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Edit File : tempfile.py \| Size : 22.47 KB
"""Temporary files. This module provides generic, low- and high-level interfaces for creating temporary files and directories. The interfaces listed as "safe" just below can be used without fear of race conditions. Those listed as "unsafe" cannot, and are provided for backward compatibility only. This module also provides some data items to the user: TMP_MAX - maximum number of names that will be tried before giving up. tempdir - If this is set to a string before the first use of any routine from this module, it will be considered as another candidate location to store temporary files. """ __all__ = [ "NamedTemporaryFile", "TemporaryFile", # high level safe interfaces "SpooledTemporaryFile", "TemporaryDirectory", "mkstemp", "mkdtemp", # low level safe interfaces "mktemp", # deprecated unsafe interface "TMP_MAX", "gettempprefix", # constants "tempdir", "gettempdir" ] # Imports. import atexit as _atexit import functools as _functools import warnings as _warnings import io as _io import os as _os import shutil as _shutil import errno as _errno from random import Random as _Random try: import fcntl as _fcntl except ImportError: def _set_cloexec(fd): pass else: def _set_cloexec(fd): try: flags = _fcntl.fcntl(fd, _fcntl.F_GETFD, 0) except OSError: pass else: # flags read successfully, modify flags \|= _fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC _fcntl.fcntl(fd, _fcntl.F_SETFD, flags) try: import _thread except ImportError: import _dummy_thread as _thread _allocate_lock = _thread.allocate_lock _text_openflags = _os.O_RDWR \| _os.O_CREAT \| _os.O_EXCL if hasattr(_os, 'O_NOINHERIT'): _text_openflags \|= _os.O_NOINHERIT if hasattr(_os, 'O_NOFOLLOW'): _text_openflags \|= _os.O_NOFOLLOW _bin_openflags = _text_openflags if hasattr(_os, 'O_BINARY'): _bin_openflags \|= _os.O_BINARY if hasattr(_os, 'TMP_MAX'): TMP_MAX = _os.TMP_MAX else: TMP_MAX = 10000 # Although it does not have an underscore for historical reasons, this # variable is an internal implementation detail (see issue 10354). template = "tmp" # Internal routines. _once_lock = _allocate_lock() if hasattr(_os, "lstat"): _stat = _os.lstat elif hasattr(_os, "stat"): _stat = _os.stat else: # Fallback. All we need is something that raises OSError if the # file doesn't exist. def _stat(fn): f = open(fn) f.close() def _exists(fn): try: _stat(fn) except OSError: return False else: return True class _RandomNameSequence: """An instance of _RandomNameSequence generates an endless sequence of unpredictable strings which can safely be incorporated into file names. Each string is six characters long. Multiple threads can safely use the same instance at the same time. _RandomNameSequence is an iterator.""" characters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_" @property def rng(self): cur_pid = _os.getpid() if cur_pid != getattr(self, '_rng_pid', None): self._rng = _Random() self._rng_pid = cur_pid return self._rng def __iter__(self): return self def __next__(self): c = self.characters choose = self.rng.choice letters = [choose(c) for dummy in "123456"] return ''.join(letters) def _candidate_tempdir_list(): """Generate a list of candidate temporary directories which _get_default_tempdir will try.""" dirlist = [] # First, try the environment. for envname in 'TMPDIR', 'TEMP', 'TMP': dirname = _os.getenv(envname) if dirname: dirlist.append(dirname) # Failing that, try OS-specific locations. if _os.name == 'nt': dirlist.extend([ r'c:\temp', r'c:\tmp', r'\temp', r'\tmp' ]) else: dirlist.extend([ '/tmp', '/var/tmp', '/usr/tmp' ]) # As a last resort, the current directory. try: dirlist.append(_os.getcwd()) except (AttributeError, OSError): dirlist.append(_os.curdir) return dirlist def _get_default_tempdir(): """Calculate the default directory to use for temporary files. This routine should be called exactly once. We determine whether or not a candidate temp dir is usable by trying to create and write to a file in that directory. If this is successful, the test file is deleted. To prevent denial of service, the name of the test file must be randomized.""" namer = _RandomNameSequence() dirlist = _candidate_tempdir_list() for dir in dirlist: if dir != _os.curdir: dir = _os.path.normcase(_os.path.abspath(dir)) # Try only a few names per directory. for seq in range(100): name = next(namer) filename = _os.path.join(dir, name) try: fd = _os.open(filename, _bin_openflags, 0o600) try: try: with _io.open(fd, 'wb', closefd=False) as fp: fp.write(b'blat') finally: _os.close(fd) finally: _os.unlink(filename) return dir except FileExistsError: pass except OSError: break # no point trying more names in this directory raise FileNotFoundError(_errno.ENOENT, "No usable temporary directory found in %s" % dirlist) _name_sequence = None def _get_candidate_names(): """Common setup sequence for all user-callable interfaces.""" global _name_sequence if _name_sequence is None: _once_lock.acquire() try: if _name_sequence is None: _name_sequence = _RandomNameSequence() finally: _once_lock.release() return _name_sequence def _mkstemp_inner(dir, pre, suf, flags): """Code common to mkstemp, TemporaryFile, and NamedTemporaryFile.""" names = _get_candidate_names() for seq in range(TMP_MAX): name = next(names) file = _os.path.join(dir, pre + name + suf) try: fd = _os.open(file, flags, 0o600) _set_cloexec(fd) return (fd, _os.path.abspath(file)) except FileExistsError: continue # try again except PermissionError: # This exception is thrown when a directory with the chosen name # already exists on windows. if _os.name == 'nt': continue else: raise raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary file name found") # User visible interfaces. def gettempprefix(): """Accessor for tempdir.template.""" return template tempdir = None def gettempdir(): """Accessor for tempfile.tempdir.""" global tempdir if tempdir is None: _once_lock.acquire() try: if tempdir is None: tempdir = _get_default_tempdir() finally: _once_lock.release() return tempdir def mkstemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None, text=False): """User-callable function to create and return a unique temporary file. The return value is a pair (fd, name) where fd is the file descriptor returned by os.open, and name is the filename. If 'suffix' is specified, the file name will end with that suffix, otherwise there will be no suffix. If 'prefix' is specified, the file name will begin with that prefix, otherwise a default prefix is used. If 'dir' is specified, the file will be created in that directory, otherwise a default directory is used. If 'text' is specified and true, the file is opened in text mode. Else (the default) the file is opened in binary mode. On some operating systems, this makes no difference. The file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID. If the operating system uses permission bits to indicate whether a file is executable, the file is executable by no one. The file descriptor is not inherited by children of this process. Caller is responsible for deleting the file when done with it. """ if dir is None: dir = gettempdir() if text: flags = _text_openflags else: flags = _bin_openflags return _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags) def mkdtemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None): """User-callable function to create and return a unique temporary directory. The return value is the pathname of the directory. Arguments are as for mkstemp, except that the 'text' argument is not accepted. The directory is readable, writable, and searchable only by the creating user. Caller is responsible for deleting the directory when done with it. """ if dir is None: dir = gettempdir() names = _get_candidate_names() for seq in range(TMP_MAX): name = next(names) file = _os.path.join(dir, prefix + name + suffix) try: _os.mkdir(file, 0o700) return file except FileExistsError: continue # try again raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary directory name found") def mktemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None): """User-callable function to return a unique temporary file name. The file is not created. Arguments are as for mkstemp, except that the 'text' argument is not accepted. This function is unsafe and should not be used. The file name refers to a file that did not exist at some point, but by the time you get around to creating it, someone else may have beaten you to the punch. """ ## from warnings import warn as _warn ## _warn("mktemp is a potential security risk to your program", ## RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2) if dir is None: dir = gettempdir() names = _get_candidate_names() for seq in range(TMP_MAX): name = next(names) file = _os.path.join(dir, prefix + name + suffix) if not _exists(file): return file raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST, "No usable temporary filename found") class _TemporaryFileCloser: """A separate object allowing proper closing of a temporary file's underlying file object, without adding a __del__ method to the temporary file.""" # Set here since __del__ checks it file = None close_called = False def __init__(self, file, name, delete=True): self.file = file self.name = name self.delete = delete # NT provides delete-on-close as a primitive, so we don't need # the wrapper to do anything special. We still use it so that # file.name is useful (i.e. not "(fdopen)") with NamedTemporaryFile. if _os.name != 'nt': # Cache the unlinker so we don't get spurious errors at # shutdown when the module-level "os" is None'd out. Note # that this must be referenced as self.unlink, because the # name TemporaryFileWrapper may also get None'd out before # __del__ is called. def close(self, unlink=_os.unlink): if not self.close_called and self.file is not None: self.close_called = True self.file.close() if self.delete: unlink(self.name) # Need to ensure the file is deleted on __del__ def __del__(self): self.close() else: def close(self): if not self.close_called: self.close_called = True self.file.close() class _TemporaryFileWrapper: """Temporary file wrapper This class provides a wrapper around files opened for temporary use. In particular, it seeks to automatically remove the file when it is no longer needed. """ def __init__(self, file, name, delete=True): self.file = file self.name = name self.delete = delete self._closer = _TemporaryFileCloser(file, name, delete) def __getattr__(self, name): # Attribute lookups are delegated to the underlying file # and cached for non-numeric results # (i.e. methods are cached, closed and friends are not) file = self.__dict__['file'] a = getattr(file, name) if hasattr(a, '__call__'): func = a @_functools.wraps(func) def func_wrapper(args, kwargs): return func(args, kwargs) # Avoid closing the file as long as the wrapper is alive, # see issue #18879. func_wrapper._closer = self._closer a = func_wrapper if not isinstance(a, int): setattr(self, name, a) return a # The underlying __enter__ method returns the wrong object # (self.file) so override it to return the wrapper def __enter__(self): self.file.__enter__() return self # Need to trap __exit__ as well to ensure the file gets # deleted when used in a with statement def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb): result = self.file.__exit__(exc, value, tb) self.close() return result def close(self): """ Close the temporary file, possibly deleting it. """ self._closer.close() # iter() doesn't use __getattr__ to find the __iter__ method def __iter__(self): return iter(self.file) def NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None, delete=True): """Create and return a temporary file. Arguments: 'prefix', 'suffix', 'dir' -- as for mkstemp. 'mode' -- the mode argument to io.open (default "w+b"). 'buffering' -- the buffer size argument to io.open (default -1). 'encoding' -- the encoding argument to io.open (default None) 'newline' -- the newline argument to io.open (default None) 'delete' -- whether the file is deleted on close (default True). The file is created as mkstemp() would do it. Returns an object with a file-like interface; the name of the file is accessible as file.name. The file will be automatically deleted when it is closed unless the 'delete' argument is set to False. """ if dir is None: dir = gettempdir() flags = _bin_openflags # Setting O_TEMPORARY in the flags causes the OS to delete # the file when it is closed. This is only supported by Windows. if _os.name == 'nt' and delete: flags \|= _os.O_TEMPORARY (fd, name) = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags) file = _io.open(fd, mode, buffering=buffering, newline=newline, encoding=encoding) return _TemporaryFileWrapper(file, name, delete) if _os.name != 'posix' or _os.sys.platform == 'cygwin': # On non-POSIX and Cygwin systems, assume that we cannot unlink a file # while it is open. TemporaryFile = NamedTemporaryFile else: def TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None): """Create and return a temporary file. Arguments: 'prefix', 'suffix', 'dir' -- as for mkstemp. 'mode' -- the mode argument to io.open (default "w+b"). 'buffering' -- the buffer size argument to io.open (default -1). 'encoding' -- the encoding argument to io.open (default None) 'newline' -- the newline argument to io.open (default None) The file is created as mkstemp() would do it. Returns an object with a file-like interface. The file has no name, and will cease to exist when it is closed. """ if dir is None: dir = gettempdir() flags = _bin_openflags (fd, name) = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags) try: _os.unlink(name) return _io.open(fd, mode, buffering=buffering, newline=newline, encoding=encoding) except: _os.close(fd) raise class SpooledTemporaryFile: """Temporary file wrapper, specialized to switch from BytesIO or StringIO to a real file when it exceeds a certain size or when a fileno is needed. """ _rolled = False def __init__(self, max_size=0, mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None): if 'b' in mode: self._file = _io.BytesIO() else: # Setting newline="\n" avoids newline translation; # this is important because otherwise on Windows we'd # hget double newline translation upon rollover(). self._file = _io.StringIO(newline="\n") self._max_size = max_size self._rolled = False self._TemporaryFileArgs = {'mode': mode, 'buffering': buffering, 'suffix': suffix, 'prefix': prefix, 'encoding': encoding, 'newline': newline, 'dir': dir} def _check(self, file): if self._rolled: return max_size = self._max_size if max_size and file.tell() > max_size: self.rollover() def rollover(self): if self._rolled: return file = self._file newfile = self._file = TemporaryFile(self._TemporaryFileArgs) del self._TemporaryFileArgs newfile.write(file.getvalue()) newfile.seek(file.tell(), 0) self._rolled = True # The method caching trick from NamedTemporaryFile # won't work here, because _file may change from a # BytesIO/StringIO instance to a real file. So we list # all the methods directly. # Context management protocol def __enter__(self): if self._file.closed: raise ValueError("Cannot enter context with closed file") return self def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb): self._file.close() # file protocol def __iter__(self): return self._file.__iter__() def close(self): self._file.close() @property def closed(self): return self._file.closed @property def encoding(self): try: return self._file.encoding except AttributeError: if 'b' in self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode']: raise return self._TemporaryFileArgs['encoding'] def fileno(self): self.rollover() return self._file.fileno() def flush(self): self._file.flush() def isatty(self): return self._file.isatty() @property def mode(self): try: return self._file.mode except AttributeError: return self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode'] @property def name(self): try: return self._file.name except AttributeError: return None @property def newlines(self): try: return self._file.newlines except AttributeError: if 'b' in self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode']: raise return self._TemporaryFileArgs['newline'] def read(self, args): return self._file.read(args) def readline(self, args): return self._file.readline(args) def readlines(self, args): return self._file.readlines(args) def seek(self, args): self._file.seek(args) @property def softspace(self): return self._file.softspace def tell(self): return self._file.tell() def truncate(self, size=None): if size is None: self._file.truncate() else: if size > self._max_size: self.rollover() self._file.truncate(size) def write(self, s): file = self._file rv = file.write(s) self._check(file) return rv def writelines(self, iterable): file = self._file rv = file.writelines(iterable) self._check(file) return rv class TemporaryDirectory(object): """Create and return a temporary directory. This has the same behavior as mkdtemp but can be used as a context manager. For example: with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir: ... Upon exiting the context, the directory and everything contained in it are removed. """ # Handle mkdtemp raising an exception name = None _closed = False def __init__(self, suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None): self.name = mkdtemp(suffix, prefix, dir) def __repr__(self): return "<{} {!r}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name) def __enter__(self): return self.name def cleanup(self, _warn=False, _warnings=_warnings): if self.name and not self._closed: try: _shutil.rmtree(self.name) except (TypeError, AttributeError) as ex: if "None" not in '%s' % (ex,): raise self._rmtree(self.name) self._closed = True if _warn and _warnings.warn: try: _warnings.warn("Implicitly cleaning up {!r}".format(self), ResourceWarning) except: if _is_running: raise # Don't raise an exception if modules needed for emitting # a warning are already cleaned in shutdown process. def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb): self.cleanup() def __del__(self): # Issue a ResourceWarning if implicit cleanup needed self.cleanup(_warn=True) def _rmtree(self, path, _OSError=OSError, _sep=_os.path.sep, _listdir=_os.listdir, _remove=_os.remove, _rmdir=_os.rmdir): # Essentially a stripped down version of shutil.rmtree. We can't # use globals because they may be None'ed out at shutdown. if not isinstance(path, str): _sep = _sep.encode() try: for name in _listdir(path): fullname = path + _sep + name try: _remove(fullname) except _OSError: self._rmtree(fullname) _rmdir(path) except _OSError: pass _is_running = True def _on_shutdown(): global _is_running _is_running = False _atexit.register(_on_shutdown) Back

Edit File : tempfile.py | Size : 22.47 KB

"""Temporary files.

This module provides generic, low- and high-level interfaces for
creating temporary files and directories.  The interfaces listed
as "safe" just below can be used without fear of race conditions.
Those listed as "unsafe" cannot, and are provided for backward
compatibility only.

This module also provides some data items to the user:

TMP_MAX  - maximum number of names that will be tried before
             giving up.
  tempdir  - If this is set to a string before the first use of
             any routine from this module, it will be considered as
             another candidate location to store temporary files.
"""

__all__ = [
    "NamedTemporaryFile", "TemporaryFile", # high level safe interfaces
    "SpooledTemporaryFile", "TemporaryDirectory",
    "mkstemp", "mkdtemp",                  # low level safe interfaces
    "mktemp",                              # deprecated unsafe interface
    "TMP_MAX", "gettempprefix",            # constants
    "tempdir", "gettempdir"
   ]

# Imports.

import atexit as _atexit
import functools as _functools
import warnings as _warnings
import io as _io
import os as _os
import shutil as _shutil
import errno as _errno
from random import Random as _Random

try:
    import fcntl as _fcntl
except ImportError:
    def _set_cloexec(fd):
        pass
else:
    def _set_cloexec(fd):
        try:
            flags = _fcntl.fcntl(fd, _fcntl.F_GETFD, 0)
        except OSError:
            pass
        else:
            # flags read successfully, modify
            flags |= _fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC
            _fcntl.fcntl(fd, _fcntl.F_SETFD, flags)

try:
    import _thread
except ImportError:
    import _dummy_thread as _thread
_allocate_lock = _thread.allocate_lock

_text_openflags = _os.O_RDWR | _os.O_CREAT | _os.O_EXCL
if hasattr(_os, 'O_NOINHERIT'):
    _text_openflags |= _os.O_NOINHERIT
if hasattr(_os, 'O_NOFOLLOW'):
    _text_openflags |= _os.O_NOFOLLOW

_bin_openflags = _text_openflags
if hasattr(_os, 'O_BINARY'):
    _bin_openflags |= _os.O_BINARY

if hasattr(_os, 'TMP_MAX'):
    TMP_MAX = _os.TMP_MAX
else:
    TMP_MAX = 10000

# Although it does not have an underscore for historical reasons, this
# variable is an internal implementation detail (see issue 10354).
template = "tmp"

# Internal routines.

_once_lock = _allocate_lock()

if hasattr(_os, "lstat"):
    _stat = _os.lstat
elif hasattr(_os, "stat"):
    _stat = _os.stat
else:
    # Fallback.  All we need is something that raises OSError if the
    # file doesn't exist.
    def _stat(fn):
        f = open(fn)
        f.close()

def _exists(fn):
    try:
        _stat(fn)
    except OSError:
        return False
    else:
        return True

class _RandomNameSequence:
    """An instance of _RandomNameSequence generates an endless
    sequence of unpredictable strings which can safely be incorporated
    into file names.  Each string is six characters long.  Multiple
    threads can safely use the same instance at the same time.

_RandomNameSequence is an iterator."""

characters = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789_"

@property
    def rng(self):
        cur_pid = _os.getpid()
        if cur_pid != getattr(self, '_rng_pid', None):
            self._rng = _Random()
            self._rng_pid = cur_pid
        return self._rng

def __iter__(self):
        return self

def __next__(self):
        c = self.characters
        choose = self.rng.choice
        letters = [choose(c) for dummy in "123456"]
        return ''.join(letters)

def _candidate_tempdir_list():
    """Generate a list of candidate temporary directories which
    _get_default_tempdir will try."""

dirlist = []

# First, try the environment.
    for envname in 'TMPDIR', 'TEMP', 'TMP':
        dirname = _os.getenv(envname)
        if dirname: dirlist.append(dirname)

# Failing that, try OS-specific locations.
    if _os.name == 'nt':
        dirlist.extend([ r'c:\temp', r'c:\tmp', r'\temp', r'\tmp' ])
    else:
        dirlist.extend([ '/tmp', '/var/tmp', '/usr/tmp' ])

# As a last resort, the current directory.
    try:
        dirlist.append(_os.getcwd())
    except (AttributeError, OSError):
        dirlist.append(_os.curdir)

return dirlist

def _get_default_tempdir():
    """Calculate the default directory to use for temporary files.
    This routine should be called exactly once.

We determine whether or not a candidate temp dir is usable by
    trying to create and write to a file in that directory.  If this
    is successful, the test file is deleted.  To prevent denial of
    service, the name of the test file must be randomized."""

namer = _RandomNameSequence()
    dirlist = _candidate_tempdir_list()

for dir in dirlist:
        if dir != _os.curdir:
            dir = _os.path.normcase(_os.path.abspath(dir))
        # Try only a few names per directory.
        for seq in range(100):
            name = next(namer)
            filename = _os.path.join(dir, name)
            try:
                fd = _os.open(filename, _bin_openflags, 0o600)
                try:
                    try:
                        with _io.open(fd, 'wb', closefd=False) as fp:
                            fp.write(b'blat')
                    finally:
                        _os.close(fd)
                finally:
                    _os.unlink(filename)
                return dir
            except FileExistsError:
                pass
            except OSError:
                break   # no point trying more names in this directory
    raise FileNotFoundError(_errno.ENOENT,
                            "No usable temporary directory found in %s" %
                            dirlist)

_name_sequence = None

def _get_candidate_names():
    """Common setup sequence for all user-callable interfaces."""

global _name_sequence
    if _name_sequence is None:
        _once_lock.acquire()
        try:
            if _name_sequence is None:
                _name_sequence = _RandomNameSequence()
        finally:
            _once_lock.release()
    return _name_sequence

def _mkstemp_inner(dir, pre, suf, flags):
    """Code common to mkstemp, TemporaryFile, and NamedTemporaryFile."""

names = _get_candidate_names()

for seq in range(TMP_MAX):
        name = next(names)
        file = _os.path.join(dir, pre + name + suf)
        try:
            fd = _os.open(file, flags, 0o600)
            _set_cloexec(fd)
            return (fd, _os.path.abspath(file))
        except FileExistsError:
            continue    # try again
        except PermissionError:
            # This exception is thrown when a directory with the chosen name
            # already exists on windows.
            if _os.name == 'nt':
                continue
            else:
                raise

raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST,
                          "No usable temporary file name found")

# User visible interfaces.

def gettempprefix():
    """Accessor for tempdir.template."""
    return template

tempdir = None

def gettempdir():
    """Accessor for tempfile.tempdir."""
    global tempdir
    if tempdir is None:
        _once_lock.acquire()
        try:
            if tempdir is None:
                tempdir = _get_default_tempdir()
        finally:
            _once_lock.release()
    return tempdir

def mkstemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None, text=False):
    """User-callable function to create and return a unique temporary
    file.  The return value is a pair (fd, name) where fd is the
    file descriptor returned by os.open, and name is the filename.

If 'suffix' is specified, the file name will end with that suffix,
    otherwise there will be no suffix.

If 'prefix' is specified, the file name will begin with that prefix,
    otherwise a default prefix is used.

If 'dir' is specified, the file will be created in that directory,
    otherwise a default directory is used.

If 'text' is specified and true, the file is opened in text
    mode.  Else (the default) the file is opened in binary mode.  On
    some operating systems, this makes no difference.

The file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID.
    If the operating system uses permission bits to indicate whether a
    file is executable, the file is executable by no one. The file
    descriptor is not inherited by children of this process.

Caller is responsible for deleting the file when done with it.
    """

if dir is None:
        dir = gettempdir()

if text:
        flags = _text_openflags
    else:
        flags = _bin_openflags

return _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags)

def mkdtemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None):
    """User-callable function to create and return a unique temporary
    directory.  The return value is the pathname of the directory.

Arguments are as for mkstemp, except that the 'text' argument is
    not accepted.

The directory is readable, writable, and searchable only by the
    creating user.

Caller is responsible for deleting the directory when done with it.
    """

if dir is None:
        dir = gettempdir()

names = _get_candidate_names()

for seq in range(TMP_MAX):
        name = next(names)
        file = _os.path.join(dir, prefix + name + suffix)
        try:
            _os.mkdir(file, 0o700)
            return file
        except FileExistsError:
            continue    # try again

raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST,
                          "No usable temporary directory name found")

def mktemp(suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None):
    """User-callable function to return a unique temporary file name.  The
    file is not created.

Arguments are as for mkstemp, except that the 'text' argument is
    not accepted.

This function is unsafe and should not be used.  The file name
    refers to a file that did not exist at some point, but by the time
    you get around to creating it, someone else may have beaten you to
    the punch.
    """

##    from warnings import warn as _warn
##    _warn("mktemp is a potential security risk to your program",
##          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)

if dir is None:
        dir = gettempdir()

names = _get_candidate_names()
    for seq in range(TMP_MAX):
        name = next(names)
        file = _os.path.join(dir, prefix + name + suffix)
        if not _exists(file):
            return file

raise FileExistsError(_errno.EEXIST,
                          "No usable temporary filename found")

class _TemporaryFileCloser:
    """A separate object allowing proper closing of a temporary file's
    underlying file object, without adding a __del__ method to the
    temporary file."""

# Set here since __del__ checks it
    file = None
    close_called = False

def __init__(self, file, name, delete=True):
        self.file = file
        self.name = name
        self.delete = delete

# NT provides delete-on-close as a primitive, so we don't need
    # the wrapper to do anything special.  We still use it so that
    # file.name is useful (i.e. not "(fdopen)") with NamedTemporaryFile.
    if _os.name != 'nt':
        # Cache the unlinker so we don't get spurious errors at
        # shutdown when the module-level "os" is None'd out.  Note
        # that this must be referenced as self.unlink, because the
        # name TemporaryFileWrapper may also get None'd out before
        # __del__ is called.

def close(self, unlink=_os.unlink):
            if not self.close_called and self.file is not None:
                self.close_called = True
                self.file.close()
                if self.delete:
                    unlink(self.name)

# Need to ensure the file is deleted on __del__
        def __del__(self):
            self.close()

else:
        def close(self):
            if not self.close_called:
                self.close_called = True
                self.file.close()

class _TemporaryFileWrapper:
    """Temporary file wrapper

This class provides a wrapper around files opened for
    temporary use.  In particular, it seeks to automatically
    remove the file when it is no longer needed.
    """

def __init__(self, file, name, delete=True):
        self.file = file
        self.name = name
        self.delete = delete
        self._closer = _TemporaryFileCloser(file, name, delete)

def __getattr__(self, name):
        # Attribute lookups are delegated to the underlying file
        # and cached for non-numeric results
        # (i.e. methods are cached, closed and friends are not)
        file = self.__dict__['file']
        a = getattr(file, name)
        if hasattr(a, '__call__'):
            func = a
            @_functools.wraps(func)
            def func_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
                return func(*args, **kwargs)
            # Avoid closing the file as long as the wrapper is alive,
            # see issue #18879.
            func_wrapper._closer = self._closer
            a = func_wrapper
        if not isinstance(a, int):
            setattr(self, name, a)
        return a

# The underlying __enter__ method returns the wrong object
    # (self.file) so override it to return the wrapper
    def __enter__(self):
        self.file.__enter__()
        return self

# Need to trap __exit__ as well to ensure the file gets
    # deleted when used in a with statement
    def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
        result = self.file.__exit__(exc, value, tb)
        self.close()
        return result

def close(self):
        """
        Close the temporary file, possibly deleting it.
        """
        self._closer.close()

# iter() doesn't use __getattr__ to find the __iter__ method
    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self.file)

def NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
                       newline=None, suffix="", prefix=template,
                       dir=None, delete=True):
    """Create and return a temporary file.
    Arguments:
    'prefix', 'suffix', 'dir' -- as for mkstemp.
    'mode' -- the mode argument to io.open (default "w+b").
    'buffering' -- the buffer size argument to io.open (default -1).
    'encoding' -- the encoding argument to io.open (default None)
    'newline' -- the newline argument to io.open (default None)
    'delete' -- whether the file is deleted on close (default True).
    The file is created as mkstemp() would do it.

Returns an object with a file-like interface; the name of the file
    is accessible as file.name.  The file will be automatically deleted
    when it is closed unless the 'delete' argument is set to False.
    """

if dir is None:
        dir = gettempdir()

flags = _bin_openflags

# Setting O_TEMPORARY in the flags causes the OS to delete
    # the file when it is closed.  This is only supported by Windows.
    if _os.name == 'nt' and delete:
        flags |= _os.O_TEMPORARY

(fd, name) = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags)
    file = _io.open(fd, mode, buffering=buffering,
                    newline=newline, encoding=encoding)

return _TemporaryFileWrapper(file, name, delete)

if _os.name != 'posix' or _os.sys.platform == 'cygwin':
    # On non-POSIX and Cygwin systems, assume that we cannot unlink a file
    # while it is open.
    TemporaryFile = NamedTemporaryFile

else:
    def TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
                      newline=None, suffix="", prefix=template,
                      dir=None):
        """Create and return a temporary file.
        Arguments:
        'prefix', 'suffix', 'dir' -- as for mkstemp.
        'mode' -- the mode argument to io.open (default "w+b").
        'buffering' -- the buffer size argument to io.open (default -1).
        'encoding' -- the encoding argument to io.open (default None)
        'newline' -- the newline argument to io.open (default None)
        The file is created as mkstemp() would do it.

Returns an object with a file-like interface.  The file has no
        name, and will cease to exist when it is closed.
        """

if dir is None:
            dir = gettempdir()

flags = _bin_openflags

(fd, name) = _mkstemp_inner(dir, prefix, suffix, flags)
        try:
            _os.unlink(name)
            return _io.open(fd, mode, buffering=buffering,
                            newline=newline, encoding=encoding)
        except:
            _os.close(fd)
            raise

class SpooledTemporaryFile:
    """Temporary file wrapper, specialized to switch from BytesIO
    or StringIO to a real file when it exceeds a certain size or
    when a fileno is needed.
    """
    _rolled = False

def __init__(self, max_size=0, mode='w+b', buffering=-1,
                 encoding=None, newline=None,
                 suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None):
        if 'b' in mode:
            self._file = _io.BytesIO()
        else:
            # Setting newline="\n" avoids newline translation;
            # this is important because otherwise on Windows we'd
            # hget double newline translation upon rollover().
            self._file = _io.StringIO(newline="\n")
        self._max_size = max_size
        self._rolled = False
        self._TemporaryFileArgs = {'mode': mode, 'buffering': buffering,
                                   'suffix': suffix, 'prefix': prefix,
                                   'encoding': encoding, 'newline': newline,
                                   'dir': dir}

def _check(self, file):
        if self._rolled: return
        max_size = self._max_size
        if max_size and file.tell() > max_size:
            self.rollover()

def rollover(self):
        if self._rolled: return
        file = self._file
        newfile = self._file = TemporaryFile(**self._TemporaryFileArgs)
        del self._TemporaryFileArgs

newfile.write(file.getvalue())
        newfile.seek(file.tell(), 0)

self._rolled = True

# The method caching trick from NamedTemporaryFile
    # won't work here, because _file may change from a
    # BytesIO/StringIO instance to a real file. So we list
    # all the methods directly.

# Context management protocol
    def __enter__(self):
        if self._file.closed:
            raise ValueError("Cannot enter context with closed file")
        return self

def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
        self._file.close()

# file protocol
    def __iter__(self):
        return self._file.__iter__()

def close(self):
        self._file.close()

@property
    def closed(self):
        return self._file.closed

@property
    def encoding(self):
        try:
            return self._file.encoding
        except AttributeError:
            if 'b' in self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode']:
                raise
            return self._TemporaryFileArgs['encoding']

def fileno(self):
        self.rollover()
        return self._file.fileno()

def flush(self):
        self._file.flush()

def isatty(self):
        return self._file.isatty()

@property
    def mode(self):
        try:
            return self._file.mode
        except AttributeError:
            return self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode']

@property
    def name(self):
        try:
            return self._file.name
        except AttributeError:
            return None

@property
    def newlines(self):
        try:
            return self._file.newlines
        except AttributeError:
            if 'b' in self._TemporaryFileArgs['mode']:
                raise
            return self._TemporaryFileArgs['newline']

def read(self, *args):
        return self._file.read(*args)

def readline(self, *args):
        return self._file.readline(*args)

def readlines(self, *args):
        return self._file.readlines(*args)

def seek(self, *args):
        self._file.seek(*args)

@property
    def softspace(self):
        return self._file.softspace

def tell(self):
        return self._file.tell()

def truncate(self, size=None):
        if size is None:
            self._file.truncate()
        else:
            if size > self._max_size:
                self.rollover()
            self._file.truncate(size)

def write(self, s):
        file = self._file
        rv = file.write(s)
        self._check(file)
        return rv

def writelines(self, iterable):
        file = self._file
        rv = file.writelines(iterable)
        self._check(file)
        return rv

class TemporaryDirectory(object):
    """Create and return a temporary directory.  This has the same
    behavior as mkdtemp but can be used as a context manager.  For
    example:

with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
            ...

Upon exiting the context, the directory and everything contained
    in it are removed.
    """

# Handle mkdtemp raising an exception
    name = None
    _closed = False

def __init__(self, suffix="", prefix=template, dir=None):
        self.name = mkdtemp(suffix, prefix, dir)

def __repr__(self):
        return "<{} {!r}>".format(self.__class__.__name__, self.name)

def __enter__(self):
        return self.name

def cleanup(self, _warn=False, _warnings=_warnings):
        if self.name and not self._closed:
            try:
                _shutil.rmtree(self.name)
            except (TypeError, AttributeError) as ex:
                if "None" not in '%s' % (ex,):
                    raise
                self._rmtree(self.name)
            self._closed = True
            if _warn and _warnings.warn:
                try:
                    _warnings.warn("Implicitly cleaning up {!r}".format(self),
                                   ResourceWarning)
                except:
                    if _is_running:
                        raise
                    # Don't raise an exception if modules needed for emitting
                    # a warning are already cleaned in shutdown process.

def __exit__(self, exc, value, tb):
        self.cleanup()

def __del__(self):
        # Issue a ResourceWarning if implicit cleanup needed
        self.cleanup(_warn=True)

def _rmtree(self, path, _OSError=OSError, _sep=_os.path.sep,
                _listdir=_os.listdir, _remove=_os.remove, _rmdir=_os.rmdir):
        # Essentially a stripped down version of shutil.rmtree.  We can't
        # use globals because they may be None'ed out at shutdown.
        if not isinstance(path, str):
            _sep = _sep.encode()
        try:
            for name in _listdir(path):
                fullname = path + _sep + name
                try:
                    _remove(fullname)
                except _OSError:
                    self._rmtree(fullname)
            _rmdir(path)
        except _OSError:
            pass

_is_running = True

def _on_shutdown():
    global _is_running
    _is_running = False

_atexit.register(_on_shutdown)

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