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Edit File : trace.py \| Size : 30.81 KB
#! /opt/alt/python35/bin/python3.5 # portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights... # err... reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the # Python 2.2 license. # Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx # http://zooko.com/ # mailto:zooko@zooko.com # # Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved. # Author: Skip Montanaro # # Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved. # Author: Andrew Dalke # # Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved. # Author: Skip Montanaro # # Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved. # # # Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and # its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby # granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, # and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in # supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix, # Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to # distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. # """program/module to trace Python program or function execution Sample use, command line: trace.py -c -f counts --ignore-dir '$prefix' spam.py eggs trace.py -t --ignore-dir '$prefix' spam.py eggs trace.py --trackcalls spam.py eggs Sample use, programmatically import sys # create a Trace object, telling it what to ignore, and whether to # do tracing or line-counting or both. tracer = trace.Trace(ignoredirs=[sys.base_prefix, sys.base_exec_prefix,], trace=0, count=1) # run the new command using the given tracer tracer.run('main()') # make a report, placing output in /tmp r = tracer.results() r.write_results(show_missing=True, coverdir="/tmp") """ __all__ = ['Trace', 'CoverageResults'] import linecache import os import re import sys import token import tokenize import inspect import gc import dis import pickle from warnings import warn as _warn from time import monotonic as _time try: import threading except ImportError: _settrace = sys.settrace def _unsettrace(): sys.settrace(None) else: def _settrace(func): threading.settrace(func) sys.settrace(func) def _unsettrace(): sys.settrace(None) threading.settrace(None) def _usage(outfile): outfile.write("""Usage: %s [OPTIONS] <file> [ARGS] Meta-options: --help Display this help then exit. --version Output version information then exit. Otherwise, exactly one of the following three options must be given: -t, --trace Print each line to sys.stdout before it is executed. -c, --count Count the number of times each line is executed and write the counts to <module>.cover for each module executed, in the module's directory. See also `--coverdir', `--file', `--no-report' below. -l, --listfuncs Keep track of which functions are executed at least once and write the results to sys.stdout after the program exits. -T, --trackcalls Keep track of caller/called pairs and write the results to sys.stdout after the program exits. -r, --report Generate a report from a counts file; do not execute any code. `--file' must specify the results file to read, which must have been created in a previous run with `--count --file=FILE'. Modifiers: -f, --file=<file> File to accumulate counts over several runs. -R, --no-report Do not generate the coverage report files. Useful if you want to accumulate over several runs. -C, --coverdir=<dir> Directory where the report files. The coverage report for <package>.<module> is written to file <dir>/<package>/<module>.cover. -m, --missing Annotate executable lines that were not executed with '>>>>>> '. -s, --summary Write a brief summary on stdout for each file. (Can only be used with --count or --report.) -g, --timing Prefix each line with the time since the program started. Only used while tracing. Filters, may be repeated multiple times: --ignore-module=<mod> Ignore the given module(s) and its submodules (if it is a package). Accepts comma separated list of module names --ignore-dir=<dir> Ignore files in the given directory (multiple directories can be joined by os.pathsep). """ % sys.argv[0]) PRAGMA_NOCOVER = "#pragma NO COVER" # Simple rx to find lines with no code. rx_blank = re.compile(r'^\s(#.)?$') class _Ignore: def __init__(self, modules=None, dirs=None): self._mods = set() if not modules else set(modules) self._dirs = [] if not dirs else [os.path.normpath(d) for d in dirs] self._ignore = { '<string>': 1 } def names(self, filename, modulename): if modulename in self._ignore: return self._ignore[modulename] # haven't seen this one before, so see if the module name is # on the ignore list. if modulename in self._mods: # Identical names, so ignore self._ignore[modulename] = 1 return 1 # check if the module is a proper submodule of something on # the ignore list for mod in self._mods: # Need to take some care since ignoring # "cmp" mustn't mean ignoring "cmpcache" but ignoring # "Spam" must also mean ignoring "Spam.Eggs". if modulename.startswith(mod + '.'): self._ignore[modulename] = 1 return 1 # Now check that filename isn't in one of the directories if filename is None: # must be a built-in, so we must ignore self._ignore[modulename] = 1 return 1 # Ignore a file when it contains one of the ignorable paths for d in self._dirs: # The '+ os.sep' is to ensure that d is a parent directory, # as compared to cases like: # d = "/usr/local" # filename = "/usr/local.py" # or # d = "/usr/local.py" # filename = "/usr/local.py" if filename.startswith(d + os.sep): self._ignore[modulename] = 1 return 1 # Tried the different ways, so we don't ignore this module self._ignore[modulename] = 0 return 0 def _modname(path): """Return a plausible module name for the patch.""" base = os.path.basename(path) filename, ext = os.path.splitext(base) return filename def _fullmodname(path): """Return a plausible module name for the path.""" # If the file 'path' is part of a package, then the filename isn't # enough to uniquely identify it. Try to do the right thing by # looking in sys.path for the longest matching prefix. We'll # assume that the rest is the package name. comparepath = os.path.normcase(path) longest = "" for dir in sys.path: dir = os.path.normcase(dir) if comparepath.startswith(dir) and comparepath[len(dir)] == os.sep: if len(dir) > len(longest): longest = dir if longest: base = path[len(longest) + 1:] else: base = path # the drive letter is never part of the module name drive, base = os.path.splitdrive(base) base = base.replace(os.sep, ".") if os.altsep: base = base.replace(os.altsep, ".") filename, ext = os.path.splitext(base) return filename.lstrip(".") class CoverageResults: def __init__(self, counts=None, calledfuncs=None, infile=None, callers=None, outfile=None): self.counts = counts if self.counts is None: self.counts = {} self.counter = self.counts.copy() # map (filename, lineno) to count self.calledfuncs = calledfuncs if self.calledfuncs is None: self.calledfuncs = {} self.calledfuncs = self.calledfuncs.copy() self.callers = callers if self.callers is None: self.callers = {} self.callers = self.callers.copy() self.infile = infile self.outfile = outfile if self.infile: # Try to merge existing counts file. try: with open(self.infile, 'rb') as f: counts, calledfuncs, callers = pickle.load(f) self.update(self.__class__(counts, calledfuncs, callers)) except (OSError, EOFError, ValueError) as err: print(("Skipping counts file %r: %s" % (self.infile, err)), file=sys.stderr) def is_ignored_filename(self, filename): """Return True if the filename does not refer to a file we want to have reported. """ return filename.startswith('<') and filename.endswith('>') def update(self, other): """Merge in the data from another CoverageResults""" counts = self.counts calledfuncs = self.calledfuncs callers = self.callers other_counts = other.counts other_calledfuncs = other.calledfuncs other_callers = other.callers for key in other_counts: counts[key] = counts.get(key, 0) + other_counts[key] for key in other_calledfuncs: calledfuncs[key] = 1 for key in other_callers: callers[key] = 1 def write_results(self, show_missing=True, summary=False, coverdir=None): """ @param coverdir """ if self.calledfuncs: print() print("functions called:") calls = self.calledfuncs for filename, modulename, funcname in sorted(calls): print(("filename: %s, modulename: %s, funcname: %s" % (filename, modulename, funcname))) if self.callers: print() print("calling relationships:") lastfile = lastcfile = "" for ((pfile, pmod, pfunc), (cfile, cmod, cfunc)) \ in sorted(self.callers): if pfile != lastfile: print() print("*", pfile, "") lastfile = pfile lastcfile = "" if cfile != pfile and lastcfile != cfile: print(" -->", cfile) lastcfile = cfile print(" %s.%s -> %s.%s" % (pmod, pfunc, cmod, cfunc)) # turn the counts data ("(filename, lineno) = count") into something # accessible on a per-file basis per_file = {} for filename, lineno in self.counts: lines_hit = per_file[filename] = per_file.get(filename, {}) lines_hit[lineno] = self.counts[(filename, lineno)] # accumulate summary info, if needed sums = {} for filename, count in per_file.items(): if self.is_ignored_filename(filename): continue if filename.endswith(".pyc"): filename = filename[:-1] if coverdir is None: dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename)) modulename = _modname(filename) else: dir = coverdir if not os.path.exists(dir): os.makedirs(dir) modulename = _fullmodname(filename) # If desired, get a list of the line numbers which represent # executable content (returned as a dict for better lookup speed) if show_missing: lnotab = _find_executable_linenos(filename) else: lnotab = {} if lnotab: source = linecache.getlines(filename) coverpath = os.path.join(dir, modulename + ".cover") with open(filename, 'rb') as fp: encoding, _ = tokenize.detect_encoding(fp.readline) n_hits, n_lines = self.write_results_file(coverpath, source, lnotab, count, encoding) if summary and n_lines: percent = int(100 n_hits / n_lines) sums[modulename] = n_lines, percent, modulename, filename if summary and sums: print("lines cov% module (path)") for m in sorted(sums): n_lines, percent, modulename, filename = sums[m] print("%5d %3d%% %s (%s)" % sums[m]) if self.outfile: # try and store counts and module info into self.outfile try: pickle.dump((self.counts, self.calledfuncs, self.callers), open(self.outfile, 'wb'), 1) except OSError as err: print("Can't save counts files because %s" % err, file=sys.stderr) def write_results_file(self, path, lines, lnotab, lines_hit, encoding=None): """Return a coverage results file in path.""" try: outfile = open(path, "w", encoding=encoding) except OSError as err: print(("trace: Could not open %r for writing: %s" "- skipping" % (path, err)), file=sys.stderr) return 0, 0 n_lines = 0 n_hits = 0 with outfile: for lineno, line in enumerate(lines, 1): # do the blank/comment match to try to mark more lines # (help the reader find stuff that hasn't been covered) if lineno in lines_hit: outfile.write("%5d: " % lines_hit[lineno]) n_hits += 1 n_lines += 1 elif rx_blank.match(line): outfile.write(" ") else: # lines preceded by no marks weren't hit # Highlight them if so indicated, unless the line contains # #pragma: NO COVER if lineno in lnotab and not PRAGMA_NOCOVER in line: outfile.write(">>>>>> ") n_lines += 1 else: outfile.write(" ") outfile.write(line.expandtabs(8)) return n_hits, n_lines def _find_lines_from_code(code, strs): """Return dict where keys are lines in the line number table.""" linenos = {} for _, lineno in dis.findlinestarts(code): if lineno not in strs: linenos[lineno] = 1 return linenos def _find_lines(code, strs): """Return lineno dict for all code objects reachable from code.""" # get all of the lineno information from the code of this scope level linenos = _find_lines_from_code(code, strs) # and check the constants for references to other code objects for c in code.co_consts: if inspect.iscode(c): # find another code object, so recurse into it linenos.update(_find_lines(c, strs)) return linenos def _find_strings(filename, encoding=None): """Return a dict of possible docstring positions. The dict maps line numbers to strings. There is an entry for line that contains only a string or a part of a triple-quoted string. """ d = {} # If the first token is a string, then it's the module docstring. # Add this special case so that the test in the loop passes. prev_ttype = token.INDENT with open(filename, encoding=encoding) as f: tok = tokenize.generate_tokens(f.readline) for ttype, tstr, start, end, line in tok: if ttype == token.STRING: if prev_ttype == token.INDENT: sline, scol = start eline, ecol = end for i in range(sline, eline + 1): d[i] = 1 prev_ttype = ttype return d def _find_executable_linenos(filename): """Return dict where keys are line numbers in the line number table.""" try: with tokenize.open(filename) as f: prog = f.read() encoding = f.encoding except OSError as err: print(("Not printing coverage data for %r: %s" % (filename, err)), file=sys.stderr) return {} code = compile(prog, filename, "exec") strs = _find_strings(filename, encoding) return _find_lines(code, strs) class Trace: def __init__(self, count=1, trace=1, countfuncs=0, countcallers=0, ignoremods=(), ignoredirs=(), infile=None, outfile=None, timing=False): """ @param count true iff it should count number of times each line is executed @param trace true iff it should print out each line that is being counted @param countfuncs true iff it should just output a list of (filename, modulename, funcname,) for functions that were called at least once; This overrides `count' and `trace' @param ignoremods a list of the names of modules to ignore @param ignoredirs a list of the names of directories to ignore all of the (recursive) contents of @param infile file from which to read stored counts to be added into the results @param outfile file in which to write the results @param timing true iff timing information be displayed """ self.infile = infile self.outfile = outfile self.ignore = _Ignore(ignoremods, ignoredirs) self.counts = {} # keys are (filename, linenumber) self.pathtobasename = {} # for memoizing os.path.basename self.donothing = 0 self.trace = trace self._calledfuncs = {} self._callers = {} self._caller_cache = {} self.start_time = None if timing: self.start_time = _time() if countcallers: self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_trackcallers elif countfuncs: self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_countfuncs elif trace and count: self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt self.localtrace = self.localtrace_trace_and_count elif trace: self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt self.localtrace = self.localtrace_trace elif count: self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt self.localtrace = self.localtrace_count else: # Ahem -- do nothing? Okay. self.donothing = 1 def run(self, cmd): import __main__ dict = __main__.__dict__ self.runctx(cmd, dict, dict) def runctx(self, cmd, globals=None, locals=None): if globals is None: globals = {} if locals is None: locals = {} if not self.donothing: _settrace(self.globaltrace) try: exec(cmd, globals, locals) finally: if not self.donothing: _unsettrace() def runfunc(self, func, args, kw): result = None if not self.donothing: sys.settrace(self.globaltrace) try: result = func(args, *kw) finally: if not self.donothing: sys.settrace(None) return result def file_module_function_of(self, frame): code = frame.f_code filename = code.co_filename if filename: modulename = _modname(filename) else: modulename = None funcname = code.co_name clsname = None if code in self._caller_cache: if self._caller_cache[code] is not None: clsname = self._caller_cache[code] else: self._caller_cache[code] = None ## use of gc.get_referrers() was suggested by Michael Hudson # all functions which refer to this code object funcs = [f for f in gc.get_referrers(code) if inspect.isfunction(f)] # require len(func) == 1 to avoid ambiguity caused by calls to # new.function(): "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the # temptation to guess." if len(funcs) == 1: dicts = [d for d in gc.get_referrers(funcs[0]) if isinstance(d, dict)] if len(dicts) == 1: classes = [c for c in gc.get_referrers(dicts[0]) if hasattr(c, "__bases__")] if len(classes) == 1: # ditto for new.classobj() clsname = classes[0].__name__ # cache the result - assumption is that new. is # not called later to disturb this relationship # _caller_cache could be flushed if functions in # the new module get called. self._caller_cache[code] = clsname if clsname is not None: funcname = "%s.%s" % (clsname, funcname) return filename, modulename, funcname def globaltrace_trackcallers(self, frame, why, arg): """Handler for call events. Adds information about who called who to the self._callers dict. """ if why == 'call': # XXX Should do a better job of identifying methods this_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame) parent_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame.f_back) self._callers[(parent_func, this_func)] = 1 def globaltrace_countfuncs(self, frame, why, arg): """Handler for call events. Adds (filename, modulename, funcname) to the self._calledfuncs dict. """ if why == 'call': this_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame) self._calledfuncs[this_func] = 1 def globaltrace_lt(self, frame, why, arg): """Handler for call events. If the code block being entered is to be ignored, returns `None', else returns self.localtrace. """ if why == 'call': code = frame.f_code filename = frame.f_globals.get('__file__', None) if filename: # XXX _modname() doesn't work right for packages, so # the ignore support won't work right for packages modulename = _modname(filename) if modulename is not None: ignore_it = self.ignore.names(filename, modulename) if not ignore_it: if self.trace: print((" --- modulename: %s, funcname: %s" % (modulename, code.co_name))) return self.localtrace else: return None def localtrace_trace_and_count(self, frame, why, arg): if why == "line": # record the file name and line number of every trace filename = frame.f_code.co_filename lineno = frame.f_lineno key = filename, lineno self.counts[key] = self.counts.get(key, 0) + 1 if self.start_time: print('%.2f' % (_time() - self.start_time), end=' ') bname = os.path.basename(filename) print("%s(%d): %s" % (bname, lineno, linecache.getline(filename, lineno)), end='') return self.localtrace def localtrace_trace(self, frame, why, arg): if why == "line": # record the file name and line number of every trace filename = frame.f_code.co_filename lineno = frame.f_lineno if self.start_time: print('%.2f' % (_time() - self.start_time), end=' ') bname = os.path.basename(filename) print("%s(%d): %s" % (bname, lineno, linecache.getline(filename, lineno)), end='') return self.localtrace def localtrace_count(self, frame, why, arg): if why == "line": filename = frame.f_code.co_filename lineno = frame.f_lineno key = filename, lineno self.counts[key] = self.counts.get(key, 0) + 1 return self.localtrace def results(self): return CoverageResults(self.counts, infile=self.infile, outfile=self.outfile, calledfuncs=self._calledfuncs, callers=self._callers) def _err_exit(msg): sys.stderr.write("%s: %s\n" % (sys.argv[0], msg)) sys.exit(1) def main(argv=None): import getopt if argv is None: argv = sys.argv try: opts, prog_argv = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], "tcrRf:d:msC:lTg", ["help", "version", "trace", "count", "report", "no-report", "summary", "file=", "missing", "ignore-module=", "ignore-dir=", "coverdir=", "listfuncs", "trackcalls", "timing"]) except getopt.error as msg: sys.stderr.write("%s: %s\n" % (sys.argv[0], msg)) sys.stderr.write("Try `%s --help' for more information\n" % sys.argv[0]) sys.exit(1) trace = 0 count = 0 report = 0 no_report = 0 counts_file = None missing = 0 ignore_modules = [] ignore_dirs = [] coverdir = None summary = 0 listfuncs = False countcallers = False timing = False for opt, val in opts: if opt == "--help": _usage(sys.stdout) sys.exit(0) if opt == "--version": sys.stdout.write("trace 2.0\n") sys.exit(0) if opt == "-T" or opt == "--trackcalls": countcallers = True continue if opt == "-l" or opt == "--listfuncs": listfuncs = True continue if opt == "-g" or opt == "--timing": timing = True continue if opt == "-t" or opt == "--trace": trace = 1 continue if opt == "-c" or opt == "--count": count = 1 continue if opt == "-r" or opt == "--report": report = 1 continue if opt == "-R" or opt == "--no-report": no_report = 1 continue if opt == "-f" or opt == "--file": counts_file = val continue if opt == "-m" or opt == "--missing": missing = 1 continue if opt == "-C" or opt == "--coverdir": coverdir = val continue if opt == "-s" or opt == "--summary": summary = 1 continue if opt == "--ignore-module": for mod in val.split(","): ignore_modules.append(mod.strip()) continue if opt == "--ignore-dir": for s in val.split(os.pathsep): s = os.path.expandvars(s) # should I also call expanduser? (after all, could use $HOME) s = s.replace("$prefix", os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3])) s = s.replace("$exec_prefix", os.path.join(sys.base_exec_prefix, "lib", "python" + sys.version[:3])) s = os.path.normpath(s) ignore_dirs.append(s) continue assert 0, "Should never get here" if listfuncs and (count or trace): _err_exit("cannot specify both --listfuncs and (--trace or --count)") if not (count or trace or report or listfuncs or countcallers): _err_exit("must specify one of --trace, --count, --report, " "--listfuncs, or --trackcalls") if report and no_report: _err_exit("cannot specify both --report and --no-report") if report and not counts_file: _err_exit("--report requires a --file") if no_report and len(prog_argv) == 0: _err_exit("missing name of file to run") # everything is ready if report: results = CoverageResults(infile=counts_file, outfile=counts_file) results.write_results(missing, summary=summary, coverdir=coverdir) else: sys.argv = prog_argv progname = prog_argv[0] sys.path[0] = os.path.split(progname)[0] t = Trace(count, trace, countfuncs=listfuncs, countcallers=countcallers, ignoremods=ignore_modules, ignoredirs=ignore_dirs, infile=counts_file, outfile=counts_file, timing=timing) try: with open(progname) as fp: code = compile(fp.read(), progname, 'exec') # try to emulate __main__ namespace as much as possible globs = { '__file__': progname, '__name__': '__main__', '__package__': None, '__cached__': None, } t.runctx(code, globs, globs) except OSError as err: _err_exit("Cannot run file %r because: %s" % (sys.argv[0], err)) except SystemExit: pass results = t.results() if not no_report: results.write_results(missing, summary=summary, coverdir=coverdir) # Deprecated API def usage(outfile): _warn("The trace.usage() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) _usage(outfile) class Ignore(_Ignore): def __init__(self, modules=None, dirs=None): _warn("The class trace.Ignore is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) _Ignore.__init__(self, modules, dirs) def modname(path): _warn("The trace.modname() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) return _modname(path) def fullmodname(path): _warn("The trace.fullmodname() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) return _fullmodname(path) def find_lines_from_code(code, strs): _warn("The trace.find_lines_from_code() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) return _find_lines_from_code(code, strs) def find_lines(code, strs): _warn("The trace.find_lines() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) return _find_lines(code, strs) def find_strings(filename, encoding=None): _warn("The trace.find_strings() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) return _find_strings(filename, encoding=None) def find_executable_linenos(filename): _warn("The trace.find_executable_linenos() function is deprecated", DeprecationWarning, 2) return _find_executable_linenos(filename) if __name__=='__main__': main() Back

Edit File : trace.py | Size : 30.81 KB

#! /opt/alt/python35/bin/python3.5

# portions copyright 2001, Autonomous Zones Industries, Inc., all rights...
# err...  reserved and offered to the public under the terms of the
# Python 2.2 license.
# Author: Zooko O'Whielacronx
# http://zooko.com/
# mailto:zooko@zooko.com
#
# Copyright 2000, Mojam Media, Inc., all rights reserved.
# Author: Skip Montanaro
#
# Copyright 1999, Bioreason, Inc., all rights reserved.
# Author: Andrew Dalke
#
# Copyright 1995-1997, Automatrix, Inc., all rights reserved.
# Author: Skip Montanaro
#
# Copyright 1991-1995, Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, all rights reserved.
#
#
# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software and
# its associated documentation for any purpose without fee is hereby
# granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies,
# and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
# supporting documentation, and that the name of neither Automatrix,
# Bioreason or Mojam Media be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
# distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission.
#
"""program/module to trace Python program or function execution

Sample use, command line:
  trace.py -c -f counts --ignore-dir '$prefix' spam.py eggs
  trace.py -t --ignore-dir '$prefix' spam.py eggs
  trace.py --trackcalls spam.py eggs

Sample use, programmatically
  import sys

# create a Trace object, telling it what to ignore, and whether to
  # do tracing or line-counting or both.
  tracer = trace.Trace(ignoredirs=[sys.base_prefix, sys.base_exec_prefix,],
                       trace=0, count=1)
  # run the new command using the given tracer
  tracer.run('main()')
  # make a report, placing output in /tmp
  r = tracer.results()
  r.write_results(show_missing=True, coverdir="/tmp")
"""
__all__ = ['Trace', 'CoverageResults']
import linecache
import os
import re
import sys
import token
import tokenize
import inspect
import gc
import dis
import pickle
from warnings import warn as _warn
from time import monotonic as _time

try:
    import threading
except ImportError:
    _settrace = sys.settrace

def _unsettrace():
        sys.settrace(None)
else:
    def _settrace(func):
        threading.settrace(func)
        sys.settrace(func)

def _unsettrace():
        sys.settrace(None)
        threading.settrace(None)

def _usage(outfile):
    outfile.write("""Usage: %s [OPTIONS] <file> [ARGS]

Meta-options:
--help                Display this help then exit.
--version             Output version information then exit.

Otherwise, exactly one of the following three options must be given:
-t, --trace           Print each line to sys.stdout before it is executed.
-c, --count           Count the number of times each line is executed
                      and write the counts to <module>.cover for each
                      module executed, in the module's directory.
                      See also `--coverdir', `--file', `--no-report' below.
-l, --listfuncs       Keep track of which functions are executed at least
                      once and write the results to sys.stdout after the
                      program exits.
-T, --trackcalls      Keep track of caller/called pairs and write the
                      results to sys.stdout after the program exits.
-r, --report          Generate a report from a counts file; do not execute
                      any code.  `--file' must specify the results file to
                      read, which must have been created in a previous run
                      with `--count --file=FILE'.

Modifiers:
-f, --file=<file>     File to accumulate counts over several runs.
-R, --no-report       Do not generate the coverage report files.
                      Useful if you want to accumulate over several runs.
-C, --coverdir=<dir>  Directory where the report files.  The coverage
                      report for <package>.<module> is written to file
                      <dir>/<package>/<module>.cover.
-m, --missing         Annotate executable lines that were not executed
                      with '>>>>>> '.
-s, --summary         Write a brief summary on stdout for each file.
                      (Can only be used with --count or --report.)
-g, --timing          Prefix each line with the time since the program started.
                      Only used while tracing.

Filters, may be repeated multiple times:
--ignore-module=<mod> Ignore the given module(s) and its submodules
                      (if it is a package).  Accepts comma separated
                      list of module names
--ignore-dir=<dir>    Ignore files in the given directory (multiple
                      directories can be joined by os.pathsep).
""" % sys.argv[0])

PRAGMA_NOCOVER = "#pragma NO COVER"

# Simple rx to find lines with no code.
rx_blank = re.compile(r'^\s*(#.*)?$')

class _Ignore:
    def __init__(self, modules=None, dirs=None):
        self._mods = set() if not modules else set(modules)
        self._dirs = [] if not dirs else [os.path.normpath(d)
                                          for d in dirs]
        self._ignore = { '<string>': 1 }

def names(self, filename, modulename):
        if modulename in self._ignore:
            return self._ignore[modulename]

# haven't seen this one before, so see if the module name is
        # on the ignore list.
        if modulename in self._mods:  # Identical names, so ignore
            self._ignore[modulename] = 1
            return 1

# check if the module is a proper submodule of something on
        # the ignore list
        for mod in self._mods:
            # Need to take some care since ignoring
            # "cmp" mustn't mean ignoring "cmpcache" but ignoring
            # "Spam" must also mean ignoring "Spam.Eggs".
            if modulename.startswith(mod + '.'):
                self._ignore[modulename] = 1
                return 1

# Now check that filename isn't in one of the directories
        if filename is None:
            # must be a built-in, so we must ignore
            self._ignore[modulename] = 1
            return 1

# Ignore a file when it contains one of the ignorable paths
        for d in self._dirs:
            # The '+ os.sep' is to ensure that d is a parent directory,
            # as compared to cases like:
            #  d = "/usr/local"
            #  filename = "/usr/local.py"
            # or
            #  d = "/usr/local.py"
            #  filename = "/usr/local.py"
            if filename.startswith(d + os.sep):
                self._ignore[modulename] = 1
                return 1

# Tried the different ways, so we don't ignore this module
        self._ignore[modulename] = 0
        return 0

def _modname(path):
    """Return a plausible module name for the patch."""

base = os.path.basename(path)
    filename, ext = os.path.splitext(base)
    return filename

def _fullmodname(path):
    """Return a plausible module name for the path."""

# If the file 'path' is part of a package, then the filename isn't
    # enough to uniquely identify it.  Try to do the right thing by
    # looking in sys.path for the longest matching prefix.  We'll
    # assume that the rest is the package name.

comparepath = os.path.normcase(path)
    longest = ""
    for dir in sys.path:
        dir = os.path.normcase(dir)
        if comparepath.startswith(dir) and comparepath[len(dir)] == os.sep:
            if len(dir) > len(longest):
                longest = dir

if longest:
        base = path[len(longest) + 1:]
    else:
        base = path
    # the drive letter is never part of the module name
    drive, base = os.path.splitdrive(base)
    base = base.replace(os.sep, ".")
    if os.altsep:
        base = base.replace(os.altsep, ".")
    filename, ext = os.path.splitext(base)
    return filename.lstrip(".")

class CoverageResults:
    def __init__(self, counts=None, calledfuncs=None, infile=None,
                 callers=None, outfile=None):
        self.counts = counts
        if self.counts is None:
            self.counts = {}
        self.counter = self.counts.copy() # map (filename, lineno) to count
        self.calledfuncs = calledfuncs
        if self.calledfuncs is None:
            self.calledfuncs = {}
        self.calledfuncs = self.calledfuncs.copy()
        self.callers = callers
        if self.callers is None:
            self.callers = {}
        self.callers = self.callers.copy()
        self.infile = infile
        self.outfile = outfile
        if self.infile:
            # Try to merge existing counts file.
            try:
                with open(self.infile, 'rb') as f:
                    counts, calledfuncs, callers = pickle.load(f)
                self.update(self.__class__(counts, calledfuncs, callers))
            except (OSError, EOFError, ValueError) as err:
                print(("Skipping counts file %r: %s"
                                      % (self.infile, err)), file=sys.stderr)

def is_ignored_filename(self, filename):
        """Return True if the filename does not refer to a file
        we want to have reported.
        """
        return filename.startswith('<') and filename.endswith('>')

def update(self, other):
        """Merge in the data from another CoverageResults"""
        counts = self.counts
        calledfuncs = self.calledfuncs
        callers = self.callers
        other_counts = other.counts
        other_calledfuncs = other.calledfuncs
        other_callers = other.callers

for key in other_counts:
            counts[key] = counts.get(key, 0) + other_counts[key]

for key in other_calledfuncs:
            calledfuncs[key] = 1

for key in other_callers:
            callers[key] = 1

def write_results(self, show_missing=True, summary=False, coverdir=None):
        """
        @param coverdir
        """
        if self.calledfuncs:
            print()
            print("functions called:")
            calls = self.calledfuncs
            for filename, modulename, funcname in sorted(calls):
                print(("filename: %s, modulename: %s, funcname: %s"
                       % (filename, modulename, funcname)))

if self.callers:
            print()
            print("calling relationships:")
            lastfile = lastcfile = ""
            for ((pfile, pmod, pfunc), (cfile, cmod, cfunc)) \
                    in sorted(self.callers):
                if pfile != lastfile:
                    print()
                    print("***", pfile, "***")
                    lastfile = pfile
                    lastcfile = ""
                if cfile != pfile and lastcfile != cfile:
                    print("  -->", cfile)
                    lastcfile = cfile
                print("    %s.%s -> %s.%s" % (pmod, pfunc, cmod, cfunc))

# turn the counts data ("(filename, lineno) = count") into something
        # accessible on a per-file basis
        per_file = {}
        for filename, lineno in self.counts:
            lines_hit = per_file[filename] = per_file.get(filename, {})
            lines_hit[lineno] = self.counts[(filename, lineno)]

# accumulate summary info, if needed
        sums = {}

for filename, count in per_file.items():
            if self.is_ignored_filename(filename):
                continue

if filename.endswith(".pyc"):
                filename = filename[:-1]

if coverdir is None:
                dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(filename))
                modulename = _modname(filename)
            else:
                dir = coverdir
                if not os.path.exists(dir):
                    os.makedirs(dir)
                modulename = _fullmodname(filename)

# If desired, get a list of the line numbers which represent
            # executable content (returned as a dict for better lookup speed)
            if show_missing:
                lnotab = _find_executable_linenos(filename)
            else:
                lnotab = {}
            if lnotab:
                source = linecache.getlines(filename)
                coverpath = os.path.join(dir, modulename + ".cover")
                with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
                    encoding, _ = tokenize.detect_encoding(fp.readline)
                n_hits, n_lines = self.write_results_file(coverpath, source,
                                                          lnotab, count, encoding)
                if summary and n_lines:
                    percent = int(100 * n_hits / n_lines)
                    sums[modulename] = n_lines, percent, modulename, filename

if summary and sums:
            print("lines   cov%   module   (path)")
            for m in sorted(sums):
                n_lines, percent, modulename, filename = sums[m]
                print("%5d   %3d%%   %s   (%s)" % sums[m])

if self.outfile:
            # try and store counts and module info into self.outfile
            try:
                pickle.dump((self.counts, self.calledfuncs, self.callers),
                            open(self.outfile, 'wb'), 1)
            except OSError as err:
                print("Can't save counts files because %s" % err, file=sys.stderr)

def write_results_file(self, path, lines, lnotab, lines_hit, encoding=None):
        """Return a coverage results file in path."""

try:
            outfile = open(path, "w", encoding=encoding)
        except OSError as err:
            print(("trace: Could not open %r for writing: %s"
                                  "- skipping" % (path, err)), file=sys.stderr)
            return 0, 0

n_lines = 0
        n_hits = 0
        with outfile:
            for lineno, line in enumerate(lines, 1):
                # do the blank/comment match to try to mark more lines
                # (help the reader find stuff that hasn't been covered)
                if lineno in lines_hit:
                    outfile.write("%5d: " % lines_hit[lineno])
                    n_hits += 1
                    n_lines += 1
                elif rx_blank.match(line):
                    outfile.write("       ")
                else:
                    # lines preceded by no marks weren't hit
                    # Highlight them if so indicated, unless the line contains
                    # #pragma: NO COVER
                    if lineno in lnotab and not PRAGMA_NOCOVER in line:
                        outfile.write(">>>>>> ")
                        n_lines += 1
                    else:
                        outfile.write("       ")
                outfile.write(line.expandtabs(8))

return n_hits, n_lines

def _find_lines_from_code(code, strs):
    """Return dict where keys are lines in the line number table."""
    linenos = {}

for _, lineno in dis.findlinestarts(code):
        if lineno not in strs:
            linenos[lineno] = 1

return linenos

def _find_lines(code, strs):
    """Return lineno dict for all code objects reachable from code."""
    # get all of the lineno information from the code of this scope level
    linenos = _find_lines_from_code(code, strs)

# and check the constants for references to other code objects
    for c in code.co_consts:
        if inspect.iscode(c):
            # find another code object, so recurse into it
            linenos.update(_find_lines(c, strs))
    return linenos

def _find_strings(filename, encoding=None):
    """Return a dict of possible docstring positions.

The dict maps line numbers to strings.  There is an entry for
    line that contains only a string or a part of a triple-quoted
    string.
    """
    d = {}
    # If the first token is a string, then it's the module docstring.
    # Add this special case so that the test in the loop passes.
    prev_ttype = token.INDENT
    with open(filename, encoding=encoding) as f:
        tok = tokenize.generate_tokens(f.readline)
        for ttype, tstr, start, end, line in tok:
            if ttype == token.STRING:
                if prev_ttype == token.INDENT:
                    sline, scol = start
                    eline, ecol = end
                    for i in range(sline, eline + 1):
                        d[i] = 1
            prev_ttype = ttype
    return d

def _find_executable_linenos(filename):
    """Return dict where keys are line numbers in the line number table."""
    try:
        with tokenize.open(filename) as f:
            prog = f.read()
            encoding = f.encoding
    except OSError as err:
        print(("Not printing coverage data for %r: %s"
                              % (filename, err)), file=sys.stderr)
        return {}
    code = compile(prog, filename, "exec")
    strs = _find_strings(filename, encoding)
    return _find_lines(code, strs)

class Trace:
    def __init__(self, count=1, trace=1, countfuncs=0, countcallers=0,
                 ignoremods=(), ignoredirs=(), infile=None, outfile=None,
                 timing=False):
        """
        @param count true iff it should count number of times each
                     line is executed
        @param trace true iff it should print out each line that is
                     being counted
        @param countfuncs true iff it should just output a list of
                     (filename, modulename, funcname,) for functions
                     that were called at least once;  This overrides
                     `count' and `trace'
        @param ignoremods a list of the names of modules to ignore
        @param ignoredirs a list of the names of directories to ignore
                     all of the (recursive) contents of
        @param infile file from which to read stored counts to be
                     added into the results
        @param outfile file in which to write the results
        @param timing true iff timing information be displayed
        """
        self.infile = infile
        self.outfile = outfile
        self.ignore = _Ignore(ignoremods, ignoredirs)
        self.counts = {}   # keys are (filename, linenumber)
        self.pathtobasename = {} # for memoizing os.path.basename
        self.donothing = 0
        self.trace = trace
        self._calledfuncs = {}
        self._callers = {}
        self._caller_cache = {}
        self.start_time = None
        if timing:
            self.start_time = _time()
        if countcallers:
            self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_trackcallers
        elif countfuncs:
            self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_countfuncs
        elif trace and count:
            self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt
            self.localtrace = self.localtrace_trace_and_count
        elif trace:
            self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt
            self.localtrace = self.localtrace_trace
        elif count:
            self.globaltrace = self.globaltrace_lt
            self.localtrace = self.localtrace_count
        else:
            # Ahem -- do nothing?  Okay.
            self.donothing = 1

def run(self, cmd):
        import __main__
        dict = __main__.__dict__
        self.runctx(cmd, dict, dict)

def runctx(self, cmd, globals=None, locals=None):
        if globals is None: globals = {}
        if locals is None: locals = {}
        if not self.donothing:
            _settrace(self.globaltrace)
        try:
            exec(cmd, globals, locals)
        finally:
            if not self.donothing:
                _unsettrace()

def runfunc(self, func, *args, **kw):
        result = None
        if not self.donothing:
            sys.settrace(self.globaltrace)
        try:
            result = func(*args, **kw)
        finally:
            if not self.donothing:
                sys.settrace(None)
        return result

def file_module_function_of(self, frame):
        code = frame.f_code
        filename = code.co_filename
        if filename:
            modulename = _modname(filename)
        else:
            modulename = None

funcname = code.co_name
        clsname = None
        if code in self._caller_cache:
            if self._caller_cache[code] is not None:
                clsname = self._caller_cache[code]
        else:
            self._caller_cache[code] = None
            ## use of gc.get_referrers() was suggested by Michael Hudson
            # all functions which refer to this code object
            funcs = [f for f in gc.get_referrers(code)
                         if inspect.isfunction(f)]
            # require len(func) == 1 to avoid ambiguity caused by calls to
            # new.function(): "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the
            # temptation to guess."
            if len(funcs) == 1:
                dicts = [d for d in gc.get_referrers(funcs[0])
                             if isinstance(d, dict)]
                if len(dicts) == 1:
                    classes = [c for c in gc.get_referrers(dicts[0])
                                   if hasattr(c, "__bases__")]
                    if len(classes) == 1:
                        # ditto for new.classobj()
                        clsname = classes[0].__name__
                        # cache the result - assumption is that new.* is
                        # not called later to disturb this relationship
                        # _caller_cache could be flushed if functions in
                        # the new module get called.
                        self._caller_cache[code] = clsname
        if clsname is not None:
            funcname = "%s.%s" % (clsname, funcname)

return filename, modulename, funcname

def globaltrace_trackcallers(self, frame, why, arg):
        """Handler for call events.

Adds information about who called who to the self._callers dict.
        """
        if why == 'call':
            # XXX Should do a better job of identifying methods
            this_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame)
            parent_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame.f_back)
            self._callers[(parent_func, this_func)] = 1

def globaltrace_countfuncs(self, frame, why, arg):
        """Handler for call events.

Adds (filename, modulename, funcname) to the self._calledfuncs dict.
        """
        if why == 'call':
            this_func = self.file_module_function_of(frame)
            self._calledfuncs[this_func] = 1

def globaltrace_lt(self, frame, why, arg):
        """Handler for call events.

If the code block being entered is to be ignored, returns `None',
        else returns self.localtrace.
        """
        if why == 'call':
            code = frame.f_code
            filename = frame.f_globals.get('__file__', None)
            if filename:
                # XXX _modname() doesn't work right for packages, so
                # the ignore support won't work right for packages
                modulename = _modname(filename)
                if modulename is not None:
                    ignore_it = self.ignore.names(filename, modulename)
                    if not ignore_it:
                        if self.trace:
                            print((" --- modulename: %s, funcname: %s"
                                   % (modulename, code.co_name)))
                        return self.localtrace
            else:
                return None

def localtrace_trace_and_count(self, frame, why, arg):
        if why == "line":
            # record the file name and line number of every trace
            filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
            lineno = frame.f_lineno
            key = filename, lineno
            self.counts[key] = self.counts.get(key, 0) + 1

if self.start_time:
                print('%.2f' % (_time() - self.start_time), end=' ')
            bname = os.path.basename(filename)
            print("%s(%d): %s" % (bname, lineno,
                                  linecache.getline(filename, lineno)), end='')
        return self.localtrace

def localtrace_trace(self, frame, why, arg):
        if why == "line":
            # record the file name and line number of every trace
            filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
            lineno = frame.f_lineno

def localtrace_count(self, frame, why, arg):
        if why == "line":
            filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
            lineno = frame.f_lineno
            key = filename, lineno
            self.counts[key] = self.counts.get(key, 0) + 1
        return self.localtrace

def results(self):
        return CoverageResults(self.counts, infile=self.infile,
                               outfile=self.outfile,
                               calledfuncs=self._calledfuncs,
                               callers=self._callers)

def _err_exit(msg):
    sys.stderr.write("%s: %s\n" % (sys.argv[0], msg))
    sys.exit(1)

def main(argv=None):
    import getopt

if argv is None:
        argv = sys.argv
    try:
        opts, prog_argv = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], "tcrRf:d:msC:lTg",
                                        ["help", "version", "trace", "count",
                                         "report", "no-report", "summary",
                                         "file=", "missing",
                                         "ignore-module=", "ignore-dir=",
                                         "coverdir=", "listfuncs",
                                         "trackcalls", "timing"])

except getopt.error as msg:
        sys.stderr.write("%s: %s\n" % (sys.argv[0], msg))
        sys.stderr.write("Try `%s --help' for more information\n"
                         % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)

trace = 0
    count = 0
    report = 0
    no_report = 0
    counts_file = None
    missing = 0
    ignore_modules = []
    ignore_dirs = []
    coverdir = None
    summary = 0
    listfuncs = False
    countcallers = False
    timing = False

for opt, val in opts:
        if opt == "--help":
            _usage(sys.stdout)
            sys.exit(0)

if opt == "--version":
            sys.stdout.write("trace 2.0\n")
            sys.exit(0)

if opt == "-T" or opt == "--trackcalls":
            countcallers = True
            continue

if opt == "-l" or opt == "--listfuncs":
            listfuncs = True
            continue

if opt == "-g" or opt == "--timing":
            timing = True
            continue

if opt == "-t" or opt == "--trace":
            trace = 1
            continue

if opt == "-c" or opt == "--count":
            count = 1
            continue

if opt == "-r" or opt == "--report":
            report = 1
            continue

if opt == "-R" or opt == "--no-report":
            no_report = 1
            continue

if opt == "-f" or opt == "--file":
            counts_file = val
            continue

if opt == "-m" or opt == "--missing":
            missing = 1
            continue

if opt == "-C" or opt == "--coverdir":
            coverdir = val
            continue

if opt == "-s" or opt == "--summary":
            summary = 1
            continue

if opt == "--ignore-module":
            for mod in val.split(","):
                ignore_modules.append(mod.strip())
            continue

if opt == "--ignore-dir":
            for s in val.split(os.pathsep):
                s = os.path.expandvars(s)
                # should I also call expanduser? (after all, could use $HOME)

s = s.replace("$prefix",
                              os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, "lib",
                                           "python" + sys.version[:3]))
                s = s.replace("$exec_prefix",
                              os.path.join(sys.base_exec_prefix, "lib",
                                           "python" + sys.version[:3]))
                s = os.path.normpath(s)
                ignore_dirs.append(s)
            continue

assert 0, "Should never get here"

if listfuncs and (count or trace):
        _err_exit("cannot specify both --listfuncs and (--trace or --count)")

if not (count or trace or report or listfuncs or countcallers):
        _err_exit("must specify one of --trace, --count, --report, "
                  "--listfuncs, or --trackcalls")

if report and no_report:
        _err_exit("cannot specify both --report and --no-report")

if report and not counts_file:
        _err_exit("--report requires a --file")

if no_report and len(prog_argv) == 0:
        _err_exit("missing name of file to run")

# everything is ready
    if report:
        results = CoverageResults(infile=counts_file, outfile=counts_file)
        results.write_results(missing, summary=summary, coverdir=coverdir)
    else:
        sys.argv = prog_argv
        progname = prog_argv[0]
        sys.path[0] = os.path.split(progname)[0]

t = Trace(count, trace, countfuncs=listfuncs,
                  countcallers=countcallers, ignoremods=ignore_modules,
                  ignoredirs=ignore_dirs, infile=counts_file,
                  outfile=counts_file, timing=timing)
        try:
            with open(progname) as fp:
                code = compile(fp.read(), progname, 'exec')
            # try to emulate __main__ namespace as much as possible
            globs = {
                '__file__': progname,
                '__name__': '__main__',
                '__package__': None,
                '__cached__': None,
            }
            t.runctx(code, globs, globs)
        except OSError as err:
            _err_exit("Cannot run file %r because: %s" % (sys.argv[0], err))
        except SystemExit:
            pass

results = t.results()

if not no_report:
            results.write_results(missing, summary=summary, coverdir=coverdir)

#  Deprecated API
def usage(outfile):
    _warn("The trace.usage() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    _usage(outfile)

class Ignore(_Ignore):
    def __init__(self, modules=None, dirs=None):
        _warn("The class trace.Ignore is deprecated",
             DeprecationWarning, 2)
        _Ignore.__init__(self, modules, dirs)

def modname(path):
    _warn("The trace.modname() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    return _modname(path)

def fullmodname(path):
    _warn("The trace.fullmodname() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    return _fullmodname(path)

def find_lines_from_code(code, strs):
    _warn("The trace.find_lines_from_code() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    return _find_lines_from_code(code, strs)

def find_lines(code, strs):
    _warn("The trace.find_lines() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    return _find_lines(code, strs)

def find_strings(filename, encoding=None):
    _warn("The trace.find_strings() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    return _find_strings(filename, encoding=None)

def find_executable_linenos(filename):
    _warn("The trace.find_executable_linenos() function is deprecated",
         DeprecationWarning, 2)
    return _find_executable_linenos(filename)

if __name__=='__main__':
    main()

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