version)] self.__tempfiles = [] self.__unlink = os.unlink # See cleanup() self.tempcache = None # Undocumented feature: if you assign {} to tempcache, # it is used to cache files retrieved with # self.retrieve(). This is not enabled by default # since it does not work for changing documents (and I # haven't got the logic to check expiration headers # yet). self.ftpcache = ftpcache # Undocumented feature: you can use a different # ftp cache by assigning to the .ftpcache member; # in case you want logically independent URL openers # XXX This is not threadsafe. Bah. def __del__(self): self.close() def close(self): self.cleanup() def cleanup(self): # This code sometimes runs when the rest of this module # has already been deleted, so it can't use any globals # or import anything. if self.__tempfiles: for file in self.__tempfiles: try: self.__unlink(file) except OSError: pass del self.__tempfiles[:] if self.tempcache: self.tempcache.clear() def addheader(self, args): """Add a header to be used by the HTTP interface only e.g. u.addheader('Accept', 'sound/basic')""" self.addheaders.append(args) # External interface def open(self, fullurl, data=None): """Use URLopener().open(file) instead of open(file, 'r').""" fullurl = unwrap(to_bytes(fullurl)) fullurl = quote(fullurl, safe="%/:=&?~#+!$,;'@()[]\|") if self.tempcache and fullurl in self.tempcache: filename, headers = self.tempcache[fullurl] fp = open(filename, 'rb') return addinfourl(fp, headers, fullurl) urltype, url = splittype(fullurl) if not urltype: urltype = 'file' if urltype in self.proxies: proxy = self.proxies[urltype] urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy) host, selector = splithost(proxyhost) url = (host, fullurl) # Signal special case to open_() else: proxy = None name = 'open_' + urltype self.type = urltype name = name.replace('-', '_') if not hasattr(self, name): if proxy: return self.open_unknown_proxy(proxy, fullurl, data) else: return self.open_unknown(fullurl, data) try: if data is None: return getattr(self, name)(url) else: return getattr(self, name)(url, data) except (HTTPError, URLError): raise except OSError as msg: raise OSError('socket error', msg).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2]) def open_unknown(self, fullurl, data=None): """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type.""" type, url = splittype(fullurl) raise OSError('url error', 'unknown url type', type) def open_unknown_proxy(self, proxy, fullurl, data=None): """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type.""" type, url = splittype(fullurl) raise OSError('url error', 'invalid proxy for %s' % type, proxy) # External interface def retrieve(self, url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None): """retrieve(url) returns (filename, headers) for a local object or (tempfilename, headers) for a remote object.""" url = unwrap(to_bytes(url)) if self.tempcache and url in self.tempcache: return self.tempcache[url] type, url1 = splittype(url) if filename is None and (not type or type == 'file'): try: fp = self.open_local_file(url1) hdrs = fp.info() fp.close() return url2pathname(splithost(url1)[1]), hdrs except OSError as msg: pass fp = self.open(url, data) try: headers = fp.info() if filename: tfp = open(filename, 'wb') else: import tempfile garbage, path = splittype(url) garbage, path = splithost(path or "") path, garbage = splitquery(path or "") path, garbage = splitattr(path or "") suffix = os.path.splitext(path)[1] (fd, filename) = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix) self.__tempfiles.append(filename) tfp = os.fdopen(fd, 'wb') try: result = filename, headers if self.tempcache is not None: self.tempcache[url] = result bs = 10248 size = -1 read = 0 blocknum = 0 if "content-length" in headers: size = int(headers["Content-Length"]) if reporthook: reporthook(blocknum, bs, size) while 1: block = fp.read(bs) if not block: break read += len(block) tfp.write(block) blocknum += 1 if reporthook: reporthook(blocknum, bs, size) finally: tfp.close() finally: fp.close() # raise exception if actual size does not match content-length header if size >= 0 and read < size: raise ContentTooShortError( "retrieval incomplete: got only %i out of %i bytes" % (read, size), result) return result # Each method named open_<type> knows how to open that type of URL def _open_generic_http(self, connection_factory, url, data): """Make an HTTP connection using connection_class. This is an internal method that should be called from open_http() or open_https(). Arguments: - connection_factory should take a host name and return an HTTPConnection instance. - url is the url to retrieval or a host, relative-path pair. - data is payload for a POST request or None. """ user_passwd = None proxy_passwd= None if isinstance(url, str): host, selector = splithost(url) if host: user_passwd, host = splituser(host) host = unquote(host) realhost = host else: host, selector = url # check whether the proxy contains authorization information proxy_passwd, host = splituser(host) # now we proceed with the url we want to obtain urltype, rest = splittype(selector) url = rest user_passwd = None if urltype.lower() != 'http': realhost = None else: realhost, rest = splithost(rest) if realhost: user_passwd, realhost = splituser(realhost) if user_passwd: selector = "%s://%s%s" % (urltype, realhost, rest) if proxy_bypass(realhost): host = realhost if not host: raise OSError('http error', 'no host given') if proxy_passwd: proxy_passwd = unquote(proxy_passwd) proxy_auth = base64.b64encode(proxy_passwd.encode()).decode('ascii') else: proxy_auth = None if user_passwd: user_passwd = unquote(user_passwd) auth = base64.b64encode(user_passwd.encode()).decode('ascii') else: auth = None http_conn = connection_factory(host) headers = {} if proxy_auth: headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Basic %s" % proxy_auth if auth: headers["Authorization"] = "Basic %s" % auth if realhost: headers["Host"] = realhost # Add Connection:close as we don't support persistent connections yet. # This helps in closing the socket and avoiding ResourceWarning headers["Connection"] = "close" for header, value in self.addheaders: headers[header] = value if data is not None: headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" http_conn.request("POST", selector, data, headers) else: http_conn.request("GET", selector, headers=headers) try: response = http_conn.getresponse() except http.client.BadStatusLine: # something went wrong with the HTTP status line raise URLError("http protocol error: bad status line") # According to RFC 2616, "2xx" code indicates that the client's # request was successfully received, understood, and accepted. if 200 <= response.status < 300: return addinfourl(response, response.msg, "http:" + url, response.status) else: return self.http_error( url, response.fp, response.status, response.reason, response.msg, data) def open_http(self, url, data=None): """Use HTTP protocol.""" return self._open_generic_http(http.client.HTTPConnection, url, data) def http_error(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Handle http errors. Derived class can override this, or provide specific handlers named http_error_DDD where DDD is the 3-digit error code.""" # First check if there's a specific handler for this error name = 'http_error_%d' % errcode if hasattr(self, name): method = getattr(self, name) if data is None: result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) else: result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) if result: return result return self.http_error_default(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers): """Default error handler: close the connection and raise OSError.""" fp.close() raise HTTPError(url, errcode, errmsg, headers, None) if _have_ssl: def _https_connection(self, host): return http.client.HTTPSConnection(host, key_file=self.key_file, cert_file=self.cert_file) def open_https(self, url, data=None): """Use HTTPS protocol.""" return self._open_generic_http(self._https_connection, url, data) def open_file(self, url): """Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL.""" if not isinstance(url, str): raise URLError('file error: proxy support for file protocol currently not implemented') if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/' and url[2:12].lower() != 'localhost/': raise ValueError("file:// scheme is supported only on localhost") else: return self.open_local_file(url) def open_local_file(self, url): """Use local file.""" import email.utils import mimetypes host, file = splithost(url) localname = url2pathname(file) try: stats = os.stat(localname) except OSError as e: raise URLError(e.strerror, e.filename) size = stats.st_size modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True) mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(url)[0] headers = email.message_from_string( 'Content-Type: %s\nContent-Length: %d\nLast-modified: %s\n' % (mtype or 'text/plain', size, modified)) if not host: urlfile = file if file[:1] == '/': urlfile = 'file://' + file return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'), headers, urlfile) host, port = splitport(host) if (not port and socket.gethostbyname(host) in ((localhost(),) + thishost())): urlfile = file if file[:1] == '/': urlfile = 'file://' + file elif file[:2] == './': raise ValueError("local file url may start with / or file:. Unknown url of type: %s" % url) return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'), headers, urlfile) raise URLError('local file error: not on local host') def open_ftp(self, url): """Use FTP protocol.""" if not isinstance(url, str): raise URLError('ftp error: proxy support for ftp protocol currently not implemented') import mimetypes host, path = splithost(url) if not host: raise URLError('ftp error: no host given') host, port = splitport(host) user, host = splituser(host) if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user) else: passwd = None host = unquote(host) user = unquote(user or '') passwd = unquote(passwd or '') host = socket.gethostbyname(host) if not port: import ftplib port = ftplib.FTP_PORT else: port = int(port) path, attrs = splitattr(path) path = unquote(path) dirs = path.split('/') dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1] if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs = dirs[1:] if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs[0] = '/' key = user, host, port, '/'.join(dirs) # XXX thread unsafe! if len(self.ftpcache) > MAXFTPCACHE: # Prune the cache, rather arbitrarily for k in list(self.ftpcache): if k != key: v = self.ftpcache[k] del self.ftpcache[k] v.close() try: if key not in self.ftpcache: self.ftpcache[key] = \ ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs) if not file: type = 'D' else: type = 'I' for attr in attrs: attr, value = splitvalue(attr) if attr.lower() == 'type' and \ value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'): type = value.upper() (fp, retrlen) = self.ftpcache[key].retrfile(file, type) mtype = mimetypes.guess_type("ftp:" + url)[0] headers = "" if mtype: headers += "Content-Type: %s\n" % mtype if retrlen is not None and retrlen >= 0: headers += "Content-Length: %d\n" % retrlen headers = email.message_from_string(headers) return addinfourl(fp, headers, "ftp:" + url) except ftperrors() as exp: raise URLError('ftp error %r' % exp).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2]) def open_data(self, url, data=None): """Use "data" URL.""" if not isinstance(url, str): raise URLError('data error: proxy support for data protocol currently not implemented') # ignore POSTed data # # syntax of data URLs: # dataurl := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] ( ";" parameter ) # data := urlchar # parameter := attribute "=" value try: [type, data] = url.split(',', 1) except ValueError: raise OSError('data error', 'bad data URL') if not type: type = 'text/plain;charset=US-ASCII' semi = type.rfind(';') if semi >= 0 and '=' not in type[semi:]: encoding = type[semi+1:] type = type[:semi] else: encoding = '' msg = [] msg.append('Date: %s'%time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT', time.gmtime(time.time()))) msg.append('Content-type: %s' % type) if encoding == 'base64': # XXX is this encoding/decoding ok? data = base64.decodebytes(data.encode('ascii')).decode('latin-1') else: data = unquote(data) msg.append('Content-Length: %d' % len(data)) msg.append('') msg.append(data) msg = '\n'.join(msg) headers = email.message_from_string(msg) f = io.StringIO(msg) #f.fileno = None # needed for addinfourl return addinfourl(f, headers, url) class FancyURLopener(URLopener): """Derived class with handlers for errors we can handle (perhaps).""" def __init__(self, args, *kwargs): URLopener.__init__(self, args, *kwargs) self.auth_cache = {} self.tries = 0 self.maxtries = 10 def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers): """Default error handling -- don't raise an exception.""" return addinfourl(fp, headers, "http:" + url, errcode) def http_error_302(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 302 -- relocated (temporarily).""" self.tries += 1 if self.maxtries and self.tries >= self.maxtries: if hasattr(self, "http_error_500"): meth = self.http_error_500 else: meth = self.http_error_default self.tries = 0 return meth(url, fp, 500, "Internal Server Error: Redirect Recursion", headers) result = self.redirect_internal(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) self.tries = 0 return result def redirect_internal(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data): if 'location' in headers: newurl = headers['location'] elif 'uri' in headers: newurl = headers['uri'] else: return fp.close() # In case the server sent a relative URL, join with original: newurl = urljoin(self.type + ":" + url, newurl) urlparts = urlparse(newurl) # For security reasons, we don't allow redirection to anything other # than http, https and ftp. # We are using newer HTTPError with older redirect_internal method # This older method will get deprecated in 3.3 if urlparts.scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp', ''): raise HTTPError(newurl, errcode, errmsg + " Redirection to url '%s' is not allowed." % newurl, headers, fp) return self.open(newurl) def http_error_301(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 301 -- also relocated (permanently).""" return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) def http_error_303(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 303 -- also relocated (essentially identical to 302).""" return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) def http_error_307(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 307 -- relocated, but turn POST into error.""" if data is None: return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) else: return self.http_error_default(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) def http_error_401(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None, retry=False): """Error 401 -- authentication required. This function supports Basic authentication only.""" if 'www-authenticate' not in headers: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) stuff = headers['www-authenticate'] match = re.match('[ \t]([^ \t]+)[ \t]+realm="([^"])"', stuff) if not match: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) scheme, realm = match.groups() if scheme.lower() != 'basic': URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) if not retry: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) name = 'retry_' + self.type + '_basic_auth' if data is None: return getattr(self,name)(url, realm) else: return getattr(self,name)(url, realm, data) def http_error_407(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None, retry=False): """Error 407 -- proxy authentication required. This function supports Basic authentication only.""" if 'proxy-authenticate' not in headers: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) stuff = headers['proxy-authenticate'] match = re.match('[ \t]([^ \t]+)[ \t]+realm="([^"])"', stuff) if not match: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) scheme, realm = match.groups() if scheme.lower() != 'basic': URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) if not retry: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) name = 'retry_proxy_' + self.type + '_basic_auth' if data is None: return getattr(self,name)(url, realm) else: return getattr(self,name)(url, realm, data) def retry_proxy_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None): host, selector = splithost(url) newurl = 'http://' + host + selector proxy = self.proxies['http'] urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy) proxyhost, proxyselector = splithost(proxyhost) i = proxyhost.find('@') + 1 proxyhost = proxyhost[i:] user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(proxyhost, realm, i) if not (user or passwd): return None proxyhost = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''), quote(passwd, safe=''), proxyhost) self.proxies['http'] = 'http://' + proxyhost + proxyselector if data is None: return self.open(newurl) else: return self.open(newurl, data) def retry_proxy_https_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None): host, selector = splithost(url) newurl = 'https://' + host + selector proxy = self.proxies['https'] urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy) proxyhost, proxyselector = splithost(proxyhost) i = proxyhost.find('@') + 1 proxyhost = proxyhost[i:] user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(proxyhost, realm, i) if not (user or passwd): return None proxyhost = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''), quote(passwd, safe=''), proxyhost) self.proxies['https'] = 'https://' + proxyhost + proxyselector if data is None: return self.open(newurl) else: return self.open(newurl, data) def retry_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None): host, selector = splithost(url) i = host.find('@') + 1 host = host[i:] user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i) if not (user or passwd): return None host = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''), quote(passwd, safe=''), host) newurl = 'http://' + host + selector if data is None: return self.open(newurl) else: return self.open(newurl, data) def retry_https_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None): host, selector = splithost(url) i = host.find('@') + 1 host = host[i:] user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i) if not (user or passwd): return None host = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''), quote(passwd, safe=''), host) newurl = 'https://' + host + selector if data is None: return self.open(newurl) else: return self.open(newurl, data) def get_user_passwd(self, host, realm, clear_cache=0): key = realm + '@' + host.lower() if key in self.auth_cache: if clear_cache: del self.auth_cache[key] else: return self.auth_cache[key] user, passwd = self.prompt_user_passwd(host, realm) if user or passwd: self.auth_cache[key] = (user, passwd) return user, passwd def prompt_user_passwd(self, host, realm): """Override this in a GUI environment!""" import getpass try: user = input("Enter username for %s at %s: " % (realm, host)) passwd = getpass.getpass("Enter password for %s in %s at %s: " % (user, realm, host)) return user, passwd except KeyboardInterrupt: print() return None, None # Utility functions _localhost = None def localhost(): """Return the IP address of the magic hostname 'localhost'.""" global _localhost if _localhost is None: _localhost = socket.gethostbyname('localhost') return _localhost _thishost = None def thishost(): """Return the IP addresses of the current host.""" global _thishost if _thishost is None: try: _thishost = tuple(socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2]) except socket.gaierror: _thishost = tuple(socket.gethostbyname_ex('localhost')[2]) return _thishost _ftperrors = None def ftperrors(): """Return the set of errors raised by the FTP class.""" global _ftperrors if _ftperrors is None: import ftplib _ftperrors = ftplib.all_errors return _ftperrors _noheaders = None def noheaders(): """Return an empty email Message object.""" global _noheaders if _noheaders is None: _noheaders = email.message_from_string("") return _noheaders # Utility classes class ftpwrapper: """Class used by open_ftp() for cache of open FTP connections.""" def __init__(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout=None, persistent=True): self.user = user self.passwd = passwd self.host = host self.port = port self.dirs = dirs self.timeout = timeout self.refcount = 0 self.keepalive = persistent try: self.init() except: self.close() raise def init(self): import ftplib self.busy = 0 self.ftp = ftplib.FTP() self.ftp.connect(self.host, self.port, self.timeout) self.ftp.login(self.user, self.passwd) _target = '/'.join(self.dirs) self.ftp.cwd(_target) def retrfile(self, file, type): import ftplib self.endtransfer() if type in ('d', 'D'): cmd = 'TYPE A'; isdir = 1 else: cmd = 'TYPE ' + type; isdir = 0 try: self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd) except ftplib.all_errors: self.init() self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd) conn = None if file and not isdir: # Try to retrieve as a file try: cmd = 'RETR ' + file conn, retrlen = self.ftp.ntransfercmd(cmd) except ftplib.error_perm as reason: if str(reason)[:3] != '550': raise URLError('ftp error: %r' % reason).with_traceback( sys.exc_info()[2]) if not conn: # Set transfer mode to ASCII! self.ftp.voidcmd('TYPE A') # Try a directory listing. Verify that directory exists. if file: pwd = self.ftp.pwd() try: try: self.ftp.cwd(file) except ftplib.error_perm as reason: raise URLError('ftp error: %r' % reason) from reason finally: self.ftp.cwd(pwd) cmd = 'LIST ' + file else: cmd = 'LIST' conn, retrlen = self.ftp.ntransfercmd(cmd) self.busy = 1 ftpobj = addclosehook(conn.makefile('rb'), self.file_close) self.refcount += 1 conn.close() # Pass back both a suitably decorated object and a retrieval length return (ftpobj, retrlen) def endtransfer(self): self.busy = 0 def close(self): self.keepalive = False if self.refcount <= 0: self.real_close() def file_close(self): self.endtransfer() self.refcount -= 1 if self.refcount <= 0 and not self.keepalive: self.real_close() def real_close(self): self.endtransfer() try: self.ftp.close() except ftperrors(): pass # Proxy handling def getproxies_environment(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Scan the environment for variables named <scheme>_proxy; this seems to be the standard convention. If you need a different way, you can pass a proxies dictionary to the [Fancy]URLopener constructor. """ proxies = {} for name, value in os.environ.items(): name = name.lower() if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy': proxies[name[:-6]] = value # CVE-2016-1000110 - If we are running as CGI script, forget HTTP_PROXY # (non-all-lowercase) as it may be set from the web server by a "Proxy:" # header from the client if 'REQUEST_METHOD' in os.environ: proxies.pop('http', None) return proxies def proxy_bypass_environment(host): """Test if proxies should not be used for a particular host. Checks the environment for a variable named no_proxy, which should be a list of DNS suffixes separated by commas, or '' for all hosts. """ no_proxy = os.environ.get('no_proxy', '') or os.environ.get('NO_PROXY', '') # '' is special case for always bypass if no_proxy == '': return 1 # strip port off host hostonly, port = splitport(host) # check if the host ends with any of the DNS suffixes no_proxy_list = [proxy.strip() for proxy in no_proxy.split(',')] for name in no_proxy_list: if name and (hostonly.endswith(name) or host.endswith(name)): return 1 # otherwise, don't bypass return 0 # This code tests an OSX specific data structure but is testable on all # platforms def _proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host, proxy_settings): """ Return True iff this host shouldn't be accessed using a proxy This function uses the MacOSX framework SystemConfiguration to fetch the proxy information. proxy_settings come from _scproxy._get_proxy_settings or get mocked ie: { 'exclude_simple': bool, 'exceptions': ['foo.bar', '.bar.com', '127.0.0.1', '10.1', '10.0/16'] } """ from fnmatch import fnmatch hostonly, port = splitport(host) def ip2num(ipAddr): parts = ipAddr.split('.') parts = list(map(int, parts)) if len(parts) != 4: parts = (parts + [0, 0, 0, 0])[:4] return (parts[0] << 24) \| (parts[1] << 16) \| (parts[2] << 8) \| parts[3] # Check for simple host names: if '.' not in host: if proxy_settings['exclude_simple']: return True hostIP = None for value in proxy_settings.get('exceptions', ()): # Items in the list are strings like these: .local, 169.254/16 if not value: continue m = re.match(r"(\d+(?:\.\d+))(/\d+)?", value) if m is not None: if hostIP is None: try: hostIP = socket.gethostbyname(hostonly) hostIP = ip2num(hostIP) except OSError: continue base = ip2num(m.group(1)) mask = m.group(2) if mask is None: mask = 8 (m.group(1).count('.') + 1) else: mask = int(mask[1:]) mask = 32 - mask if (hostIP >> mask) == (base >> mask): return True elif fnmatch(host, value): return True return False if sys.platform == 'darwin': from _scproxy import _get_proxy_settings, _get_proxies def proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host): proxy_settings = _get_proxy_settings() return _proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host, proxy_settings) def getproxies_macosx_sysconf(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. This function uses the MacOSX framework SystemConfiguration to fetch the proxy information. """ return _get_proxies() def proxy_bypass(host): if getproxies_environment(): return proxy_bypass_environment(host) else: return proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host) def getproxies(): return getproxies_environment() or getproxies_macosx_sysconf() elif os.name == 'nt': def getproxies_registry(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Win32 uses the registry to store proxies. """ proxies = {} try: import winreg except ImportError: # Std module, so should be around - but you never know! return proxies try: internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings') proxyEnable = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyEnable')[0] if proxyEnable: # Returned as Unicode but problems if not converted to ASCII proxyServer = str(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyServer')[0]) if '=' in proxyServer: # Per-protocol settings for p in proxyServer.split(';'): protocol, address = p.split('=', 1) # See if address has a type:// prefix if not re.match('^([^/:]+)://', address): address = '%s://%s' % (protocol, address) proxies[protocol] = address else: # Use one setting for all protocols if proxyServer[:5] == 'http:': proxies['http'] = proxyServer else: proxies['http'] = 'http://%s' % proxyServer proxies['https'] = 'https://%s' % proxyServer proxies['ftp'] = 'ftp://%s' % proxyServer internetSettings.Close() except (OSError, ValueError, TypeError): # Either registry key not found etc, or the value in an # unexpected format. # proxies already set up to be empty so nothing to do pass return proxies def getproxies(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Returns settings gathered from the environment, if specified, or the registry. """ return getproxies_environment() or getproxies_registry() def proxy_bypass_registry(host): try: import winreg except ImportError: # Std modules, so should be around - but you never know! return 0 try: internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings') proxyEnable = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyEnable')[0] proxyOverride = str(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyOverride')[0]) # ^^^^ Returned as Unicode but problems if not converted to ASCII except OSError: return 0 if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride: return 0 # try to make a host list from name and IP address. rawHost, port = splitport(host) host = [rawHost] try: addr = socket.gethostbyname(rawHost) if addr != rawHost: host.append(addr) except OSError: pass try: fqdn = socket.getfqdn(rawHost) if fqdn != rawHost: host.append(fqdn) except OSError: pass # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the # '<local>' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding # canonical entry. proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(';') # now check if we match one of the registry values. for test in proxyOverride: if test == '<local>': if '.' not in rawHost: return 1 test = test.replace(".", r"\.") # mask dots test = test.replace("", r".") # change glob sequence test = test.replace("?", r".") # change glob char for val in host: if re.match(test, val, re.I): return 1 return 0 def proxy_bypass(host): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Returns settings gathered from the environment, if specified, or the registry. """ if getproxies_environment(): return proxy_bypass_environment(host) else: return proxy_bypass_registry(host) else: # By default use environment variables getproxies = getproxies_environment proxy_bypass = proxy_bypass_environment Back

Edit File : request.py | Size : 91.15 KB

"""An extensible library for opening URLs using a variety of protocols

The simplest way to use this module is to call the urlopen function,
which accepts a string containing a URL or a Request object (described
below).  It opens the URL and returns the results as file-like
object; the returned object has some extra methods described below.

The OpenerDirector manages a collection of Handler objects that do
all the actual work.  Each Handler implements a particular protocol or
option.  The OpenerDirector is a composite object that invokes the
Handlers needed to open the requested URL.  For example, the
HTTPHandler performs HTTP GET and POST requests and deals with
non-error returns.  The HTTPRedirectHandler automatically deals with
HTTP 301, 302, 303 and 307 redirect errors, and the HTTPDigestAuthHandler
deals with digest authentication.

urlopen(url, data=None) -- Basic usage is the same as original
urllib.  pass the url and optionally data to post to an HTTP URL, and
get a file-like object back.  One difference is that you can also pass
a Request instance instead of URL.  Raises a URLError (subclass of
OSError); for HTTP errors, raises an HTTPError, which can also be
treated as a valid response.

build_opener -- Function that creates a new OpenerDirector instance.
Will install the default handlers.  Accepts one or more Handlers as
arguments, either instances or Handler classes that it will
instantiate.  If one of the argument is a subclass of the default
handler, the argument will be installed instead of the default.

install_opener -- Installs a new opener as the default opener.

objects of interest:

OpenerDirector -- Sets up the User Agent as the Python-urllib client and manages
the Handler classes, while dealing with requests and responses.

Request -- An object that encapsulates the state of a request.  The
state can be as simple as the URL.  It can also include extra HTTP
headers, e.g. a User-Agent.

BaseHandler --

internals:
BaseHandler and parent
_call_chain conventions

Example usage:

import urllib.request

# set up authentication info
authinfo = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler()
authinfo.add_password(realm='PDQ Application',
                      uri='https://mahler:8092/site-updates.py',
                      user='klem',
                      passwd='geheim$parole')

proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({"http" : "http://ahad-haam:3128"})

# build a new opener that adds authentication and caching FTP handlers
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support, authinfo,
                                     urllib.request.CacheFTPHandler)

# install it
urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

f = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.python.org/')
"""

# XXX issues:
# If an authentication error handler that tries to perform
# authentication for some reason but fails, how should the error be
# signalled?  The client needs to know the HTTP error code.  But if
# the handler knows that the problem was, e.g., that it didn't know
# that hash algo that requested in the challenge, it would be good to
# pass that information along to the client, too.
# ftp errors aren't handled cleanly
# check digest against correct (i.e. non-apache) implementation

# Possible extensions:
# complex proxies  XXX not sure what exactly was meant by this
# abstract factory for opener

import base64
import bisect
import email
import hashlib
import http.client
import io
import os
import posixpath
import re
import socket
import sys
import time
import collections
import tempfile
import contextlib
import warnings

from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError, ContentTooShortError
from urllib.parse import (
    urlparse, urlsplit, urljoin, unwrap, quote, unquote,
    splittype, splithost, splitport, splituser, splitpasswd,
    splitattr, splitquery, splitvalue, splittag, to_bytes,
    unquote_to_bytes, urlunparse)
from urllib.response import addinfourl, addclosehook

# check for SSL
try:
    import ssl
except ImportError:
    _have_ssl = False
else:
    _have_ssl = True

__all__ = [
    # Classes
    'Request', 'OpenerDirector', 'BaseHandler', 'HTTPDefaultErrorHandler',
    'HTTPRedirectHandler', 'HTTPCookieProcessor', 'ProxyHandler',
    'HTTPPasswordMgr', 'HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm',
    'AbstractBasicAuthHandler', 'HTTPBasicAuthHandler', 'ProxyBasicAuthHandler',
    'AbstractDigestAuthHandler', 'HTTPDigestAuthHandler', 'ProxyDigestAuthHandler',
    'HTTPHandler', 'FileHandler', 'FTPHandler', 'CacheFTPHandler', 'DataHandler',
    'UnknownHandler', 'HTTPErrorProcessor',
    # Functions
    'urlopen', 'install_opener', 'build_opener',
    'pathname2url', 'url2pathname', 'getproxies',
    # Legacy interface
    'urlretrieve', 'urlcleanup', 'URLopener', 'FancyURLopener',
]

# used in User-Agent header sent
__version__ = sys.version[:3]

_opener = None
def urlopen(url, data=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
            *, cafile=None, capath=None, cadefault=False, context=None):
    global _opener
    if cafile or capath or cadefault:
        if context is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                "You can't pass both context and any of cafile, capath, and "
                "cadefault"
            )
        if not _have_ssl:
            raise ValueError('SSL support not available')
        context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH,
                                             cafile=cafile,
                                             capath=capath)
        https_handler = HTTPSHandler(context=context)
        opener = build_opener(https_handler)
    elif context:
        https_handler = HTTPSHandler(context=context)
        opener = build_opener(https_handler)
    elif _opener is None:
        _opener = opener = build_opener()
    else:
        opener = _opener
    return opener.open(url, data, timeout)

def install_opener(opener):
    global _opener
    _opener = opener

_url_tempfiles = []
def urlretrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None):
    """
    Retrieve a URL into a temporary location on disk.

Requires a URL argument. If a filename is passed, it is used as
    the temporary file location. The reporthook argument should be
    a callable that accepts a block number, a read size, and the
    total file size of the URL target. The data argument should be
    valid URL encoded data.

If a filename is passed and the URL points to a local resource,
    the result is a copy from local file to new file.

Returns a tuple containing the path to the newly created
    data file as well as the resulting HTTPMessage object.
    """
    url_type, path = splittype(url)

with contextlib.closing(urlopen(url, data)) as fp:
        headers = fp.info()

# Just return the local path and the "headers" for file://
        # URLs. No sense in performing a copy unless requested.
        if url_type == "file" and not filename:
            return os.path.normpath(path), headers

# Handle temporary file setup.
        if filename:
            tfp = open(filename, 'wb')
        else:
            tfp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
            filename = tfp.name
            _url_tempfiles.append(filename)

with tfp:
            result = filename, headers
            bs = 1024*8
            size = -1
            read = 0
            blocknum = 0
            if "content-length" in headers:
                size = int(headers["Content-Length"])

if reporthook:
                reporthook(blocknum, bs, size)

while True:
                block = fp.read(bs)
                if not block:
                    break
                read += len(block)
                tfp.write(block)
                blocknum += 1
                if reporthook:
                    reporthook(blocknum, bs, size)

if size >= 0 and read < size:
        raise ContentTooShortError(
            "retrieval incomplete: got only %i out of %i bytes"
            % (read, size), result)

return result

def urlcleanup():
    """Clean up temporary files from urlretrieve calls."""
    for temp_file in _url_tempfiles:
        try:
            os.unlink(temp_file)
        except OSError:
            pass

del _url_tempfiles[:]
    global _opener
    if _opener:
        _opener = None

# copied from cookielib.py
_cut_port_re = re.compile(r":\d+$", re.ASCII)
def request_host(request):
    """Return request-host, as defined by RFC 2965.

Variation from RFC: returned value is lowercased, for convenient
    comparison.

"""
    url = request.full_url
    host = urlparse(url)[1]
    if host == "":
        host = request.get_header("Host", "")

# remove port, if present
    host = _cut_port_re.sub("", host, 1)
    return host.lower()

class Request:

def __init__(self, url, data=None, headers={},
                 origin_req_host=None, unverifiable=False,
                 method=None):
        self.full_url = url
        self.headers = {}
        self.unredirected_hdrs = {}
        self._data = None
        self.data = data
        self._tunnel_host = None
        for key, value in headers.items():
            self.add_header(key, value)
        if origin_req_host is None:
            origin_req_host = request_host(self)
        self.origin_req_host = origin_req_host
        self.unverifiable = unverifiable
        if method:
            self.method = method

@property
    def full_url(self):
        if self.fragment:
            return '{}#{}'.format(self._full_url, self.fragment)
        return self._full_url

@full_url.setter
    def full_url(self, url):
        # unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path'
        self._full_url = unwrap(url)
        self._full_url, self.fragment = splittag(self._full_url)
        self._parse()

@full_url.deleter
    def full_url(self):
        self._full_url = None
        self.fragment = None
        self.selector = ''

@property
    def data(self):
        return self._data

@data.setter
    def data(self, data):
        if data != self._data:
            self._data = data
            # issue 16464
            # if we change data we need to remove content-length header
            # (cause it's most probably calculated for previous value)
            if self.has_header("Content-length"):
                self.remove_header("Content-length")

@data.deleter
    def data(self):
        self.data = None

def _parse(self):
        self.type, rest = splittype(self._full_url)
        if self.type is None:
            raise ValueError("unknown url type: %r" % self.full_url)
        self.host, self.selector = splithost(rest)
        if self.host:
            self.host = unquote(self.host)

def get_method(self):
        """Return a string indicating the HTTP request method."""
        default_method = "POST" if self.data is not None else "GET"
        return getattr(self, 'method', default_method)

def get_full_url(self):
        return self.full_url

def set_proxy(self, host, type):
        if self.type == 'https' and not self._tunnel_host:
            self._tunnel_host = self.host
        else:
            self.type= type
            self.selector = self.full_url
        self.host = host

def has_proxy(self):
        return self.selector == self.full_url

def add_header(self, key, val):
        # useful for something like authentication
        self.headers[key.capitalize()] = val

def add_unredirected_header(self, key, val):
        # will not be added to a redirected request
        self.unredirected_hdrs[key.capitalize()] = val

def has_header(self, header_name):
        return (header_name in self.headers or
                header_name in self.unredirected_hdrs)

def get_header(self, header_name, default=None):
        return self.headers.get(
            header_name,
            self.unredirected_hdrs.get(header_name, default))

def remove_header(self, header_name):
        self.headers.pop(header_name, None)
        self.unredirected_hdrs.pop(header_name, None)

def header_items(self):
        hdrs = self.unredirected_hdrs.copy()
        hdrs.update(self.headers)
        return list(hdrs.items())

class OpenerDirector:
    def __init__(self):
        client_version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__
        self.addheaders = [('User-agent', client_version)]
        # self.handlers is retained only for backward compatibility
        self.handlers = []
        # manage the individual handlers
        self.handle_open = {}
        self.handle_error = {}
        self.process_response = {}
        self.process_request = {}

def add_handler(self, handler):
        if not hasattr(handler, "add_parent"):
            raise TypeError("expected BaseHandler instance, got %r" %
                            type(handler))

added = False
        for meth in dir(handler):
            if meth in ["redirect_request", "do_open", "proxy_open"]:
                # oops, coincidental match
                continue

i = meth.find("_")
            protocol = meth[:i]
            condition = meth[i+1:]

if condition.startswith("error"):
                j = condition.find("_") + i + 1
                kind = meth[j+1:]
                try:
                    kind = int(kind)
                except ValueError:
                    pass
                lookup = self.handle_error.get(protocol, {})
                self.handle_error[protocol] = lookup
            elif condition == "open":
                kind = protocol
                lookup = self.handle_open
            elif condition == "response":
                kind = protocol
                lookup = self.process_response
            elif condition == "request":
                kind = protocol
                lookup = self.process_request
            else:
                continue

handlers = lookup.setdefault(kind, [])
            if handlers:
                bisect.insort(handlers, handler)
            else:
                handlers.append(handler)
            added = True

if added:
            bisect.insort(self.handlers, handler)
            handler.add_parent(self)

def close(self):
        # Only exists for backwards compatibility.
        pass

def _call_chain(self, chain, kind, meth_name, *args):
        # Handlers raise an exception if no one else should try to handle
        # the request, or return None if they can't but another handler
        # could.  Otherwise, they return the response.
        handlers = chain.get(kind, ())
        for handler in handlers:
            func = getattr(handler, meth_name)
            result = func(*args)
            if result is not None:
                return result

def open(self, fullurl, data=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
        # accept a URL or a Request object
        if isinstance(fullurl, str):
            req = Request(fullurl, data)
        else:
            req = fullurl
            if data is not None:
                req.data = data

req.timeout = timeout
        protocol = req.type

# pre-process request
        meth_name = protocol+"_request"
        for processor in self.process_request.get(protocol, []):
            meth = getattr(processor, meth_name)
            req = meth(req)

response = self._open(req, data)

# post-process response
        meth_name = protocol+"_response"
        for processor in self.process_response.get(protocol, []):
            meth = getattr(processor, meth_name)
            response = meth(req, response)

return response

def _open(self, req, data=None):
        result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, 'default',
                                  'default_open', req)
        if result:
            return result

protocol = req.type
        result = self._call_chain(self.handle_open, protocol, protocol +
                                  '_open', req)
        if result:
            return result

return self._call_chain(self.handle_open, 'unknown',
                                'unknown_open', req)

def error(self, proto, *args):
        if proto in ('http', 'https'):
            # XXX http[s] protocols are special-cased
            dict = self.handle_error['http'] # https is not different than http
            proto = args[2]  # YUCK!
            meth_name = 'http_error_%s' % proto
            http_err = 1
            orig_args = args
        else:
            dict = self.handle_error
            meth_name = proto + '_error'
            http_err = 0
        args = (dict, proto, meth_name) + args
        result = self._call_chain(*args)
        if result:
            return result

if http_err:
            args = (dict, 'default', 'http_error_default') + orig_args
            return self._call_chain(*args)

# XXX probably also want an abstract factory that knows when it makes
# sense to skip a superclass in favor of a subclass and when it might
# make sense to include both

def build_opener(*handlers):
    """Create an opener object from a list of handlers.

The opener will use several default handlers, including support
    for HTTP, FTP and when applicable HTTPS.

If any of the handlers passed as arguments are subclasses of the
    default handlers, the default handlers will not be used.
    """
    opener = OpenerDirector()
    default_classes = [ProxyHandler, UnknownHandler, HTTPHandler,
                       HTTPDefaultErrorHandler, HTTPRedirectHandler,
                       FTPHandler, FileHandler, HTTPErrorProcessor,
                       DataHandler]
    if hasattr(http.client, "HTTPSConnection"):
        default_classes.append(HTTPSHandler)
    skip = set()
    for klass in default_classes:
        for check in handlers:
            if isinstance(check, type):
                if issubclass(check, klass):
                    skip.add(klass)
            elif isinstance(check, klass):
                skip.add(klass)
    for klass in skip:
        default_classes.remove(klass)

for klass in default_classes:
        opener.add_handler(klass())

for h in handlers:
        if isinstance(h, type):
            h = h()
        opener.add_handler(h)
    return opener

class BaseHandler:
    handler_order = 500

def add_parent(self, parent):
        self.parent = parent

def close(self):
        # Only exists for backwards compatibility
        pass

def __lt__(self, other):
        if not hasattr(other, "handler_order"):
            # Try to preserve the old behavior of having custom classes
            # inserted after default ones (works only for custom user
            # classes which are not aware of handler_order).
            return True
        return self.handler_order < other.handler_order

class HTTPErrorProcessor(BaseHandler):
    """Process HTTP error responses."""
    handler_order = 1000  # after all other processing

def http_response(self, request, response):
        code, msg, hdrs = response.code, response.msg, response.info()

# According to RFC 2616, "2xx" code indicates that the client's
        # request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.
        if not (200 <= code < 300):
            response = self.parent.error(
                'http', request, response, code, msg, hdrs)

return response

https_response = http_response

class HTTPDefaultErrorHandler(BaseHandler):
    def http_error_default(self, req, fp, code, msg, hdrs):
        raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, hdrs, fp)

class HTTPRedirectHandler(BaseHandler):
    # maximum number of redirections to any single URL
    # this is needed because of the state that cookies introduce
    max_repeats = 4
    # maximum total number of redirections (regardless of URL) before
    # assuming we're in a loop
    max_redirections = 10

def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl):
        """Return a Request or None in response to a redirect.

This is called by the http_error_30x methods when a
        redirection response is received.  If a redirection should
        take place, return a new Request to allow http_error_30x to
        perform the redirect.  Otherwise, raise HTTPError if no-one
        else should try to handle this url.  Return None if you can't
        but another Handler might.
        """
        m = req.get_method()
        if (not (code in (301, 302, 303, 307) and m in ("GET", "HEAD")
            or code in (301, 302, 303) and m == "POST")):
            raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code, msg, headers, fp)

# Strictly (according to RFC 2616), 301 or 302 in response to
        # a POST MUST NOT cause a redirection without confirmation
        # from the user (of urllib.request, in this case).  In practice,
        # essentially all clients do redirect in this case, so we do
        # the same.
        # be conciliant with URIs containing a space
        newurl = newurl.replace(' ', '%20')
        CONTENT_HEADERS = ("content-length", "content-type")
        newheaders = dict((k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()
                          if k.lower() not in CONTENT_HEADERS)
        return Request(newurl,
                       headers=newheaders,
                       origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host,
                       unverifiable=True)

# Implementation note: To avoid the server sending us into an
    # infinite loop, the request object needs to track what URLs we
    # have already seen.  Do this by adding a handler-specific
    # attribute to the Request object.
    def http_error_302(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
        # Some servers (incorrectly) return multiple Location headers
        # (so probably same goes for URI).  Use first header.
        if "location" in headers:
            newurl = headers["location"]
        elif "uri" in headers:
            newurl = headers["uri"]
        else:
            return

# fix a possible malformed URL
        urlparts = urlparse(newurl)

# For security reasons we don't allow redirection to anything other
        # than http, https or ftp.

if urlparts.scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp', ''):
            raise HTTPError(
                newurl, code,
                "%s - Redirection to url '%s' is not allowed" % (msg, newurl),
                headers, fp)

if not urlparts.path:
            urlparts = list(urlparts)
            urlparts[2] = "/"
        newurl = urlunparse(urlparts)

newurl = urljoin(req.full_url, newurl)

# XXX Probably want to forget about the state of the current
        # request, although that might interact poorly with other
        # handlers that also use handler-specific request attributes
        new = self.redirect_request(req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl)
        if new is None:
            return

# loop detection
        # .redirect_dict has a key url if url was previously visited.
        if hasattr(req, 'redirect_dict'):
            visited = new.redirect_dict = req.redirect_dict
            if (visited.get(newurl, 0) >= self.max_repeats or
                len(visited) >= self.max_redirections):
                raise HTTPError(req.full_url, code,
                                self.inf_msg + msg, headers, fp)
        else:
            visited = new.redirect_dict = req.redirect_dict = {}
        visited[newurl] = visited.get(newurl, 0) + 1

# Don't close the fp until we are sure that we won't use it
        # with HTTPError.
        fp.read()
        fp.close()

return self.parent.open(new, timeout=req.timeout)

http_error_301 = http_error_303 = http_error_307 = http_error_302

inf_msg = "The HTTP server returned a redirect error that would " \
              "lead to an infinite loop.\n" \
              "The last 30x error message was:\n"

def _parse_proxy(proxy):
    """Return (scheme, user, password, host/port) given a URL or an authority.

If a URL is supplied, it must have an authority (host:port) component.
    According to RFC 3986, having an authority component means the URL must
    have two slashes after the scheme.
    """
    scheme, r_scheme = splittype(proxy)
    if not r_scheme.startswith("/"):
        # authority
        scheme = None
        authority = proxy
    else:
        # URL
        if not r_scheme.startswith("//"):
            raise ValueError("proxy URL with no authority: %r" % proxy)
        # We have an authority, so for RFC 3986-compliant URLs (by ss 3.
        # and 3.3.), path is empty or starts with '/'
        end = r_scheme.find("/", 2)
        if end == -1:
            end = None
        authority = r_scheme[2:end]
    userinfo, hostport = splituser(authority)
    if userinfo is not None:
        user, password = splitpasswd(userinfo)
    else:
        user = password = None
    return scheme, user, password, hostport

class ProxyHandler(BaseHandler):
    # Proxies must be in front
    handler_order = 100

def __init__(self, proxies=None):
        if proxies is None:
            proxies = getproxies()
        assert hasattr(proxies, 'keys'), "proxies must be a mapping"
        self.proxies = proxies
        for type, url in proxies.items():
            setattr(self, '%s_open' % type,
                    lambda r, proxy=url, type=type, meth=self.proxy_open:
                        meth(r, proxy, type))

def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type):
        orig_type = req.type
        proxy_type, user, password, hostport = _parse_proxy(proxy)
        if proxy_type is None:
            proxy_type = orig_type

if req.host and proxy_bypass(req.host):
            return None

if user and password:
            user_pass = '%s:%s' % (unquote(user),
                                   unquote(password))
            creds = base64.b64encode(user_pass.encode()).decode("ascii")
            req.add_header('Proxy-authorization', 'Basic ' + creds)
        hostport = unquote(hostport)
        req.set_proxy(hostport, proxy_type)
        if orig_type == proxy_type or orig_type == 'https':
            # let other handlers take care of it
            return None
        else:
            # need to start over, because the other handlers don't
            # grok the proxy's URL type
            # e.g. if we have a constructor arg proxies like so:
            # {'http': 'ftp://proxy.example.com'}, we may end up turning
            # a request for http://acme.example.com/a into one for
            # ftp://proxy.example.com/a
            return self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout)

class HTTPPasswordMgr:

def __init__(self):
        self.passwd = {}

def add_password(self, realm, uri, user, passwd):
        # uri could be a single URI or a sequence
        if isinstance(uri, str):
            uri = [uri]
        if realm not in self.passwd:
            self.passwd[realm] = {}
        for default_port in True, False:
            reduced_uri = tuple(
                [self.reduce_uri(u, default_port) for u in uri])
            self.passwd[realm][reduced_uri] = (user, passwd)

def find_user_password(self, realm, authuri):
        domains = self.passwd.get(realm, {})
        for default_port in True, False:
            reduced_authuri = self.reduce_uri(authuri, default_port)
            for uris, authinfo in domains.items():
                for uri in uris:
                    if self.is_suburi(uri, reduced_authuri):
                        return authinfo
        return None, None

def reduce_uri(self, uri, default_port=True):
        """Accept authority or URI and extract only the authority and path."""
        # note HTTP URLs do not have a userinfo component
        parts = urlsplit(uri)
        if parts[1]:
            # URI
            scheme = parts[0]
            authority = parts[1]
            path = parts[2] or '/'
        else:
            # host or host:port
            scheme = None
            authority = uri
            path = '/'
        host, port = splitport(authority)
        if default_port and port is None and scheme is not None:
            dport = {"http": 80,
                     "https": 443,
                     }.get(scheme)
            if dport is not None:
                authority = "%s:%d" % (host, dport)
        return authority, path

def is_suburi(self, base, test):
        """Check if test is below base in a URI tree

Both args must be URIs in reduced form.
        """
        if base == test:
            return True
        if base[0] != test[0]:
            return False
        common = posixpath.commonprefix((base[1], test[1]))
        if len(common) == len(base[1]):
            return True
        return False

class HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm(HTTPPasswordMgr):

def find_user_password(self, realm, authuri):
        user, password = HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(self, realm,
                                                            authuri)
        if user is not None:
            return user, password
        return HTTPPasswordMgr.find_user_password(self, None, authuri)

class AbstractBasicAuthHandler:

# XXX this allows for multiple auth-schemes, but will stupidly pick
    # the last one with a realm specified.

# allow for double- and single-quoted realm values
    # (single quotes are a violation of the RFC, but appear in the wild)
    rx = re.compile('(?:.*,)*[ \t]*([^ \t]+)[ \t]+'
                    'realm=(["\']?)([^"\']*)\\2', re.I)

# XXX could pre-emptively send auth info already accepted (RFC 2617,
    # end of section 2, and section 1.2 immediately after "credentials"
    # production).

def __init__(self, password_mgr=None):
        if password_mgr is None:
            password_mgr = HTTPPasswordMgr()
        self.passwd = password_mgr
        self.add_password = self.passwd.add_password

def http_error_auth_reqed(self, authreq, host, req, headers):
        # host may be an authority (without userinfo) or a URL with an
        # authority
        # XXX could be multiple headers
        authreq = headers.get(authreq, None)

if authreq:
            scheme = authreq.split()[0]
            if scheme.lower() != 'basic':
                raise ValueError("AbstractBasicAuthHandler does not"
                                 " support the following scheme: '%s'" %
                                 scheme)
            else:
                mo = AbstractBasicAuthHandler.rx.search(authreq)
                if mo:
                    scheme, quote, realm = mo.groups()
                    if quote not in ['"',"'"]:
                        warnings.warn("Basic Auth Realm was unquoted",
                                      UserWarning, 2)
                    if scheme.lower() == 'basic':
                        return self.retry_http_basic_auth(host, req, realm)

def retry_http_basic_auth(self, host, req, realm):
        user, pw = self.passwd.find_user_password(realm, host)
        if pw is not None:
            raw = "%s:%s" % (user, pw)
            auth = "Basic " + base64.b64encode(raw.encode()).decode("ascii")
            if req.get_header(self.auth_header, None) == auth:
                return None
            req.add_unredirected_header(self.auth_header, auth)
            return self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout)
        else:
            return None

class HTTPBasicAuthHandler(AbstractBasicAuthHandler, BaseHandler):

auth_header = 'Authorization'

def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
        url = req.full_url
        response = self.http_error_auth_reqed('www-authenticate',
                                          url, req, headers)
        return response

class ProxyBasicAuthHandler(AbstractBasicAuthHandler, BaseHandler):

auth_header = 'Proxy-authorization'

def http_error_407(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
        # http_error_auth_reqed requires that there is no userinfo component in
        # authority.  Assume there isn't one, since urllib.request does not (and
        # should not, RFC 3986 s. 3.2.1) support requests for URLs containing
        # userinfo.
        authority = req.host
        response = self.http_error_auth_reqed('proxy-authenticate',
                                          authority, req, headers)
        return response

# Return n random bytes.
_randombytes = os.urandom

class AbstractDigestAuthHandler:
    # Digest authentication is specified in RFC 2617.

# XXX The client does not inspect the Authentication-Info header
    # in a successful response.

# XXX It should be possible to test this implementation against
    # a mock server that just generates a static set of challenges.

# XXX qop="auth-int" supports is shaky

def __init__(self, passwd=None):
        if passwd is None:
            passwd = HTTPPasswordMgr()
        self.passwd = passwd
        self.add_password = self.passwd.add_password
        self.retried = 0
        self.nonce_count = 0
        self.last_nonce = None

def reset_retry_count(self):
        self.retried = 0

def http_error_auth_reqed(self, auth_header, host, req, headers):
        authreq = headers.get(auth_header, None)
        if self.retried > 5:
            # Don't fail endlessly - if we failed once, we'll probably
            # fail a second time. Hm. Unless the Password Manager is
            # prompting for the information. Crap. This isn't great
            # but it's better than the current 'repeat until recursion
            # depth exceeded' approach <wink>
            raise HTTPError(req.full_url, 401, "digest auth failed",
                            headers, None)
        else:
            self.retried += 1
        if authreq:
            scheme = authreq.split()[0]
            if scheme.lower() == 'digest':
                return self.retry_http_digest_auth(req, authreq)
            elif scheme.lower() != 'basic':
                raise ValueError("AbstractDigestAuthHandler does not support"
                                 " the following scheme: '%s'" % scheme)

def retry_http_digest_auth(self, req, auth):
        token, challenge = auth.split(' ', 1)
        chal = parse_keqv_list(filter(None, parse_http_list(challenge)))
        auth = self.get_authorization(req, chal)
        if auth:
            auth_val = 'Digest %s' % auth
            if req.headers.get(self.auth_header, None) == auth_val:
                return None
            req.add_unredirected_header(self.auth_header, auth_val)
            resp = self.parent.open(req, timeout=req.timeout)
            return resp

def get_cnonce(self, nonce):
        # The cnonce-value is an opaque
        # quoted string value provided by the client and used by both client
        # and server to avoid chosen plaintext attacks, to provide mutual
        # authentication, and to provide some message integrity protection.
        # This isn't a fabulous effort, but it's probably Good Enough.
        s = "%s:%s:%s:" % (self.nonce_count, nonce, time.ctime())
        b = s.encode("ascii") + _randombytes(8)
        dig = hashlib.sha1(b).hexdigest()
        return dig[:16]

def get_authorization(self, req, chal):
        try:
            realm = chal['realm']
            nonce = chal['nonce']
            qop = chal.get('qop')
            algorithm = chal.get('algorithm', 'MD5')
            # mod_digest doesn't send an opaque, even though it isn't
            # supposed to be optional
            opaque = chal.get('opaque', None)
        except KeyError:
            return None

H, KD = self.get_algorithm_impls(algorithm)
        if H is None:
            return None

user, pw = self.passwd.find_user_password(realm, req.full_url)
        if user is None:
            return None

# XXX not implemented yet
        if req.data is not None:
            entdig = self.get_entity_digest(req.data, chal)
        else:
            entdig = None

A1 = "%s:%s:%s" % (user, realm, pw)
        A2 = "%s:%s" % (req.get_method(),
                        # XXX selector: what about proxies and full urls
                        req.selector)
        if qop == 'auth':
            if nonce == self.last_nonce:
                self.nonce_count += 1
            else:
                self.nonce_count = 1
                self.last_nonce = nonce
            ncvalue = '%08x' % self.nonce_count
            cnonce = self.get_cnonce(nonce)
            noncebit = "%s:%s:%s:%s:%s" % (nonce, ncvalue, cnonce, qop, H(A2))
            respdig = KD(H(A1), noncebit)
        elif qop is None:
            respdig = KD(H(A1), "%s:%s" % (nonce, H(A2)))
        else:
            # XXX handle auth-int.
            raise URLError("qop '%s' is not supported." % qop)

# XXX should the partial digests be encoded too?

base = 'username="%s", realm="%s", nonce="%s", uri="%s", ' \
               'response="%s"' % (user, realm, nonce, req.selector,
                                  respdig)
        if opaque:
            base += ', opaque="%s"' % opaque
        if entdig:
            base += ', digest="%s"' % entdig
        base += ', algorithm="%s"' % algorithm
        if qop:
            base += ', qop=auth, nc=%s, cnonce="%s"' % (ncvalue, cnonce)
        return base

def get_algorithm_impls(self, algorithm):
        # lambdas assume digest modules are imported at the top level
        if algorithm == 'MD5':
            H = lambda x: hashlib.md5(x.encode("ascii")).hexdigest()
        elif algorithm == 'SHA':
            H = lambda x: hashlib.sha1(x.encode("ascii")).hexdigest()
        # XXX MD5-sess
        KD = lambda s, d: H("%s:%s" % (s, d))
        return H, KD

def get_entity_digest(self, data, chal):
        # XXX not implemented yet
        return None

class HTTPDigestAuthHandler(BaseHandler, AbstractDigestAuthHandler):
    """An authentication protocol defined by RFC 2069

Digest authentication improves on basic authentication because it
    does not transmit passwords in the clear.
    """

auth_header = 'Authorization'
    handler_order = 490  # before Basic auth

def http_error_401(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
        host = urlparse(req.full_url)[1]
        retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed('www-authenticate',
                                           host, req, headers)
        self.reset_retry_count()
        return retry

class ProxyDigestAuthHandler(BaseHandler, AbstractDigestAuthHandler):

auth_header = 'Proxy-Authorization'
    handler_order = 490  # before Basic auth

def http_error_407(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers):
        host = req.host
        retry = self.http_error_auth_reqed('proxy-authenticate',
                                           host, req, headers)
        self.reset_retry_count()
        return retry

class AbstractHTTPHandler(BaseHandler):

def __init__(self, debuglevel=0):
        self._debuglevel = debuglevel

def set_http_debuglevel(self, level):
        self._debuglevel = level

def do_request_(self, request):
        host = request.host
        if not host:
            raise URLError('no host given')

if request.data is not None:  # POST
            data = request.data
            if isinstance(data, str):
                msg = "POST data should be bytes or an iterable of bytes. " \
                      "It cannot be of type str."
                raise TypeError(msg)
            if not request.has_header('Content-type'):
                request.add_unredirected_header(
                    'Content-type',
                    'application/x-www-form-urlencoded')
            if not request.has_header('Content-length'):
                try:
                    mv = memoryview(data)
                except TypeError:
                    if isinstance(data, collections.Iterable):
                        raise ValueError("Content-Length should be specified "
                                "for iterable data of type %r %r" % (type(data),
                                data))
                else:
                    request.add_unredirected_header(
                            'Content-length', '%d' % (len(mv) * mv.itemsize))

sel_host = host
        if request.has_proxy():
            scheme, sel = splittype(request.selector)
            sel_host, sel_path = splithost(sel)
        if not request.has_header('Host'):
            request.add_unredirected_header('Host', sel_host)
        for name, value in self.parent.addheaders:
            name = name.capitalize()
            if not request.has_header(name):
                request.add_unredirected_header(name, value)

return request

def do_open(self, http_class, req, **http_conn_args):
        """Return an HTTPResponse object for the request, using http_class.

http_class must implement the HTTPConnection API from http.client.
        """
        host = req.host
        if not host:
            raise URLError('no host given')

# will parse host:port
        h = http_class(host, timeout=req.timeout, **http_conn_args)

headers = dict(req.unredirected_hdrs)
        headers.update(dict((k, v) for k, v in req.headers.items()
                            if k not in headers))

# TODO(jhylton): Should this be redesigned to handle
        # persistent connections?

# We want to make an HTTP/1.1 request, but the addinfourl
        # class isn't prepared to deal with a persistent connection.
        # It will try to read all remaining data from the socket,
        # which will block while the server waits for the next request.
        # So make sure the connection gets closed after the (only)
        # request.
        headers["Connection"] = "close"
        headers = dict((name.title(), val) for name, val in headers.items())

if req._tunnel_host:
            tunnel_headers = {}
            proxy_auth_hdr = "Proxy-Authorization"
            if proxy_auth_hdr in headers:
                tunnel_headers[proxy_auth_hdr] = headers[proxy_auth_hdr]
                # Proxy-Authorization should not be sent to origin
                # server.
                del headers[proxy_auth_hdr]
            h.set_tunnel(req._tunnel_host, headers=tunnel_headers)

try:
            try:
                h.request(req.get_method(), req.selector, req.data, headers)
            except OSError as err: # timeout error
                raise URLError(err)
            r = h.getresponse()
        except:
            h.close()
            raise

# If the server does not send us a 'Connection: close' header,
        # HTTPConnection assumes the socket should be left open. Manually
        # mark the socket to be closed when this response object goes away.
        if h.sock:
            h.sock.close()
            h.sock = None

r.url = req.get_full_url()
        # This line replaces the .msg attribute of the HTTPResponse
        # with .headers, because urllib clients expect the response to
        # have the reason in .msg.  It would be good to mark this
        # attribute is deprecated and get then to use info() or
        # .headers.
        r.msg = r.reason
        return r

class HTTPHandler(AbstractHTTPHandler):

def http_open(self, req):
        return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPConnection, req)

http_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_

if hasattr(http.client, 'HTTPSConnection'):

class HTTPSHandler(AbstractHTTPHandler):

def __init__(self, debuglevel=0, context=None, check_hostname=None):
            AbstractHTTPHandler.__init__(self, debuglevel)
            self._context = context
            self._check_hostname = check_hostname

def https_open(self, req):
            return self.do_open(http.client.HTTPSConnection, req,
                context=self._context, check_hostname=self._check_hostname)

https_request = AbstractHTTPHandler.do_request_

__all__.append('HTTPSHandler')

class HTTPCookieProcessor(BaseHandler):
    def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
        import http.cookiejar
        if cookiejar is None:
            cookiejar = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
        self.cookiejar = cookiejar

def http_request(self, request):
        self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(request)
        return request

def http_response(self, request, response):
        self.cookiejar.extract_cookies(response, request)
        return response

https_request = http_request
    https_response = http_response

class UnknownHandler(BaseHandler):
    def unknown_open(self, req):
        type = req.type
        raise URLError('unknown url type: %s' % type)

def parse_keqv_list(l):
    """Parse list of key=value strings where keys are not duplicated."""
    parsed = {}
    for elt in l:
        k, v = elt.split('=', 1)
        if v[0] == '"' and v[-1] == '"':
            v = v[1:-1]
        parsed[k] = v
    return parsed

def parse_http_list(s):
    """Parse lists as described by RFC 2068 Section 2.

In particular, parse comma-separated lists where the elements of
    the list may include quoted-strings.  A quoted-string could
    contain a comma.  A non-quoted string could have quotes in the
    middle.  Neither commas nor quotes count if they are escaped.
    Only double-quotes count, not single-quotes.
    """
    res = []
    part = ''

escape = quote = False
    for cur in s:
        if escape:
            part += cur
            escape = False
            continue
        if quote:
            if cur == '\\':
                escape = True
                continue
            elif cur == '"':
                quote = False
            part += cur
            continue

if cur == ',':
            res.append(part)
            part = ''
            continue

if cur == '"':
            quote = True

part += cur

# append last part
    if part:
        res.append(part)

return [part.strip() for part in res]

class FileHandler(BaseHandler):
    # Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL
    def file_open(self, req):
        url = req.selector
        if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/' and (req.host and
                req.host != 'localhost'):
            if not req.host in self.get_names():
                raise URLError("file:// scheme is supported only on localhost")
        else:
            return self.open_local_file(req)

# names for the localhost
    names = None
    def get_names(self):
        if FileHandler.names is None:
            try:
                FileHandler.names = tuple(
                    socket.gethostbyname_ex('localhost')[2] +
                    socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2])
            except socket.gaierror:
                FileHandler.names = (socket.gethostbyname('localhost'),)
        return FileHandler.names

# not entirely sure what the rules are here
    def open_local_file(self, req):
        import email.utils
        import mimetypes
        host = req.host
        filename = req.selector
        localfile = url2pathname(filename)
        try:
            stats = os.stat(localfile)
            size = stats.st_size
            modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
            mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)[0]
            headers = email.message_from_string(
                'Content-type: %s\nContent-length: %d\nLast-modified: %s\n' %
                (mtype or 'text/plain', size, modified))
            if host:
                host, port = splitport(host)
            if not host or \
                (not port and _safe_gethostbyname(host) in self.get_names()):
                if host:
                    origurl = 'file://' + host + filename
                else:
                    origurl = 'file://' + filename
                return addinfourl(open(localfile, 'rb'), headers, origurl)
        except OSError as exp:
            # users shouldn't expect OSErrors coming from urlopen()
            raise URLError(exp)
        raise URLError('file not on local host')

def _safe_gethostbyname(host):
    try:
        return socket.gethostbyname(host)
    except socket.gaierror:
        return None

class FTPHandler(BaseHandler):
    def ftp_open(self, req):
        import ftplib
        import mimetypes
        host = req.host
        if not host:
            raise URLError('ftp error: no host given')
        host, port = splitport(host)
        if port is None:
            port = ftplib.FTP_PORT
        else:
            port = int(port)

# username/password handling
        user, host = splituser(host)
        if user:
            user, passwd = splitpasswd(user)
        else:
            passwd = None
        host = unquote(host)
        user = user or ''
        passwd = passwd or ''

try:
            host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
        except OSError as msg:
            raise URLError(msg)
        path, attrs = splitattr(req.selector)
        dirs = path.split('/')
        dirs = list(map(unquote, dirs))
        dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1]
        if dirs and not dirs[0]:
            dirs = dirs[1:]
        try:
            fw = self.connect_ftp(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, req.timeout)
            type = file and 'I' or 'D'
            for attr in attrs:
                attr, value = splitvalue(attr)
                if attr.lower() == 'type' and \
                   value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'):
                    type = value.upper()
            fp, retrlen = fw.retrfile(file, type)
            headers = ""
            mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(req.full_url)[0]
            if mtype:
                headers += "Content-type: %s\n" % mtype
            if retrlen is not None and retrlen >= 0:
                headers += "Content-length: %d\n" % retrlen
            headers = email.message_from_string(headers)
            return addinfourl(fp, headers, req.full_url)
        except ftplib.all_errors as exp:
            exc = URLError('ftp error: %r' % exp)
            raise exc.with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])

def connect_ftp(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout):
        return ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout,
                          persistent=False)

class CacheFTPHandler(FTPHandler):
    # XXX would be nice to have pluggable cache strategies
    # XXX this stuff is definitely not thread safe
    def __init__(self):
        self.cache = {}
        self.timeout = {}
        self.soonest = 0
        self.delay = 60
        self.max_conns = 16

def setTimeout(self, t):
        self.delay = t

def setMaxConns(self, m):
        self.max_conns = m

def connect_ftp(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout):
        key = user, host, port, '/'.join(dirs), timeout
        if key in self.cache:
            self.timeout[key] = time.time() + self.delay
        else:
            self.cache[key] = ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port,
                                         dirs, timeout)
            self.timeout[key] = time.time() + self.delay
        self.check_cache()
        return self.cache[key]

def check_cache(self):
        # first check for old ones
        t = time.time()
        if self.soonest <= t:
            for k, v in list(self.timeout.items()):
                if v < t:
                    self.cache[k].close()
                    del self.cache[k]
                    del self.timeout[k]
        self.soonest = min(list(self.timeout.values()))

# then check the size
        if len(self.cache) == self.max_conns:
            for k, v in list(self.timeout.items()):
                if v == self.soonest:
                    del self.cache[k]
                    del self.timeout[k]
                    break
            self.soonest = min(list(self.timeout.values()))

def clear_cache(self):
        for conn in self.cache.values():
            conn.close()
        self.cache.clear()
        self.timeout.clear()

class DataHandler(BaseHandler):
    def data_open(self, req):
        # data URLs as specified in RFC 2397.
        #
        # ignores POSTed data
        #
        # syntax:
        # dataurl   := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data
        # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter )
        # data      := *urlchar
        # parameter := attribute "=" value
        url = req.full_url

scheme, data = url.split(":",1)
        mediatype, data = data.split(",",1)

# even base64 encoded data URLs might be quoted so unquote in any case:
        data = unquote_to_bytes(data)
        if mediatype.endswith(";base64"):
            data = base64.decodebytes(data)
            mediatype = mediatype[:-7]

if not mediatype:
            mediatype = "text/plain;charset=US-ASCII"

headers = email.message_from_string("Content-type: %s\nContent-length: %d\n" %
            (mediatype, len(data)))

return addinfourl(io.BytesIO(data), headers, url)

# Code move from the old urllib module

MAXFTPCACHE = 10        # Trim the ftp cache beyond this size

# Helper for non-unix systems
if os.name == 'nt':
    from nturl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url
else:
    def url2pathname(pathname):
        """OS-specific conversion from a relative URL of the 'file' scheme
        to a file system path; not recommended for general use."""
        return unquote(pathname)

def pathname2url(pathname):
        """OS-specific conversion from a file system path to a relative URL
        of the 'file' scheme; not recommended for general use."""
        return quote(pathname)

# This really consists of two pieces:
# (1) a class which handles opening of all sorts of URLs
#     (plus assorted utilities etc.)
# (2) a set of functions for parsing URLs
# XXX Should these be separated out into different modules?

ftpcache = {}
class URLopener:
    """Class to open URLs.
    This is a class rather than just a subroutine because we may need
    more than one set of global protocol-specific options.
    Note -- this is a base class for those who don't want the
    automatic handling of errors type 302 (relocated) and 401
    (authorization needed)."""

__tempfiles = None

version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__

# Constructor
    def __init__(self, proxies=None, **x509):
        msg = "%(class)s style of invoking requests is deprecated. " \
              "Use newer urlopen functions/methods" % {'class': self.__class__.__name__}
        warnings.warn(msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
        if proxies is None:
            proxies = getproxies()
        assert hasattr(proxies, 'keys'), "proxies must be a mapping"
        self.proxies = proxies
        self.key_file = x509.get('key_file')
        self.cert_file = x509.get('cert_file')
        self.addheaders = [('User-Agent', self.version)]
        self.__tempfiles = []
        self.__unlink = os.unlink # See cleanup()
        self.tempcache = None
        # Undocumented feature: if you assign {} to tempcache,
        # it is used to cache files retrieved with
        # self.retrieve().  This is not enabled by default
        # since it does not work for changing documents (and I
        # haven't got the logic to check expiration headers
        # yet).
        self.ftpcache = ftpcache
        # Undocumented feature: you can use a different
        # ftp cache by assigning to the .ftpcache member;
        # in case you want logically independent URL openers
        # XXX This is not threadsafe.  Bah.

def __del__(self):
        self.close()

def close(self):
        self.cleanup()

def cleanup(self):
        # This code sometimes runs when the rest of this module
        # has already been deleted, so it can't use any globals
        # or import anything.
        if self.__tempfiles:
            for file in self.__tempfiles:
                try:
                    self.__unlink(file)
                except OSError:
                    pass
            del self.__tempfiles[:]
        if self.tempcache:
            self.tempcache.clear()

def addheader(self, *args):
        """Add a header to be used by the HTTP interface only
        e.g. u.addheader('Accept', 'sound/basic')"""
        self.addheaders.append(args)

# External interface
    def open(self, fullurl, data=None):
        """Use URLopener().open(file) instead of open(file, 'r')."""
        fullurl = unwrap(to_bytes(fullurl))
        fullurl = quote(fullurl, safe="%/:=&?~#+!$,;'@()*[]|")
        if self.tempcache and fullurl in self.tempcache:
            filename, headers = self.tempcache[fullurl]
            fp = open(filename, 'rb')
            return addinfourl(fp, headers, fullurl)
        urltype, url = splittype(fullurl)
        if not urltype:
            urltype = 'file'
        if urltype in self.proxies:
            proxy = self.proxies[urltype]
            urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy)
            host, selector = splithost(proxyhost)
            url = (host, fullurl) # Signal special case to open_*()
        else:
            proxy = None
        name = 'open_' + urltype
        self.type = urltype
        name = name.replace('-', '_')
        if not hasattr(self, name):
            if proxy:
                return self.open_unknown_proxy(proxy, fullurl, data)
            else:
                return self.open_unknown(fullurl, data)
        try:
            if data is None:
                return getattr(self, name)(url)
            else:
                return getattr(self, name)(url, data)
        except (HTTPError, URLError):
            raise
        except OSError as msg:
            raise OSError('socket error', msg).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])

def open_unknown(self, fullurl, data=None):
        """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type."""
        type, url = splittype(fullurl)
        raise OSError('url error', 'unknown url type', type)

def open_unknown_proxy(self, proxy, fullurl, data=None):
        """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type."""
        type, url = splittype(fullurl)
        raise OSError('url error', 'invalid proxy for %s' % type, proxy)

# External interface
    def retrieve(self, url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None):
        """retrieve(url) returns (filename, headers) for a local object
        or (tempfilename, headers) for a remote object."""
        url = unwrap(to_bytes(url))
        if self.tempcache and url in self.tempcache:
            return self.tempcache[url]
        type, url1 = splittype(url)
        if filename is None and (not type or type == 'file'):
            try:
                fp = self.open_local_file(url1)
                hdrs = fp.info()
                fp.close()
                return url2pathname(splithost(url1)[1]), hdrs
            except OSError as msg:
                pass
        fp = self.open(url, data)
        try:
            headers = fp.info()
            if filename:
                tfp = open(filename, 'wb')
            else:
                import tempfile
                garbage, path = splittype(url)
                garbage, path = splithost(path or "")
                path, garbage = splitquery(path or "")
                path, garbage = splitattr(path or "")
                suffix = os.path.splitext(path)[1]
                (fd, filename) = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix)
                self.__tempfiles.append(filename)
                tfp = os.fdopen(fd, 'wb')
            try:
                result = filename, headers
                if self.tempcache is not None:
                    self.tempcache[url] = result
                bs = 1024*8
                size = -1
                read = 0
                blocknum = 0
                if "content-length" in headers:
                    size = int(headers["Content-Length"])
                if reporthook:
                    reporthook(blocknum, bs, size)
                while 1:
                    block = fp.read(bs)
                    if not block:
                        break
                    read += len(block)
                    tfp.write(block)
                    blocknum += 1
                    if reporthook:
                        reporthook(blocknum, bs, size)
            finally:
                tfp.close()
        finally:
            fp.close()

# raise exception if actual size does not match content-length header
        if size >= 0 and read < size:
            raise ContentTooShortError(
                "retrieval incomplete: got only %i out of %i bytes"
                % (read, size), result)

return result

# Each method named open_<type> knows how to open that type of URL

def _open_generic_http(self, connection_factory, url, data):
        """Make an HTTP connection using connection_class.

This is an internal method that should be called from
        open_http() or open_https().

Arguments:
        - connection_factory should take a host name and return an
          HTTPConnection instance.
        - url is the url to retrieval or a host, relative-path pair.
        - data is payload for a POST request or None.
        """

user_passwd = None
        proxy_passwd= None
        if isinstance(url, str):
            host, selector = splithost(url)
            if host:
                user_passwd, host = splituser(host)
                host = unquote(host)
            realhost = host
        else:
            host, selector = url
            # check whether the proxy contains authorization information
            proxy_passwd, host = splituser(host)
            # now we proceed with the url we want to obtain
            urltype, rest = splittype(selector)
            url = rest
            user_passwd = None
            if urltype.lower() != 'http':
                realhost = None
            else:
                realhost, rest = splithost(rest)
                if realhost:
                    user_passwd, realhost = splituser(realhost)
                if user_passwd:
                    selector = "%s://%s%s" % (urltype, realhost, rest)
                if proxy_bypass(realhost):
                    host = realhost

if not host: raise OSError('http error', 'no host given')

if proxy_passwd:
            proxy_passwd = unquote(proxy_passwd)
            proxy_auth = base64.b64encode(proxy_passwd.encode()).decode('ascii')
        else:
            proxy_auth = None

if user_passwd:
            user_passwd = unquote(user_passwd)
            auth = base64.b64encode(user_passwd.encode()).decode('ascii')
        else:
            auth = None
        http_conn = connection_factory(host)
        headers = {}
        if proxy_auth:
            headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Basic %s" % proxy_auth
        if auth:
            headers["Authorization"] =  "Basic %s" % auth
        if realhost:
            headers["Host"] = realhost

# Add Connection:close as we don't support persistent connections yet.
        # This helps in closing the socket and avoiding ResourceWarning

headers["Connection"] = "close"

for header, value in self.addheaders:
            headers[header] = value

if data is not None:
            headers["Content-Type"] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
            http_conn.request("POST", selector, data, headers)
        else:
            http_conn.request("GET", selector, headers=headers)

try:
            response = http_conn.getresponse()
        except http.client.BadStatusLine:
            # something went wrong with the HTTP status line
            raise URLError("http protocol error: bad status line")

# According to RFC 2616, "2xx" code indicates that the client's
        # request was successfully received, understood, and accepted.
        if 200 <= response.status < 300:
            return addinfourl(response, response.msg, "http:" + url,
                              response.status)
        else:
            return self.http_error(
                url, response.fp,
                response.status, response.reason, response.msg, data)

def open_http(self, url, data=None):
        """Use HTTP protocol."""
        return self._open_generic_http(http.client.HTTPConnection, url, data)

def http_error(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None):
        """Handle http errors.

Derived class can override this, or provide specific handlers
        named http_error_DDD where DDD is the 3-digit error code."""
        # First check if there's a specific handler for this error
        name = 'http_error_%d' % errcode
        if hasattr(self, name):
            method = getattr(self, name)
            if data is None:
                result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
            else:
                result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data)
            if result: return result
        return self.http_error_default(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)

def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
        """Default error handler: close the connection and raise OSError."""
        fp.close()
        raise HTTPError(url, errcode, errmsg, headers, None)

if _have_ssl:
        def _https_connection(self, host):
            return http.client.HTTPSConnection(host,
                                           key_file=self.key_file,
                                           cert_file=self.cert_file)

def open_https(self, url, data=None):
            """Use HTTPS protocol."""
            return self._open_generic_http(self._https_connection, url, data)

def open_file(self, url):
        """Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL."""
        if not isinstance(url, str):
            raise URLError('file error: proxy support for file protocol currently not implemented')
        if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/' and url[2:12].lower() != 'localhost/':
            raise ValueError("file:// scheme is supported only on localhost")
        else:
            return self.open_local_file(url)

def open_local_file(self, url):
        """Use local file."""
        import email.utils
        import mimetypes
        host, file = splithost(url)
        localname = url2pathname(file)
        try:
            stats = os.stat(localname)
        except OSError as e:
            raise URLError(e.strerror, e.filename)
        size = stats.st_size
        modified = email.utils.formatdate(stats.st_mtime, usegmt=True)
        mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(url)[0]
        headers = email.message_from_string(
            'Content-Type: %s\nContent-Length: %d\nLast-modified: %s\n' %
            (mtype or 'text/plain', size, modified))
        if not host:
            urlfile = file
            if file[:1] == '/':
                urlfile = 'file://' + file
            return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'), headers, urlfile)
        host, port = splitport(host)
        if (not port
           and socket.gethostbyname(host) in ((localhost(),) + thishost())):
            urlfile = file
            if file[:1] == '/':
                urlfile = 'file://' + file
            elif file[:2] == './':
                raise ValueError("local file url may start with / or file:. Unknown url of type: %s" % url)
            return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'), headers, urlfile)
        raise URLError('local file error: not on local host')

def open_ftp(self, url):
        """Use FTP protocol."""
        if not isinstance(url, str):
            raise URLError('ftp error: proxy support for ftp protocol currently not implemented')
        import mimetypes
        host, path = splithost(url)
        if not host: raise URLError('ftp error: no host given')
        host, port = splitport(host)
        user, host = splituser(host)
        if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user)
        else: passwd = None
        host = unquote(host)
        user = unquote(user or '')
        passwd = unquote(passwd or '')
        host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
        if not port:
            import ftplib
            port = ftplib.FTP_PORT
        else:
            port = int(port)
        path, attrs = splitattr(path)
        path = unquote(path)
        dirs = path.split('/')
        dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1]
        if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs = dirs[1:]
        if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs[0] = '/'
        key = user, host, port, '/'.join(dirs)
        # XXX thread unsafe!
        if len(self.ftpcache) > MAXFTPCACHE:
            # Prune the cache, rather arbitrarily
            for k in list(self.ftpcache):
                if k != key:
                    v = self.ftpcache[k]
                    del self.ftpcache[k]
                    v.close()
        try:
            if key not in self.ftpcache:
                self.ftpcache[key] = \
                    ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs)
            if not file: type = 'D'
            else: type = 'I'
            for attr in attrs:
                attr, value = splitvalue(attr)
                if attr.lower() == 'type' and \
                   value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'):
                    type = value.upper()
            (fp, retrlen) = self.ftpcache[key].retrfile(file, type)
            mtype = mimetypes.guess_type("ftp:" + url)[0]
            headers = ""
            if mtype:
                headers += "Content-Type: %s\n" % mtype
            if retrlen is not None and retrlen >= 0:
                headers += "Content-Length: %d\n" % retrlen
            headers = email.message_from_string(headers)
            return addinfourl(fp, headers, "ftp:" + url)
        except ftperrors() as exp:
            raise URLError('ftp error %r' % exp).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])

def open_data(self, url, data=None):
        """Use "data" URL."""
        if not isinstance(url, str):
            raise URLError('data error: proxy support for data protocol currently not implemented')
        # ignore POSTed data
        #
        # syntax of data URLs:
        # dataurl   := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data
        # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter )
        # data      := *urlchar
        # parameter := attribute "=" value
        try:
            [type, data] = url.split(',', 1)
        except ValueError:
            raise OSError('data error', 'bad data URL')
        if not type:
            type = 'text/plain;charset=US-ASCII'
        semi = type.rfind(';')
        if semi >= 0 and '=' not in type[semi:]:
            encoding = type[semi+1:]
            type = type[:semi]
        else:
            encoding = ''
        msg = []
        msg.append('Date: %s'%time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT',
                                            time.gmtime(time.time())))
        msg.append('Content-type: %s' % type)
        if encoding == 'base64':
            # XXX is this encoding/decoding ok?
            data = base64.decodebytes(data.encode('ascii')).decode('latin-1')
        else:
            data = unquote(data)
        msg.append('Content-Length: %d' % len(data))
        msg.append('')
        msg.append(data)
        msg = '\n'.join(msg)
        headers = email.message_from_string(msg)
        f = io.StringIO(msg)
        #f.fileno = None     # needed for addinfourl
        return addinfourl(f, headers, url)

class FancyURLopener(URLopener):
    """Derived class with handlers for errors we can handle (perhaps)."""

def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        URLopener.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self.auth_cache = {}
        self.tries = 0
        self.maxtries = 10

def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
        """Default error handling -- don't raise an exception."""
        return addinfourl(fp, headers, "http:" + url, errcode)

def http_error_302(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None):
        """Error 302 -- relocated (temporarily)."""
        self.tries += 1
        if self.maxtries and self.tries >= self.maxtries:
            if hasattr(self, "http_error_500"):
                meth = self.http_error_500
            else:
                meth = self.http_error_default
            self.tries = 0
            return meth(url, fp, 500,
                        "Internal Server Error: Redirect Recursion", headers)
        result = self.redirect_internal(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers,
                                        data)
        self.tries = 0
        return result

def redirect_internal(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data):
        if 'location' in headers:
            newurl = headers['location']
        elif 'uri' in headers:
            newurl = headers['uri']
        else:
            return
        fp.close()

# In case the server sent a relative URL, join with original:
        newurl = urljoin(self.type + ":" + url, newurl)

urlparts = urlparse(newurl)

# For security reasons, we don't allow redirection to anything other
        # than http, https and ftp.

# We are using newer HTTPError with older redirect_internal method
        # This older method will get deprecated in 3.3

if urlparts.scheme not in ('http', 'https', 'ftp', ''):
            raise HTTPError(newurl, errcode,
                            errmsg +
                            " Redirection to url '%s' is not allowed." % newurl,
                            headers, fp)

return self.open(newurl)

def http_error_301(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None):
        """Error 301 -- also relocated (permanently)."""
        return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data)

def http_error_303(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None):
        """Error 303 -- also relocated (essentially identical to 302)."""
        return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data)

def http_error_307(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None):
        """Error 307 -- relocated, but turn POST into error."""
        if data is None:
            return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data)
        else:
            return self.http_error_default(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)

def http_error_401(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None,
            retry=False):
        """Error 401 -- authentication required.
        This function supports Basic authentication only."""
        if 'www-authenticate' not in headers:
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp,
                                         errcode, errmsg, headers)
        stuff = headers['www-authenticate']
        match = re.match('[ \t]*([^ \t]+)[ \t]+realm="([^"]*)"', stuff)
        if not match:
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp,
                                         errcode, errmsg, headers)
        scheme, realm = match.groups()
        if scheme.lower() != 'basic':
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp,
                                         errcode, errmsg, headers)
        if not retry:
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg,
                    headers)
        name = 'retry_' + self.type + '_basic_auth'
        if data is None:
            return getattr(self,name)(url, realm)
        else:
            return getattr(self,name)(url, realm, data)

def http_error_407(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None,
            retry=False):
        """Error 407 -- proxy authentication required.
        This function supports Basic authentication only."""
        if 'proxy-authenticate' not in headers:
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp,
                                         errcode, errmsg, headers)
        stuff = headers['proxy-authenticate']
        match = re.match('[ \t]*([^ \t]+)[ \t]+realm="([^"]*)"', stuff)
        if not match:
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp,
                                         errcode, errmsg, headers)
        scheme, realm = match.groups()
        if scheme.lower() != 'basic':
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp,
                                         errcode, errmsg, headers)
        if not retry:
            URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg,
                    headers)
        name = 'retry_proxy_' + self.type + '_basic_auth'
        if data is None:
            return getattr(self,name)(url, realm)
        else:
            return getattr(self,name)(url, realm, data)

def retry_proxy_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None):
        host, selector = splithost(url)
        newurl = 'http://' + host + selector
        proxy = self.proxies['http']
        urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy)
        proxyhost, proxyselector = splithost(proxyhost)
        i = proxyhost.find('@') + 1
        proxyhost = proxyhost[i:]
        user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(proxyhost, realm, i)
        if not (user or passwd): return None
        proxyhost = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''),
                                  quote(passwd, safe=''), proxyhost)
        self.proxies['http'] = 'http://' + proxyhost + proxyselector
        if data is None:
            return self.open(newurl)
        else:
            return self.open(newurl, data)

def retry_proxy_https_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None):
        host, selector = splithost(url)
        newurl = 'https://' + host + selector
        proxy = self.proxies['https']
        urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy)
        proxyhost, proxyselector = splithost(proxyhost)
        i = proxyhost.find('@') + 1
        proxyhost = proxyhost[i:]
        user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(proxyhost, realm, i)
        if not (user or passwd): return None
        proxyhost = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''),
                                  quote(passwd, safe=''), proxyhost)
        self.proxies['https'] = 'https://' + proxyhost + proxyselector
        if data is None:
            return self.open(newurl)
        else:
            return self.open(newurl, data)

def retry_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None):
        host, selector = splithost(url)
        i = host.find('@') + 1
        host = host[i:]
        user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i)
        if not (user or passwd): return None
        host = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''),
                             quote(passwd, safe=''), host)
        newurl = 'http://' + host + selector
        if data is None:
            return self.open(newurl)
        else:
            return self.open(newurl, data)

def retry_https_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None):
        host, selector = splithost(url)
        i = host.find('@') + 1
        host = host[i:]
        user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i)
        if not (user or passwd): return None
        host = "%s:%s@%s" % (quote(user, safe=''),
                             quote(passwd, safe=''), host)
        newurl = 'https://' + host + selector
        if data is None:
            return self.open(newurl)
        else:
            return self.open(newurl, data)

def get_user_passwd(self, host, realm, clear_cache=0):
        key = realm + '@' + host.lower()
        if key in self.auth_cache:
            if clear_cache:
                del self.auth_cache[key]
            else:
                return self.auth_cache[key]
        user, passwd = self.prompt_user_passwd(host, realm)
        if user or passwd: self.auth_cache[key] = (user, passwd)
        return user, passwd

def prompt_user_passwd(self, host, realm):
        """Override this in a GUI environment!"""
        import getpass
        try:
            user = input("Enter username for %s at %s: " % (realm, host))
            passwd = getpass.getpass("Enter password for %s in %s at %s: " %
                (user, realm, host))
            return user, passwd
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print()
            return None, None

# Utility functions

_localhost = None
def localhost():
    """Return the IP address of the magic hostname 'localhost'."""
    global _localhost
    if _localhost is None:
        _localhost = socket.gethostbyname('localhost')
    return _localhost

_thishost = None
def thishost():
    """Return the IP addresses of the current host."""
    global _thishost
    if _thishost is None:
        try:
            _thishost = tuple(socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2])
        except socket.gaierror:
            _thishost = tuple(socket.gethostbyname_ex('localhost')[2])
    return _thishost

_ftperrors = None
def ftperrors():
    """Return the set of errors raised by the FTP class."""
    global _ftperrors
    if _ftperrors is None:
        import ftplib
        _ftperrors = ftplib.all_errors
    return _ftperrors

_noheaders = None
def noheaders():
    """Return an empty email Message object."""
    global _noheaders
    if _noheaders is None:
        _noheaders = email.message_from_string("")
    return _noheaders

# Utility classes

class ftpwrapper:
    """Class used by open_ftp() for cache of open FTP connections."""

def __init__(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs, timeout=None,
                 persistent=True):
        self.user = user
        self.passwd = passwd
        self.host = host
        self.port = port
        self.dirs = dirs
        self.timeout = timeout
        self.refcount = 0
        self.keepalive = persistent
        try:
            self.init()
        except:
            self.close()
            raise

def init(self):
        import ftplib
        self.busy = 0
        self.ftp = ftplib.FTP()
        self.ftp.connect(self.host, self.port, self.timeout)
        self.ftp.login(self.user, self.passwd)
        _target = '/'.join(self.dirs)
        self.ftp.cwd(_target)

def retrfile(self, file, type):
        import ftplib
        self.endtransfer()
        if type in ('d', 'D'): cmd = 'TYPE A'; isdir = 1
        else: cmd = 'TYPE ' + type; isdir = 0
        try:
            self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd)
        except ftplib.all_errors:
            self.init()
            self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd)
        conn = None
        if file and not isdir:
            # Try to retrieve as a file
            try:
                cmd = 'RETR ' + file
                conn, retrlen = self.ftp.ntransfercmd(cmd)
            except ftplib.error_perm as reason:
                if str(reason)[:3] != '550':
                    raise URLError('ftp error: %r' % reason).with_traceback(
                        sys.exc_info()[2])
        if not conn:
            # Set transfer mode to ASCII!
            self.ftp.voidcmd('TYPE A')
            # Try a directory listing. Verify that directory exists.
            if file:
                pwd = self.ftp.pwd()
                try:
                    try:
                        self.ftp.cwd(file)
                    except ftplib.error_perm as reason:
                        raise URLError('ftp error: %r' % reason) from reason
                finally:
                    self.ftp.cwd(pwd)
                cmd = 'LIST ' + file
            else:
                cmd = 'LIST'
            conn, retrlen = self.ftp.ntransfercmd(cmd)
        self.busy = 1

ftpobj = addclosehook(conn.makefile('rb'), self.file_close)
        self.refcount += 1
        conn.close()
        # Pass back both a suitably decorated object and a retrieval length
        return (ftpobj, retrlen)

def endtransfer(self):
        self.busy = 0

def close(self):
        self.keepalive = False
        if self.refcount <= 0:
            self.real_close()

def file_close(self):
        self.endtransfer()
        self.refcount -= 1
        if self.refcount <= 0 and not self.keepalive:
            self.real_close()

def real_close(self):
        self.endtransfer()
        try:
            self.ftp.close()
        except ftperrors():
            pass

# Proxy handling
def getproxies_environment():
    """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.

Scan the environment for variables named <scheme>_proxy;
    this seems to be the standard convention.  If you need a
    different way, you can pass a proxies dictionary to the
    [Fancy]URLopener constructor.

"""
    proxies = {}
    for name, value in os.environ.items():
        name = name.lower()
        if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy':
            proxies[name[:-6]] = value

# CVE-2016-1000110 - If we are running as CGI script, forget HTTP_PROXY
    # (non-all-lowercase) as it may be set from the web server by a "Proxy:"
    # header from the client
    if 'REQUEST_METHOD' in os.environ:
        proxies.pop('http', None)

return proxies

def proxy_bypass_environment(host):
    """Test if proxies should not be used for a particular host.

Checks the environment for a variable named no_proxy, which should
    be a list of DNS suffixes separated by commas, or '*' for all hosts.
    """
    no_proxy = os.environ.get('no_proxy', '') or os.environ.get('NO_PROXY', '')
    # '*' is special case for always bypass
    if no_proxy == '*':
        return 1
    # strip port off host
    hostonly, port = splitport(host)
    # check if the host ends with any of the DNS suffixes
    no_proxy_list = [proxy.strip() for proxy in no_proxy.split(',')]
    for name in no_proxy_list:
        if name and (hostonly.endswith(name) or host.endswith(name)):
            return 1
    # otherwise, don't bypass
    return 0

# This code tests an OSX specific data structure but is testable on all
# platforms
def _proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host, proxy_settings):
    """
    Return True iff this host shouldn't be accessed using a proxy

This function uses the MacOSX framework SystemConfiguration
    to fetch the proxy information.

proxy_settings come from _scproxy._get_proxy_settings or get mocked ie:
    { 'exclude_simple': bool,
      'exceptions': ['foo.bar', '*.bar.com', '127.0.0.1', '10.1', '10.0/16']
    }
    """
    from fnmatch import fnmatch

hostonly, port = splitport(host)

def ip2num(ipAddr):
        parts = ipAddr.split('.')
        parts = list(map(int, parts))
        if len(parts) != 4:
            parts = (parts + [0, 0, 0, 0])[:4]
        return (parts[0] << 24) | (parts[1] << 16) | (parts[2] << 8) | parts[3]

# Check for simple host names:
    if '.' not in host:
        if proxy_settings['exclude_simple']:
            return True

hostIP = None

for value in proxy_settings.get('exceptions', ()):
        # Items in the list are strings like these: *.local, 169.254/16
        if not value: continue

m = re.match(r"(\d+(?:\.\d+)*)(/\d+)?", value)
        if m is not None:
            if hostIP is None:
                try:
                    hostIP = socket.gethostbyname(hostonly)
                    hostIP = ip2num(hostIP)
                except OSError:
                    continue

base = ip2num(m.group(1))
            mask = m.group(2)
            if mask is None:
                mask = 8 * (m.group(1).count('.') + 1)
            else:
                mask = int(mask[1:])
            mask = 32 - mask

if (hostIP >> mask) == (base >> mask):
                return True

elif fnmatch(host, value):
            return True

return False

if sys.platform == 'darwin':
    from _scproxy import _get_proxy_settings, _get_proxies

def proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host):
        proxy_settings = _get_proxy_settings()
        return _proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host, proxy_settings)

def getproxies_macosx_sysconf():
        """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.

This function uses the MacOSX framework SystemConfiguration
        to fetch the proxy information.
        """
        return _get_proxies()

def proxy_bypass(host):
        if getproxies_environment():
            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
        else:
            return proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host)

def getproxies():
        return getproxies_environment() or getproxies_macosx_sysconf()

elif os.name == 'nt':
    def getproxies_registry():
        """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.

Win32 uses the registry to store proxies.

"""
        proxies = {}
        try:
            import winreg
        except ImportError:
            # Std module, so should be around - but you never know!
            return proxies
        try:
            internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
                r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings')
            proxyEnable = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings,
                                               'ProxyEnable')[0]
            if proxyEnable:
                # Returned as Unicode but problems if not converted to ASCII
                proxyServer = str(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings,
                                                       'ProxyServer')[0])
                if '=' in proxyServer:
                    # Per-protocol settings
                    for p in proxyServer.split(';'):
                        protocol, address = p.split('=', 1)
                        # See if address has a type:// prefix
                        if not re.match('^([^/:]+)://', address):
                            address = '%s://%s' % (protocol, address)
                        proxies[protocol] = address
                else:
                    # Use one setting for all protocols
                    if proxyServer[:5] == 'http:':
                        proxies['http'] = proxyServer
                    else:
                        proxies['http'] = 'http://%s' % proxyServer
                        proxies['https'] = 'https://%s' % proxyServer
                        proxies['ftp'] = 'ftp://%s' % proxyServer
            internetSettings.Close()
        except (OSError, ValueError, TypeError):
            # Either registry key not found etc, or the value in an
            # unexpected format.
            # proxies already set up to be empty so nothing to do
            pass
        return proxies

def getproxies():
        """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.

Returns settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
        or the registry.

"""
        return getproxies_environment() or getproxies_registry()

def proxy_bypass_registry(host):
        try:
            import winreg
        except ImportError:
            # Std modules, so should be around - but you never know!
            return 0
        try:
            internetSettings = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
                r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings')
            proxyEnable = winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings,
                                               'ProxyEnable')[0]
            proxyOverride = str(winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings,
                                                     'ProxyOverride')[0])
            # ^^^^ Returned as Unicode but problems if not converted to ASCII
        except OSError:
            return 0
        if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride:
            return 0
        # try to make a host list from name and IP address.
        rawHost, port = splitport(host)
        host = [rawHost]
        try:
            addr = socket.gethostbyname(rawHost)
            if addr != rawHost:
                host.append(addr)
        except OSError:
            pass
        try:
            fqdn = socket.getfqdn(rawHost)
            if fqdn != rawHost:
                host.append(fqdn)
        except OSError:
            pass
        # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the
        # '<local>' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding
        # canonical entry.
        proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(';')
        # now check if we match one of the registry values.
        for test in proxyOverride:
            if test == '<local>':
                if '.' not in rawHost:
                    return 1
            test = test.replace(".", r"\.")     # mask dots
            test = test.replace("*", r".*")     # change glob sequence
            test = test.replace("?", r".")      # change glob char
            for val in host:
                if re.match(test, val, re.I):
                    return 1
        return 0

def proxy_bypass(host):
        """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.

Returns settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
        or the registry.

"""
        if getproxies_environment():
            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
        else:
            return proxy_bypass_registry(host)

else:
    # By default use environment variables
    getproxies = getproxies_environment
    proxy_bypass = proxy_bypass_environment

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