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Edit File : rtypeddata.h \| Size : 22.79 KB
#ifndef RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H /--C++--vi:se ft=cpp:/ #define RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H /** * @file * @author Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org> * @copyright This file is a part of the programming language Ruby. * Permission is hereby granted, to either redistribute and/or * modify this file, provided that the conditions mentioned in the * file COPYING are met. Consult the file for details. * @warning Symbols prefixed with either `RBIMPL` or `rbimpl` are * implementation details. Don't take them as canon. They could * rapidly appear then vanish. The name (path) of this header file * is also an implementation detail. Do not expect it to persist * at the place it is now. Developers are free to move it anywhere * anytime at will. * @note To ruby-core: remember that this header can be possibly * recursively included from extension libraries written in C++. * Do not expect for instance `__VA_ARGS__` is always available. * We assume C99 for ruby itself but we don't assume languages of * extension libraries. They could be written in C++98. * @brief Defines struct ::RTypedData. / #include "ruby/internal/config.h" #ifdef STDC_HEADERS # include <stddef.h> #endif #include "ruby/internal/assume.h" #include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h" #include "ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h" #include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h" #include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h" #include "ruby/internal/cast.h" #include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h" #include "ruby/internal/core/rdata.h" #include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h" #include "ruby/internal/error.h" #include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h" #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h" #include "ruby/internal/value_type.h" /* * @private * * @deprecated This macro once was a thing in the old days, but makes no sense * any longer today. Exists here for backwards compatibility * only. You can safely forget about it. / #define HAVE_TYPE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T 1 /* * @private * * @deprecated This macro once was a thing in the old days, but makes no sense * any longer today. Exists here for backwards compatibility * only. You can safely forget about it. / #define HAVE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T_FUNCTION 1 /* * @private * * @deprecated This macro once was a thing in the old days, but makes no sense * any longer today. Exists here for backwards compatibility * only. You can safely forget about it. / #define HAVE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T_PARENT 1 /* * This is a value you can set to ::rb_data_type_struct::dfree. Setting this * means the data was allocated using ::ruby_xmalloc() (or variants), and shall * be freed using ::ruby_xfree(). * * @warning Do not use this if you want to use system malloc, because the * system and Ruby might or might not share the same malloc * implementation. / #define RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE /* * This is a value you can set to ::rb_data_type_struct::dfree. Setting this * means the data is managed by someone else, like, statically allocated. Of * course you are on your own then. / #define RUBY_TYPED_NEVER_FREE RUBY_NEVER_FREE /* * Convenient casting macro. * * @param obj An object, which is in fact an ::RTypedData. * @return The passed object casted to ::RTypedData. / #define RTYPEDDATA(obj) RBIMPL_CAST((struct RTypedData )(obj)) /** * Convenient getter macro. * * @param v An object, which is in fact an ::RTypedData. * @return The passed object's ::RTypedData::data field. / #define RTYPEDDATA_DATA(v) (RTYPEDDATA(v)->data) /* @old{rb_check_typeddata} / #define Check_TypedStruct(v, t) \ rb_check_typeddata(RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(v)), (t)) /* @cond INTERNAL_MACRO / #define RTYPEDDATA_P RTYPEDDATA_P #define RTYPEDDATA_TYPE RTYPEDDATA_TYPE #define RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY #define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE #define RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED #define RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1 RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1 /* @endcond / #define TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED 2 /* * @private * * Bits for rb_data_type_struct::flags. / enum RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM() rbimpl_typeddata_flags { /* * This flag has something to do with Ruby's global interpreter lock. For * maximum safety, Ruby locks the entire VM during GC. However your * callback functions could unintentionally unlock it, for instance when * they try to flush an IO buffer. Such operations are dangerous (threads * then run alongside of GC). By default, to prevent those scenario, * callbacks are deferred until the GC engine is 100% sure threads can run. * This flag skips that; structs with it are deallocated during the sweep * phase. * * Using this flag needs deep understanding of both GC and threads. You * would better leave it unspecified. / RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY = 1, RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE = 2, /* * This flag has something to do with Ractor. Multiple Ractors run without * protecting each other. Sharing an object among Ractors is basically * dangerous, disabled by default. This flag is used to bypass that * restriction. but setting it is not enough. In addition to do so, an * object also has to be frozen, and be passed to * rb_ractor_make_shareable() before being actually shareable. Of course, * you have to manually prevent race conditions then. * * Using this flag needs deep understanding of multithreaded programming. * You would better leave it unspecified. / RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE = RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE, /* * This flag has something to do with our garbage collector. These days * ruby objects are "generational". There are those who are young and * those who are old. Young objects are prone to die; monitored relatively * extensively by the garbage collector. OTOH old objects tend to live * longer. They are relatively rarely considered. This basically works. * But there is one tweak that has to be exercised. When an elder object * has reference(s) to younger one(s), that referenced objects must not * die. In order to detect additions of such references, old generations * are protected by write barriers. It is a very difficult hack to * appropriately insert write barriers everywhere. This mechanism is * disabled by default for 3rd party extensions (they never get aged). By * specifying this flag you can enable the generational feature to your * data structure. Of course, you have to manually insert write barriers * then. * * Using this flag needs deep understanding of GC internals, often at the * level of source code. You would better leave it unspecified. / RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED = RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED, / THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version / /* * This flag no longer in use / RUBY_TYPED_UNUSED = RUBY_FL_UNUSED6, /* * This flag determines whether marking and compaction should be carried out * using the dmark/dcompact callback functions or whether we should mark * declaratively using a list of references defined inside the data struct we're wrapping / RUBY_TYPED_DECL_MARKING = RUBY_FL_USER2 }; /* * This is the struct that holds necessary info for a struct. It roughly * resembles a Ruby level class; multiple objects can share a ::rb_data_type_t * instance. / typedef struct rb_data_type_struct rb_data_type_t; /* @copydoc rb_data_type_t / struct rb_data_type_struct { /* * Name of structs of this kind. This is used for diagnostic purposes. * This has to be unique in the process, but doesn't has to be a valid * C/Ruby identifier. / const char wrap_struct_name; /** Function pointers. Resembles C++ `vtbl`./ struct { /* * This function is called when the object is experiencing GC marks. * If it contains references to other Ruby objects, you need to mark * them also. Otherwise GC will smash your data. * * @see rb_gc_mark() * @warning This is called during GC runs. Object allocations are * impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs). / RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark; /* * This function is called when the object is no longer used. You need * to do whatever necessary to avoid memory leaks. * * @warning This is called during GC runs. Object allocations are * impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs). / RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree; /* * This function is to query the size of the underlying memory regions. * * @internal * * This function has only one usage, which is form inside of * `ext/objspace`. / size_t (dsize)(const void ); /* * This function is called when the object is relocated. Like * ::rb_data_type_struct::dmark, you need to update references to Ruby * objects inside of your structs. * * @see rb_gc_location() * @warning This is called during GC runs. Object allocations are * impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs). / RUBY_DATA_FUNC dcompact; /* * This field is reserved for future extension. For now, it must be * filled with zeros. / void reserved[1]; /* For future extension. This array must be filled with ZERO. / } function; /* * Parent of this class. Sometimes C structs have inheritance-like * relationships. An example is `struct sockaddr` and its family. If you * design such things, make ::rb_data_type_t for each of them and connect * using this field. Ruby can then transparently cast your data back and * forth when you call #TypedData_Get_Struct(). * * ```CXX * struct parent { }; * static inline const rb_data_type_t parent_type = { * .wrap_struct_name = "parent", * }; * * struct child: public parent { }; * static inline const rb_data_type_t child_type = { * .wrap_struct_name = "child", * .parent = &parent_type, * }; * * // This function can take both parent_class and child_class. * static inline struct parent * * get_parent(VALUE v) * { * struct parent p; TypedData_Get_Struct(v, parent_type, struct parent, p); * return p; * } * ``` / const rb_data_type_t parent; /** * Type-specific static data. This area can be used for any purpose by a * programmer who define the type. Ruby does not manage this at all. / void data; /* This area can be used for any purpose by a programmer who define the type. / /* * Type-specific behavioural characteristics. This is a bitfield. It is * an EXTREMELY WISE IDEA to leave this field blank. It is designed so * that setting zero is the safest thing to do. If you risk to set any * bits on, you have to know exactly what you are doing. * * @internal * * Why it has to be a ::VALUE? @shyouhei doesn't understand the design. / VALUE flags; / RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED / }; /* * "Typed" user data. By using this, extension libraries can wrap a C struct * to make it visible from Ruby. For instance if you have a `struct timeval`, * and you want users to use it, * * ```CXX * static inline const rb_data_type_t timeval_type = { * // Note that unspecified fields are 0-filled by default. * .wrap_struct_name = "timeval", * .function = { * .dmark = nullptr, // no need to mark * .dfree = RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, // use ruby_xfree() * .dsize = [](auto) { * return sizeof(struct timeval); * }, * }, * }; * * extern "C" void * Init_timeval(void) * { * auto klass = rb_define_class("YourName", rb_cObject); * * rb_define_alloc_func(klass, [](auto klass) { * struct timeval t; auto ret = TypedData_Make_Struct( * klass, struct timeval, &timeval_type, t); * * if (auto i = gettimeofday(t, nullptr); i == -1) { * rb_sys_fail("gettimeofday(3)"); * } * else { * return ret; * } * }); * } * ``` / struct RTypedData { /* The part that all ruby objects have in common. / struct RBasic basic; /* * This field stores various information about how Ruby should handle a * data. This roughly resembles a Ruby level class (apart from method * definition etc.) / const rb_data_type_t const type; /** * This has to be always 1. * * @internal / const VALUE typed_flag; /* Pointer to the actual C level struct that you want to wrap. / void data; }; RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN() RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((3)) /** * This is the primitive way to wrap an existing C struct into ::RTypedData. * * @param[in] klass Ruby level class of the returning object. * @param[in] datap Pointer to the target C struct. * @param[in] type The characteristics of the passed data. * @exception rb_eTypeError `klass` is not a class. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Out of memory. * @return An allocated object that wraps `datap`. / VALUE rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void datap, const rb_data_type_t type); /* * Identical to rb_data_typed_object_wrap(), except it allocates a new data * region internally instead of taking an existing one. The allocation is done * using ruby_calloc(). Hence it makes no sense for `type->function.dfree` to * be anything other than ::RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE. * * @param[in] klass Ruby level class of the returning object. * @param[in] size Requested size of memory to allocate. * @param[in] type The characteristics of the passed data. * @exception rb_eTypeError `klass` is not a class. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Out of memory. * @return An allocated object that wraps a new `size` byte region. / VALUE rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t type); /** * Checks for the domestic relationship between the two. * * @param[in] child A data type supposed to be a child of `parent`. * @param[in] parent A data type supposed to be a parent of `child`. * @retval true `child` is a descendent of `parent`. * @retval false Otherwise. * * @internal * * You can path NULL to both arguments, don't know what that means though. / int rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t child, const rb_data_type_t parent); /* * Checks if the given object is of given kind. * * @param[in] obj An instance of ::RTypedData. * @param[in] data_type Expected data type of `obj`. * @retval true `obj` is of `data_type`. * @retval false Otherwise. / int rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t data_type); /** * Identical to rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(), except it raises exceptions instead * of returning false. * * @param[in] obj An instance of ::RTypedData. * @param[in] data_type Expected data type of `obj`. * @exception rb_eTypeError obj is not of `data_type`. * @return Unwrapped C struct that `obj` holds. * @post Upon successful return `obj`'s type is guaranteed `data_type`. / void rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t data_type); RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END() /* * Converts sval, a pointer to your struct, into a Ruby object. * * @param klass A ruby level class. * @param data_type The type of `sval`. * @param sval A pointer to your struct. * @exception rb_eTypeError `klass` is not a class. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Out of memory. * @return A created Ruby object. / #define TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass,data_type,sval)\ rb_data_typed_object_wrap((klass),(sval),(data_type)) /* * @private * * This is an implementation detail of #TypedData_Make_Struct. People don't * use it directly. * * @param result Variable name of created Ruby object. * @param klass Ruby level class of the object. * @param type Type name of the C struct. * @param size Size of the C struct. * @param data_type The data type describing `type`. * @param sval Variable name of created C struct. / #define TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, data_type, sval) \ VALUE result = rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(klass, size, data_type); \ (sval) = (type )RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(result); \ RBIMPL_CAST(/suppress unused variable warnings/(void)(sval)) /** * Identical to #TypedData_Wrap_Struct, except it allocates a new data region * internally instead of taking an existing one. The allocation is done using * ruby_calloc(). Hence it makes no sense for `data_type->function.dfree` to * be anything other than ::RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE. * * @param klass Ruby level class of the object. * @param type Type name of the C struct. * @param data_type The data type describing `type`. * @param sval Variable name of created C struct. * @exception rb_eTypeError `klass` is not a class. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Out of memory. * @return A created Ruby object. / #ifdef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR #define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) \ RB_GNUC_EXTENSION({ \ TypedData_Make_Struct0( \ data_struct_obj, \ klass, \ type, \ sizeof(type), \ data_type, \ sval); \ data_struct_obj; \ }) #else #define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) \ rb_data_typed_object_make( \ (klass), \ (data_type), \ RBIMPL_CAST((void )&(sval)), \ sizeof(type)) #endif /* * Obtains a C struct from inside of a wrapper Ruby object. * * @param obj An instance of ::RTypedData. * @param type Type name of the C struct. * @param data_type The data type describing `type`. * @param sval Variable name of obtained C struct. * @exception rb_eTypeError `obj` is not a kind of `data_type`. * @return Unwrapped C struct that `obj` holds. / #define TypedData_Get_Struct(obj,type,data_type,sval) \ ((sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type )rb_check_typeddata((obj), (data_type)))) static inline bool RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(VALUE obj) { #if RUBY_DEBUG if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) { Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA); RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false); } #endif return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->typed_flag & TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED; } static inline void * RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(VALUE obj) { #if RUBY_DEBUG if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) { Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA); RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false); } #endif /* We reuse the data pointer in embedded TypedData. We can't use offsetof * since RTypedData a non-POD type in C++. / const size_t embedded_typed_data_size = sizeof(struct RTypedData) - sizeof(void ); return RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj) ? (char )obj + embedded_typed_data_size : RTYPEDDATA(obj)->data; } RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE() RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL() /* * @private * * This is an implementation detail of Check_Type(). People don't use it * directly. * * @param[in] obj Object in question * @retval true `obj` is an instance of ::RTypedData. * @retval false `obj` is an instance of ::RData. * @pre `obj` must be a Ruby object of ::RUBY_T_DATA. / static inline bool rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(VALUE obj) { VALUE typed_flag = RTYPEDDATA(obj)->typed_flag; return typed_flag != 0 && typed_flag <= 3; } RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG() RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL() /* * Checks whether the passed object is ::RTypedData or ::RData. * * @param[in] obj Object in question * @retval true `obj` is an instance of ::RTypedData. * @retval false `obj` is an instance of ::RData. * @pre `obj` must be a Ruby object of ::RUBY_T_DATA. / static inline bool RTYPEDDATA_P(VALUE obj) { #if RUBY_DEBUG if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) { Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA); RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false); } #endif return rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(obj); } RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG() RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL() / :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? / /* * Queries for the type of given object. * * @param[in] obj Object in question * @return Data type struct that corresponds to `obj`. * @pre `obj` must be an instance of ::RTypedData. / static inline const struct rb_data_type_struct RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(VALUE obj) { #if RUBY_DEBUG if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RTYPEDDATA_P(obj))) { rb_unexpected_type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA); RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL); } #endif return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type; } /** * While we don't stop you from using this function, it seems to be an * implementation detail of #TypedData_Make_Struct, which is preferred over * this one. * * @param[in] klass Ruby level class of the returning object. * @param[in] type The data type * @param[out] datap Return pointer. * @param[in] size Size of the C struct. * @exception rb_eTypeError `klass` is not a class. * @exception rb_eNoMemError Out of memory. * @return A created Ruby object. * @post `datap` points to the C struct wrapped by the returned object. / static inline VALUE rb_data_typed_object_make(VALUE klass, const rb_data_type_t type, void datap, size_t size) { TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, void, size, type, datap); return result; } RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_data_typed_object_wrap")) /** @deprecated This function was renamed to rb_data_typed_object_wrap(). / static inline VALUE rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void datap, const rb_data_type_t type) { return rb_data_typed_object_wrap(klass, datap, type); } #endif / RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H */ Back

Edit File : rtypeddata.h | Size : 22.79 KB

#ifndef RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H                          /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
#define RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H
/**
 * @file
 * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
 * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
 *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
 *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
 *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
 * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
 *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
 *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
 *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
 *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
 *             anytime at will.
 * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
 *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
 *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
 *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
 *             extension libraries.  They could be written in C++98.
 * @brief      Defines struct ::RTypedData.
 */
#include "ruby/internal/config.h"

#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
# include <stddef.h>
#endif

#include "ruby/internal/assume.h"
#include "ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h"
#include "ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h"
#include "ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h"
#include "ruby/internal/attr/pure.h"
#include "ruby/internal/cast.h"
#include "ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h"
#include "ruby/internal/core/rdata.h"
#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
#include "ruby/internal/error.h"
#include "ruby/internal/fl_type.h"
#include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"
#include "ruby/internal/value_type.h"

/**
 * @private
 *
 * @deprecated  This macro once was a thing in the old days, but makes no sense
 *              any  longer today.   Exists  here  for backwards  compatibility
 *              only.  You can safely forget about it.
 */
#define HAVE_TYPE_RB_DATA_TYPE_T     1

/**
 * This is a  value you can set to  ::rb_data_type_struct::dfree.  Setting this
 * means the data was allocated using ::ruby_xmalloc() (or variants), and shall
 * be freed using ::ruby_xfree().
 *
 * @warning  Do not  use this  if you  want to use  system malloc,  because the
 *           system  and  Ruby  might  or  might  not  share  the  same  malloc
 *           implementation.
 */
#define RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE      RUBY_DEFAULT_FREE

/**
 * This is a  value you can set to  ::rb_data_type_struct::dfree.  Setting this
 * means the data  is managed by someone else, like,  statically allocated.  Of
 * course you are on your own then.
 */
#define RUBY_TYPED_NEVER_FREE        RUBY_NEVER_FREE

/**
 * Convenient casting macro.
 *
 * @param   obj  An object, which is in fact an ::RTypedData.
 * @return  The passed object casted to ::RTypedData.
 */
#define RTYPEDDATA(obj)              RBIMPL_CAST((struct RTypedData *)(obj))

/**
 * Convenient getter macro.
 *
 * @param   v  An object, which is in fact an ::RTypedData.
 * @return  The passed object's ::RTypedData::data field.
 */
#define RTYPEDDATA_DATA(v)           (RTYPEDDATA(v)->data)

/** @old{rb_check_typeddata} */
#define Check_TypedStruct(v, t)      \
    rb_check_typeddata(RBIMPL_CAST((VALUE)(v)), (t))

/** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
#define RTYPEDDATA_P                 RTYPEDDATA_P
#define RTYPEDDATA_TYPE              RTYPEDDATA_TYPE
#define RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY  RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
#define RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE  RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE
#define RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED      RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED
#define RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1         RUBY_TYPED_PROMOTED1
/** @endcond */

#define TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED 2

/**
 * @private
 *
 * Bits for rb_data_type_struct::flags.
 */
enum
RBIMPL_ATTR_FLAG_ENUM()
rbimpl_typeddata_flags {
    /**
     * This flag has something to do  with Ruby's global interpreter lock.  For
     * maximum  safety, Ruby  locks  the  entire VM  during  GC.  However  your
     * callback functions  could unintentionally  unlock it, for  instance when
     * they try to flush an IO  buffer.  Such operations are dangerous (threads
     * then  run alongside  of GC).   By  default, to  prevent those  scenario,
     * callbacks are deferred until the GC engine is 100% sure threads can run.
     * This flag skips  that; structs with it are deallocated  during the sweep
     * phase.
     *
     * Using this  flag needs deep understanding  of both GC and  threads.  You
     * would better leave it unspecified.
     */
    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY = 1,

RUBY_TYPED_EMBEDDABLE = 2,

/**
     * This flag has something to do with Ractor.  Multiple Ractors run without
     * protecting each  other.  Sharing  an object  among Ractors  is basically
     * dangerous,  disabled by  default.   This  flag is  used  to bypass  that
     * restriction.  but  setting it is not  enough.  In addition to  do so, an
     * object    also    has    to    be   frozen,    and    be    passed    to
     * rb_ractor_make_shareable() before being  actually shareable.  Of course,
     * you have to manually prevent race conditions then.
     *
     * Using this  flag needs deep understanding  of multithreaded programming.
     * You would better leave it unspecified.
     */
    RUBY_TYPED_FROZEN_SHAREABLE = RUBY_FL_SHAREABLE,

/**
     * This flag  has something to do  with our garbage collector.   These days
     * ruby  objects are  "generational".  There  are those  who are  young and
     * those who are old.  Young objects are prone to die; monitored relatively
     * extensively by  the garbage  collector.  OTOH old  objects tend  to live
     * longer.  They  are relatively rarely considered.   This basically works.
     * But there is one  tweak that has to be exercised.   When an elder object
     * has reference(s)  to younger  one(s), that  referenced objects  must not
     * die.  In order  to detect additions of such  references, old generations
     * are  protected by  write  barriers.   It is  a  very  difficult hack  to
     * appropriately  insert  write  barriers everywhere.   This  mechanism  is
     * disabled by default for 3rd party  extensions (they never get aged).  By
     * specifying this  flag you  can enable the  generational feature  to your
     * data structure.  Of  course, you have to manually  insert write barriers
     * then.
     *
     * Using this  flag needs deep understanding  of GC internals, often at the
     * level of source code.  You would better leave it unspecified.
     */
    RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED     = RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED, /* THIS FLAG DEPENDS ON Ruby version */

/**
     * This flag no longer in use
     */
    RUBY_TYPED_UNUSED           = RUBY_FL_UNUSED6,

/**
     * This flag determines whether marking and compaction should be carried out
     * using the dmark/dcompact callback functions or whether we should mark
     * declaratively using a list of references defined inside the data struct we're wrapping
     */
    RUBY_TYPED_DECL_MARKING     = RUBY_FL_USER2
};

/**
 * This  is the  struct that  holds necessary  info for  a struct.   It roughly
 * resembles a Ruby level class;  multiple objects can share a ::rb_data_type_t
 * instance.
 */
typedef struct rb_data_type_struct rb_data_type_t;

/** @copydoc rb_data_type_t */
struct rb_data_type_struct {

/**
     * Name of  structs of this  kind.  This  is used for  diagnostic purposes.
     * This has  to be unique  in the  process, but doesn't  has to be  a valid
     * C/Ruby identifier.
     */
    const char *wrap_struct_name;

/** Function pointers.  Resembles C++ `vtbl`.*/
    struct {

/**
         * This function  is called when  the object is experiencing  GC marks.
         * If it  contains references to other  Ruby objects, you need  to mark
         * them also.  Otherwise GC will smash your data.
         *
         * @see      rb_gc_mark()
         * @warning  This  is called  during GC  runs.  Object  allocations are
         *           impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs).
         */
        RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark;

/**
         * This function is called when the object is no longer used.  You need
         * to do whatever necessary to avoid memory leaks.
         *
         * @warning  This  is called  during GC  runs.  Object  allocations are
         *           impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs).
         */
        RUBY_DATA_FUNC dfree;

/**
         * This function is to query the size of the underlying memory regions.
         *
         * @internal
         *
         * This  function  has  only  one   usage,  which  is  form  inside  of
         * `ext/objspace`.
         */
        size_t (*dsize)(const void *);

/**
         * This  function  is  called  when  the  object  is  relocated.   Like
         * ::rb_data_type_struct::dmark, you need to  update references to Ruby
         * objects inside of your structs.
         *
         * @see      rb_gc_location()
         * @warning  This  is called  during GC  runs.  Object  allocations are
         *           impossible at that moment (that is why GC runs).
         */
        RUBY_DATA_FUNC dcompact;

/**
         * This field  is reserved for future  extension.  For now, it  must be
         * filled with zeros.
         */
        void *reserved[1]; /* For future extension.
                              This array *must* be filled with ZERO. */
    } function;

/**
     * Parent  of  this  class.   Sometimes  C  structs  have  inheritance-like
     * relationships.  An example is `struct sockaddr`  and its family.  If you
     * design such things,  make ::rb_data_type_t for each of  them and connect
     * using this field.   Ruby can then transparently cast your  data back and
     * forth when you call #TypedData_Get_Struct().
     *
     * ```CXX
     * struct parent { };
     * static inline const rb_data_type_t parent_type = {
     *     .wrap_struct_name = "parent",
     * };
     *
     * struct child: public parent { };
     * static inline const rb_data_type_t child_type = {
     *     .wrap_struct_name = "child",
     *     .parent = &parent_type,
     * };
     *
     * // This function can take both parent_class and child_class.
     * static inline struct parent *
     * get_parent(VALUE v)
     * {
     *     struct parent *p;
     *     TypedData_Get_Struct(v, parent_type, struct parent, p);
     *     return p;
     * }
     * ```
     */
    const rb_data_type_t *parent;

/**
     * Type-specific static data.   This area can be used for  any purpose by a
     * programmer who define the type.  Ruby does not manage this at all.
     */
    void *data;        /* This area can be used for any purpose
                          by a programmer who define the type. */

/**
     * Type-specific behavioural  characteristics.  This is a  bitfield.  It is
     * an EXTREMELY  WISE IDEA to  leave this field  blank.  It is  designed so
     * that setting  zero is the safest  thing to do.   If you risk to  set any
     * bits on, you have to know exactly what you are doing.
     *
     * @internal
     *
     * Why it has to be a ::VALUE?  @shyouhei doesn't understand the design.
     */
    VALUE flags;       /* RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED */
};

/**
 * "Typed" user data.   By using this, extension libraries can  wrap a C struct
 * to make it visible from Ruby.  For  instance if you have a `struct timeval`,
 * and you want users to use it,
 *
 * ```CXX
 * static inline const rb_data_type_t timeval_type = {
 *     // Note that unspecified fields are 0-filled by default.
 *     .wrap_struct_name = "timeval",
 *     .function = {
 *         .dmark = nullptr,                 // no need to mark
 *         .dfree = RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE, // use ruby_xfree()
 *         .dsize = [](auto) {
 *             return sizeof(struct timeval);
 *         },
 *     },
 * };
 *
 * extern "C" void
 * Init_timeval(void)
 * {
 *     auto klass = rb_define_class("YourName", rb_cObject);
 *
 *     rb_define_alloc_func(klass, [](auto klass) {
 *         struct timeval *t;
 *         auto ret = TypedData_Make_Struct(
 *            klass, struct timeval, &timeval_type, t);
 *
 *         if (auto i = gettimeofday(t, nullptr); i == -1) {
 *             rb_sys_fail("gettimeofday(3)");
 *         }
 *         else {
 *             return ret;
 *         }
 *     });
 * }
 * ```
 */
struct RTypedData {

/** The part that all ruby objects have in common. */
    struct RBasic basic;

/**
     * This field  stores various  information about how  Ruby should  handle a
     * data.   This roughly  resembles a  Ruby level  class (apart  from method
     * definition etc.)
     */
    const rb_data_type_t *const type;

/**
     * This has to be always 1.
     *
     * @internal
     */
    const VALUE typed_flag;

/** Pointer to the actual C level struct that you want to wrap. */
    void *data;
};

RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((3))
/**
 * This is the primitive way to wrap an existing C struct into ::RTypedData.
 *
 * @param[in]  klass          Ruby level class of the returning object.
 * @param[in]  datap          Pointer to the target C struct.
 * @param[in]  type           The characteristics of the passed data.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `klass` is not a class.
 * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  Out of memory.
 * @return     An allocated object that wraps `datap`.
 */
VALUE rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type);

/**
 * Identical  to rb_data_typed_object_wrap(),  except it  allocates a  new data
 * region internally instead of taking an existing one.  The allocation is done
 * using ruby_calloc().  Hence it makes  no sense for `type->function.dfree` to
 * be anything other than ::RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE.
 *
 * @param[in]  klass          Ruby level class of the returning object.
 * @param[in]  size           Requested size of memory to allocate.
 * @param[in]  type           The characteristics of the passed data.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `klass` is not a class.
 * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  Out of memory.
 * @return     An allocated object that wraps a new `size` byte region.
 */
VALUE rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(VALUE klass, size_t size, const rb_data_type_t *type);

/**
 * Checks for the domestic relationship between the two.
 *
 * @param[in]  child   A data type supposed to be a child of `parent`.
 * @param[in]  parent  A data type supposed to be a parent of `child`.
 * @retval     true    `child` is a descendent of `parent`.
 * @retval     false   Otherwise.
 *
 * @internal
 *
 * You can path NULL to both arguments, don't know what that means though.
 */
int rb_typeddata_inherited_p(const rb_data_type_t *child, const rb_data_type_t *parent);

/**
 * Checks if the given object is of given kind.
 *
 * @param[in]  obj        An instance of ::RTypedData.
 * @param[in]  data_type  Expected data type of `obj`.
 * @retval     true       `obj` is of `data_type`.
 * @retval     false      Otherwise.
 */
int rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);

/**
 * Identical to rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(), except  it raises exceptions instead
 * of returning false.
 *
 * @param[in]  obj            An instance of ::RTypedData.
 * @param[in]  data_type      Expected data type of `obj`.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  obj is not of `data_type`.
 * @return     Unwrapped C struct that `obj` holds.
 * @post       Upon successful return `obj`'s type is guaranteed `data_type`.
 */
void *rb_check_typeddata(VALUE obj, const rb_data_type_t *data_type);
RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()

/**
 * Converts sval, a pointer to your struct, into a Ruby object.
 *
 * @param      klass          A ruby level class.
 * @param      data_type      The type of `sval`.
 * @param      sval           A pointer to your struct.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `klass` is not a class.
 * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  Out of memory.
 * @return     A created Ruby object.
 */
#define TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass,data_type,sval)\
  rb_data_typed_object_wrap((klass),(sval),(data_type))

/**
 * @private
 *
 * This is  an implementation  detail of #TypedData_Make_Struct.   People don't
 * use it directly.
 *
 * @param  result     Variable name of created Ruby object.
 * @param  klass      Ruby level class of the object.
 * @param  type       Type name of the C struct.
 * @param  size       Size of the C struct.
 * @param  data_type  The data type describing `type`.
 * @param  sval       Variable name of created C struct.
 */
#define TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, type, size, data_type, sval) \
    VALUE result = rb_data_typed_object_zalloc(klass, size, data_type);    \
    (sval) = (type *)RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(result); \
    RBIMPL_CAST(/*suppress unused variable warnings*/(void)(sval))

/**
 * Identical to #TypedData_Wrap_Struct,  except it allocates a  new data region
 * internally instead of taking an existing  one.  The allocation is done using
 * ruby_calloc().  Hence  it makes no sense  for `data_type->function.dfree` to
 * be anything other than ::RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE.
 *
 * @param      klass          Ruby level class of the object.
 * @param      type           Type name of the C struct.
 * @param      data_type      The data type describing `type`.
 * @param      sval           Variable name of created C struct.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `klass` is not a class.
 * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  Out of memory.
 * @return     A created Ruby object.
 */
#ifdef HAVE_STMT_AND_DECL_IN_EXPR
#define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) \
    RB_GNUC_EXTENSION({         \
        TypedData_Make_Struct0( \
            data_struct_obj,    \
            klass,              \
            type,               \
            sizeof(type),       \
            data_type,          \
            sval);              \
        data_struct_obj;        \
    })
#else
#define TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, type, data_type, sval) \
    rb_data_typed_object_make(        \
        (klass),                      \
        (data_type),                  \
        RBIMPL_CAST((void **)&(sval)), \
        sizeof(type))
#endif

/**
 * Obtains a C struct from inside of a wrapper Ruby object.
 *
 * @param      obj            An instance of ::RTypedData.
 * @param      type           Type name of the C struct.
 * @param      data_type      The data type describing `type`.
 * @param      sval           Variable name of obtained C struct.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `obj` is not a kind of `data_type`.
 * @return     Unwrapped C struct that `obj` holds.
 */
#define TypedData_Get_Struct(obj,type,data_type,sval) \
    ((sval) = RBIMPL_CAST((type *)rb_check_typeddata((obj), (data_type))))

static inline bool
RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(VALUE obj)
{
#if RUBY_DEBUG
    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
    }
#endif

return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->typed_flag & TYPED_DATA_EMBEDDED;
}

static inline void *
RTYPEDDATA_GET_DATA(VALUE obj)
{
#if RUBY_DEBUG
    if (RB_UNLIKELY(!RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
    }
#endif

/* We reuse the data pointer in embedded TypedData. We can't use offsetof
     * since RTypedData a non-POD type in C++. */
    const size_t embedded_typed_data_size = sizeof(struct RTypedData) - sizeof(void *);

return RTYPEDDATA_EMBEDDED_P(obj) ? (char *)obj + embedded_typed_data_size : RTYPEDDATA(obj)->data;
}

RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
/**
 * @private
 *
 * This  is an  implementation detail  of  Check_Type().  People  don't use  it
 * directly.
 *
 * @param[in]  obj    Object in question
 * @retval     true   `obj` is an instance of ::RTypedData.
 * @retval     false  `obj` is an instance of ::RData.
 * @pre        `obj` must be a Ruby object of ::RUBY_T_DATA.
 */
static inline bool
rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(VALUE obj)
{
    VALUE typed_flag = RTYPEDDATA(obj)->typed_flag;
    return typed_flag != 0 && typed_flag <= 3;
}

RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
/**
 * Checks whether the passed object is ::RTypedData or ::RData.
 *
 * @param[in]  obj    Object in question
 * @retval     true   `obj` is an instance of ::RTypedData.
 * @retval     false  `obj` is an instance of ::RData.
 * @pre        `obj` must be a Ruby object of ::RUBY_T_DATA.
 */
static inline bool
RTYPEDDATA_P(VALUE obj)
{
#if RUBY_DEBUG
    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RB_TYPE_P(obj, RUBY_T_DATA))) {
        Check_Type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(false);
    }
#endif

return rbimpl_rtypeddata_p(obj);
}

RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
/* :TODO: can this function be __attribute__((returns_nonnull)) or not? */
/**
 * Queries for the type of given object.
 *
 * @param[in]  obj    Object in question
 * @return     Data type struct that corresponds to `obj`.
 * @pre        `obj` must be an instance of ::RTypedData.
 */
static inline const struct rb_data_type_struct *
RTYPEDDATA_TYPE(VALUE obj)
{
#if RUBY_DEBUG
    if (RB_UNLIKELY(! RTYPEDDATA_P(obj))) {
        rb_unexpected_type(obj, RUBY_T_DATA);
        RBIMPL_UNREACHABLE_RETURN(NULL);
    }
#endif

return RTYPEDDATA(obj)->type;
}

/**
 * While  we don't  stop  you from  using  this  function, it  seems  to be  an
 * implementation  detail of  #TypedData_Make_Struct, which  is preferred  over
 * this one.
 *
 * @param[in]  klass      Ruby level class of the returning object.
 * @param[in]  type       The data type
 * @param[out] datap      Return pointer.
 * @param[in]  size       Size of the C struct.
 * @exception  rb_eTypeError  `klass` is not a class.
 * @exception  rb_eNoMemError  Out of memory.
 * @return     A created Ruby object.
 * @post       `*datap` points to the C struct wrapped by the returned object.
 */
static inline VALUE
rb_data_typed_object_make(VALUE klass, const rb_data_type_t *type, void **datap, size_t size)
{
    TypedData_Make_Struct0(result, klass, void, size, type, *datap);
    return result;
}

RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED(("by: rb_data_typed_object_wrap"))
/** @deprecated  This function was renamed to rb_data_typed_object_wrap(). */
static inline VALUE
rb_data_typed_object_alloc(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
{
    return rb_data_typed_object_wrap(klass, datap, type);
}

#endif /* RBIMPL_RTYPEDDATA_H */

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