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Edit File : uuid.py \| Size : 29.80 KB
r"""UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122. This module provides immutable UUID objects (class UUID) and the functions uuid1(), uuid3(), uuid4(), uuid5() for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5 UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122. If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call uuid1() or uuid4(). Note that uuid1() may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing the computer's network address. uuid4() creates a random UUID. Typical usage: >>> import uuid # make a UUID based on the host ID and current time >>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e') # make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e') # make a random UUID >>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da') # make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org') UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d') # make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored) >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}') # convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form >>> str(x) '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f' # get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID >>> x.bytes b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f' # make a UUID from a 16-byte string >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes) UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f') """ import os import sys from enum import Enum __author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@zesty.ca>' # The recognized platforms - known behaviors if sys.platform in ('win32', 'darwin'): _AIX = _LINUX = False else: import platform _platform_system = platform.system() _AIX = _platform_system == 'AIX' _LINUX = _platform_system == 'Linux' RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [ 'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122', 'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition'] int_ = int # The built-in int type bytes_ = bytes # The built-in bytes type class SafeUUID(Enum): safe = 0 unsafe = -1 unknown = None class UUID: """Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122. UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys. Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form '12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'. The UUID constructor accepts five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and 48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'. UUIDs have these read-only attributes: bytes the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six integer fields in big-endian byte order) bytes_le the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid, and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order) fields a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID, which are also available as six individual attributes and two derived attributes: time_low the first 32 bits of the UUID time_mid the next 16 bits of the UUID time_hi_version the next 16 bits of the UUID clock_seq_hi_variant the next 8 bits of the UUID clock_seq_low the next 8 bits of the UUID node the last 48 bits of the UUID time the 60-bit timestamp clock_seq the 14-bit sequence number hex the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string int the UUID as a 128-bit integer urn the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122 variant the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE) version the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only when the variant is RFC_4122) is_safe An enum indicating whether the UUID has been generated in a way that is safe for multiprocessing applications, via uuid_generate_time_safe(3). """ __slots__ = ('int', 'is_safe', '__weakref__') def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None, int=None, version=None, , is_safe=SafeUUID.unknown): r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits, a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version, 8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int' argument. When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces, hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional. For example, these expressions all yield the same UUID: UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}') UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678') UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678') UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'4) UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' + '\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78') UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678)) UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678) Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must be given. The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122, overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'. is_safe is an enum exposed as an attribute on the instance. It indicates whether the UUID has been generated in a way that is safe for multiprocessing applications, via uuid_generate_time_safe(3). """ if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4: raise TypeError('one of the hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, ' 'or int arguments must be given') if hex is not None: hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '') hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '') if len(hex) != 32: raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string') int = int_(hex, 16) if bytes_le is not None: if len(bytes_le) != 16: raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string') bytes = (bytes_le[4-1::-1] + bytes_le[6-1:4-1:-1] + bytes_le[8-1:6-1:-1] + bytes_le[8:]) if bytes is not None: if len(bytes) != 16: raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string') assert isinstance(bytes, bytes_), repr(bytes) int = int_.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big') if fields is not None: if len(fields) != 6: raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple') (time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version, clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32: raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)') if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16: raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)') if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16: raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)') if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8: raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)') if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8: raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)') if not 0 <= node < 1<<48: raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)') clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8) \| clock_seq_low int = ((time_low << 96) \| (time_mid << 80) \| (time_hi_version << 64) \| (clock_seq << 48) \| node) if int is not None: if not 0 <= int < 1<<128: raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)') if version is not None: if not 1 <= version <= 5: raise ValueError('illegal version number') # Set the variant to RFC 4122. int &= ~(0xc000 << 48) int \|= 0x8000 << 48 # Set the version number. int &= ~(0xf000 << 64) int \|= version << 76 object.__setattr__(self, 'int', int) object.__setattr__(self, 'is_safe', is_safe) def __getstate__(self): d = {'int': self.int} if self.is_safe != SafeUUID.unknown: # is_safe is a SafeUUID instance. Return just its value, so that # it can be un-pickled in older Python versions without SafeUUID. d['is_safe'] = self.is_safe.value return d def __setstate__(self, state): object.__setattr__(self, 'int', state['int']) # is_safe was added in 3.7; it is also omitted when it is "unknown" object.__setattr__(self, 'is_safe', SafeUUID(state['is_safe']) if 'is_safe' in state else SafeUUID.unknown) def __eq__(self, other): if isinstance(other, UUID): return self.int == other.int return NotImplemented # Q. What's the value of being able to sort UUIDs? # A. Use them as keys in a B-Tree or similar mapping. def __lt__(self, other): if isinstance(other, UUID): return self.int < other.int return NotImplemented def __gt__(self, other): if isinstance(other, UUID): return self.int > other.int return NotImplemented def __le__(self, other): if isinstance(other, UUID): return self.int <= other.int return NotImplemented def __ge__(self, other): if isinstance(other, UUID): return self.int >= other.int return NotImplemented def __hash__(self): return hash(self.int) def __int__(self): return self.int def __repr__(self): return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self)) def __setattr__(self, name, value): raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable') def __str__(self): hex = '%032x' % self.int return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % ( hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:]) @property def bytes(self): return self.int.to_bytes(16, 'big') @property def bytes_le(self): bytes = self.bytes return (bytes[4-1::-1] + bytes[6-1:4-1:-1] + bytes[8-1:6-1:-1] + bytes[8:]) @property def fields(self): return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version, self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node) @property def time_low(self): return self.int >> 96 @property def time_mid(self): return (self.int >> 80) & 0xffff @property def time_hi_version(self): return (self.int >> 64) & 0xffff @property def clock_seq_hi_variant(self): return (self.int >> 56) & 0xff @property def clock_seq_low(self): return (self.int >> 48) & 0xff @property def time(self): return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fff) << 48) \| (self.time_mid << 32) \| self.time_low) @property def clock_seq(self): return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3f) << 8) \| self.clock_seq_low) @property def node(self): return self.int & 0xffffffffffff @property def hex(self): return '%032x' % self.int @property def urn(self): return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self) @property def variant(self): if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48): return RESERVED_NCS elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48): return RFC_4122 elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48): return RESERVED_MICROSOFT else: return RESERVED_FUTURE @property def version(self): # The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs. if self.variant == RFC_4122: return int((self.int >> 76) & 0xf) def _popen(command, args): import os, shutil, subprocess executable = shutil.which(command) if executable is None: path = os.pathsep.join(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin')) executable = shutil.which(command, path=path) if executable is None: return None # LC_ALL=C to ensure English output, stderr=DEVNULL to prevent output # on stderr (Note: we don't have an example where the words we search # for are actually localized, but in theory some system could do so.) env = dict(os.environ) env['LC_ALL'] = 'C' proc = subprocess.Popen((executable,) + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL, env=env) return proc # For MAC (a.k.a. IEEE 802, or EUI-48) addresses, the second least significant # bit of the first octet signifies whether the MAC address is universally (0) # or locally (1) administered. Network cards from hardware manufacturers will # always be universally administered to guarantee global uniqueness of the MAC # address, but any particular machine may have other interfaces which are # locally administered. An example of the latter is the bridge interface to # the Touch Bar on MacBook Pros. # # This bit works out to be the 42nd bit counting from 1 being the least # significant, or 1<<41. We'll prefer universally administered MAC addresses # over locally administered ones since the former are globally unique, but # we'll return the first of the latter found if that's all the machine has. # # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Universal_vs._local def _is_universal(mac): return not (mac & (1 << 41)) def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index): first_local_mac = None try: proc = _popen(command, args.split()) if not proc: return None with proc: for line in proc.stdout: words = line.lower().rstrip().split() for i in range(len(words)): if words[i] in hw_identifiers: try: word = words[get_index(i)] mac = int(word.replace(b':', b''), 16) if _is_universal(mac): return mac first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac except (ValueError, IndexError): # Virtual interfaces, such as those provided by # VPNs, do not have a colon-delimited MAC address # as expected, but a 16-byte HWAddr separated by # dashes. These should be ignored in favor of a # real MAC address pass except OSError: pass return first_local_mac or None def _ifconfig_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig.""" # This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes. keywords = (b'hwaddr', b'ether', b'address:', b'lladdr') for args in ('', '-a', '-av'): mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, keywords, lambda i: i+1) if mac: return mac return None def _ip_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ip.""" # This works on Linux with iproute2. mac = _find_mac('ip', 'link', [b'link/ether'], lambda i: i+1) if mac: return mac return None def _arp_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Unix by running arp.""" import os, socket try: ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()) except OSError: return None # Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris). mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode(ip_addr)], lambda i: -1) if mac: return mac # This works on OpenBSD mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode(ip_addr)], lambda i: i+1) if mac: return mac # This works on Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode('(%s)' % ip_addr)], lambda i: i+2) # Return None instead of 0. if mac: return mac return None def _lanscan_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Unix by running lanscan.""" # This might work on HP-UX. return _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', [b'lan0'], lambda i: 0) def _netstat_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Unix by running netstat.""" # This might work on AIX, Tru64 UNIX. first_local_mac = None try: proc = _popen('netstat', '-ia') if not proc: return None with proc: words = proc.stdout.readline().rstrip().split() try: i = words.index(b'Address') except ValueError: return None for line in proc.stdout: try: words = line.rstrip().split() word = words[i] if len(word) == 17 and word.count(b':') == 5: mac = int(word.replace(b':', b''), 16) if _is_universal(mac): return mac first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac except (ValueError, IndexError): pass except OSError: pass return first_local_mac or None def _ipconfig_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe.""" import os, re, subprocess first_local_mac = None dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32'] try: import ctypes buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300) ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300) dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs')) except: pass for dir in dirs: try: proc = subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig'), '/all'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, encoding="oem") except OSError: continue with proc: for line in proc.stdout: value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower() if re.fullmatch('(?:[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value): mac = int(value.replace('-', ''), 16) if _is_universal(mac): return mac first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac return first_local_mac or None def _netbios_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls. See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details.""" import win32wnet, netbios first_local_mac = None ncb = netbios.NCB() ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM() adapters._pack() if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0: return None adapters._unpack() for i in range(adapters.length): ncb.Reset() ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i]) if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0: continue ncb.Reset() ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i]) ncb.Callname = ''.ljust(16) ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS() if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0: continue status._unpack() bytes = status.adapter_address[:6] if len(bytes) != 6: continue mac = int.from_bytes(bytes, 'big') if _is_universal(mac): return mac first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac return first_local_mac or None _generate_time_safe = _UuidCreate = None _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = None # Import optional C extension at toplevel, to help disabling it when testing try: import _uuid except ImportError: _uuid = None def _load_system_functions(): """ Try to load platform-specific functions for generating uuids. """ global _generate_time_safe, _UuidCreate, _has_uuid_generate_time_safe if _has_uuid_generate_time_safe is not None: return _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = False if sys.platform == "darwin" and int(os.uname().release.split('.')[0]) < 9: # The uuid_generate_ functions are broken on MacOS X 10.5, as noted # in issue #8621 the function generates the same sequence of values # in the parent process and all children created using fork (unless # those children use exec as well). # # Assume that the uuid_generate functions are broken from 10.5 onward, # the test can be adjusted when a later version is fixed. pass elif _uuid is not None: _generate_time_safe = _uuid.generate_time_safe _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = _uuid.has_uuid_generate_time_safe return try: # If we couldn't find an extension module, try ctypes to find # system routines for UUID generation. # Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here. import ctypes import ctypes.util # The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least # Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X. _libnames = ['uuid'] if not sys.platform.startswith('win'): _libnames.append('c') for libname in _libnames: try: lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname)) except Exception: # pragma: nocover continue # Try to find the safe variety first. if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time_safe'): _uuid_generate_time_safe = lib.uuid_generate_time_safe # int uuid_generate_time_safe(uuid_t out); def _generate_time_safe(): _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) res = _uuid_generate_time_safe(_buffer) return bytes(_buffer.raw), res _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = True break elif hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'): # pragma: nocover _uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time # void uuid_generate_time(uuid_t out); _uuid_generate_time.restype = None def _generate_time_safe(): _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) _uuid_generate_time(_buffer) return bytes(_buffer.raw), None break # On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the # hardware address. On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a # random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the # hardware address. These routines are provided by the RPC runtime. # NOTE: at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last # 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear # to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device # on the box. try: lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4 except: lib = None _UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential', getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None)) except Exception as exc: import warnings warnings.warn(f"Could not find fallback ctypes uuid functions: {exc}", ImportWarning) def _unix_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Unix using the _uuid extension module or ctypes.""" _load_system_functions() uuid_time, _ = _generate_time_safe() return UUID(bytes=uuid_time).node def _windll_getnode(): """Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes.""" import ctypes _load_system_functions() _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16) if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0: return UUID(bytes=bytes_(_buffer.raw)).node def _random_getnode(): """Get a random node ID.""" # RFC 4122, $4.1.6 says "For systems with no IEEE address, a randomly or # pseudo-randomly generated value may be used; see Section 4.5. The # multicast bit must be set in such addresses, in order that they will # never conflict with addresses obtained from network cards." # # The "multicast bit" of a MAC address is defined to be "the least # significant bit of the first octet". This works out to be the 41st bit # counting from 1 being the least significant bit, or 1<<40. # # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Unicast_vs._multicast import random return random.getrandbits(48) \| (1 << 40) # _OS_GETTERS, when known, are targeted for a specific OS or platform. # The order is by 'common practice' on the specified platform. # Note: 'posix' and 'windows' _OS_GETTERS are prefixed by a dll/dlload() method # which, when successful, means none of these "external" methods are called. # _GETTERS is (also) used by test_uuid.py to SkipUnless(), e.g., # @unittest.skipUnless(_uuid._ifconfig_getnode in _uuid._GETTERS, ...) if _LINUX: _OS_GETTERS = [_ip_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode] elif sys.platform == 'darwin': _OS_GETTERS = [_ifconfig_getnode, _arp_getnode, _netstat_getnode] elif sys.platform == 'win32': _OS_GETTERS = [_netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode] elif _AIX: _OS_GETTERS = [_netstat_getnode] else: _OS_GETTERS = [_ifconfig_getnode, _ip_getnode, _arp_getnode, _netstat_getnode, _lanscan_getnode] if os.name == 'posix': _GETTERS = [_unix_getnode] + _OS_GETTERS elif os.name == 'nt': _GETTERS = [_windll_getnode] + _OS_GETTERS else: _GETTERS = _OS_GETTERS _node = None def getnode(*, getters=None): """Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer. The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could be quite slow. If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended in RFC 4122. """ global _node if _node is not None: return _node for getter in _GETTERS + [_random_getnode]: try: _node = getter() except: continue if (_node is not None) and (0 <= _node < (1 << 48)): return _node assert False, '_random_getnode() returned invalid value: {}'.format(_node) _last_timestamp = None def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None): """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time. If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware address. If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number; otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen.""" # When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122). _load_system_functions() if _generate_time_safe is not None and node is clock_seq is None: uuid_time, safely_generated = _generate_time_safe() try: is_safe = SafeUUID(safely_generated) except ValueError: is_safe = SafeUUID.unknown return UUID(bytes=uuid_time, is_safe=is_safe) global _last_timestamp import time nanoseconds = time.time_ns() # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00. timestamp = nanoseconds // 100 + 0x01b21dd213814000 if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp: timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1 _last_timestamp = timestamp if clock_seq is None: import random clock_seq = random.getrandbits(14) # instead of stable storage time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffff time_mid = (timestamp >> 32) & 0xffff time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48) & 0x0fff clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xff clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8) & 0x3f if node is None: node = getnode() return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version, clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1) def uuid3(namespace, name): """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name.""" from hashlib import md5 digest = md5( namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8"), usedforsecurity=False ).digest() return UUID(bytes=digest[:16], version=3) def uuid4(): """Generate a random UUID.""" return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4) def uuid5(namespace, name): """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name.""" from hashlib import sha1 hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest() return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5) # The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5(). NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8') Back

Edit File : uuid.py | Size : 29.80 KB

r"""UUID objects (universally unique identifiers) according to RFC 4122.

This module provides immutable UUID objects (class UUID) and the functions
uuid1(), uuid3(), uuid4(), uuid5() for generating version 1, 3, 4, and 5
UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.

If all you want is a unique ID, you should probably call uuid1() or uuid4().
Note that uuid1() may compromise privacy since it creates a UUID containing
the computer's network address.  uuid4() creates a random UUID.

Typical usage:

>>> import uuid

# make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
    >>> uuid.uuid1()    # doctest: +SKIP
    UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')

# make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
    >>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
    UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')

# make a random UUID
    >>> uuid.uuid4()    # doctest: +SKIP
    UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')

# make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
    >>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
    UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')

# make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
    >>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')

# convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
    >>> str(x)
    '00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'

# get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
    >>> x.bytes
    b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'

# make a UUID from a 16-byte string
    >>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
    UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
"""

import os
import sys

from enum import Enum

__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@zesty.ca>'

# The recognized platforms - known behaviors
if sys.platform in ('win32', 'darwin'):
    _AIX = _LINUX = False
else:
    import platform
    _platform_system = platform.system()
    _AIX     = _platform_system == 'AIX'
    _LINUX   = _platform_system == 'Linux'

RESERVED_NCS, RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, RESERVED_FUTURE = [
    'reserved for NCS compatibility', 'specified in RFC 4122',
    'reserved for Microsoft compatibility', 'reserved for future definition']

int_ = int      # The built-in int type
bytes_ = bytes  # The built-in bytes type

class SafeUUID(Enum):
    safe = 0
    unsafe = -1
    unknown = None

class UUID:
    """Instances of the UUID class represent UUIDs as specified in RFC 4122.
    UUID objects are immutable, hashable, and usable as dictionary keys.
    Converting a UUID to a string with str() yields something in the form
    '12345678-1234-1234-1234-123456789abc'.  The UUID constructor accepts
    five possible forms: a similar string of hexadecimal digits, or a tuple
    of six integer fields (with 32-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 8-bit, 8-bit, and
    48-bit values respectively) as an argument named 'fields', or a string
    of 16 bytes (with all the integer fields in big-endian order) as an
    argument named 'bytes', or a string of 16 bytes (with the first three
    fields in little-endian order) as an argument named 'bytes_le', or a
    single 128-bit integer as an argument named 'int'.

UUIDs have these read-only attributes:

bytes       the UUID as a 16-byte string (containing the six
                    integer fields in big-endian byte order)

bytes_le    the UUID as a 16-byte string (with time_low, time_mid,
                    and time_hi_version in little-endian byte order)

fields      a tuple of the six integer fields of the UUID,
                    which are also available as six individual attributes
                    and two derived attributes:

time_low                the first 32 bits of the UUID
            time_mid                the next 16 bits of the UUID
            time_hi_version         the next 16 bits of the UUID
            clock_seq_hi_variant    the next 8 bits of the UUID
            clock_seq_low           the next 8 bits of the UUID
            node                    the last 48 bits of the UUID

time                    the 60-bit timestamp
            clock_seq               the 14-bit sequence number

hex         the UUID as a 32-character hexadecimal string

int         the UUID as a 128-bit integer

urn         the UUID as a URN as specified in RFC 4122

variant     the UUID variant (one of the constants RESERVED_NCS,
                    RFC_4122, RESERVED_MICROSOFT, or RESERVED_FUTURE)

version     the UUID version number (1 through 5, meaningful only
                    when the variant is RFC_4122)

is_safe     An enum indicating whether the UUID has been generated in
                    a way that is safe for multiprocessing applications, via
                    uuid_generate_time_safe(3).
    """

__slots__ = ('int', 'is_safe', '__weakref__')

def __init__(self, hex=None, bytes=None, bytes_le=None, fields=None,
                       int=None, version=None,
                       *, is_safe=SafeUUID.unknown):
        r"""Create a UUID from either a string of 32 hexadecimal digits,
        a string of 16 bytes as the 'bytes' argument, a string of 16 bytes
        in little-endian order as the 'bytes_le' argument, a tuple of six
        integers (32-bit time_low, 16-bit time_mid, 16-bit time_hi_version,
        8-bit clock_seq_hi_variant, 8-bit clock_seq_low, 48-bit node) as
        the 'fields' argument, or a single 128-bit integer as the 'int'
        argument.  When a string of hex digits is given, curly braces,
        hyphens, and a URN prefix are all optional.  For example, these
        expressions all yield the same UUID:

UUID('{12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678}')
        UUID('12345678123456781234567812345678')
        UUID('urn:uuid:12345678-1234-5678-1234-567812345678')
        UUID(bytes='\x12\x34\x56\x78'*4)
        UUID(bytes_le='\x78\x56\x34\x12\x34\x12\x78\x56' +
                      '\x12\x34\x56\x78\x12\x34\x56\x78')
        UUID(fields=(0x12345678, 0x1234, 0x5678, 0x12, 0x34, 0x567812345678))
        UUID(int=0x12345678123456781234567812345678)

Exactly one of 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int' must
        be given.  The 'version' argument is optional; if given, the resulting
        UUID will have its variant and version set according to RFC 4122,
        overriding the given 'hex', 'bytes', 'bytes_le', 'fields', or 'int'.

is_safe is an enum exposed as an attribute on the instance.  It
        indicates whether the UUID has been generated in a way that is safe
        for multiprocessing applications, via uuid_generate_time_safe(3).
        """

if [hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, int].count(None) != 4:
            raise TypeError('one of the hex, bytes, bytes_le, fields, '
                            'or int arguments must be given')
        if hex is not None:
            hex = hex.replace('urn:', '').replace('uuid:', '')
            hex = hex.strip('{}').replace('-', '')
            if len(hex) != 32:
                raise ValueError('badly formed hexadecimal UUID string')
            int = int_(hex, 16)
        if bytes_le is not None:
            if len(bytes_le) != 16:
                raise ValueError('bytes_le is not a 16-char string')
            bytes = (bytes_le[4-1::-1] + bytes_le[6-1:4-1:-1] +
                     bytes_le[8-1:6-1:-1] + bytes_le[8:])
        if bytes is not None:
            if len(bytes) != 16:
                raise ValueError('bytes is not a 16-char string')
            assert isinstance(bytes, bytes_), repr(bytes)
            int = int_.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder='big')
        if fields is not None:
            if len(fields) != 6:
                raise ValueError('fields is not a 6-tuple')
            (time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
             clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node) = fields
            if not 0 <= time_low < 1<<32:
                raise ValueError('field 1 out of range (need a 32-bit value)')
            if not 0 <= time_mid < 1<<16:
                raise ValueError('field 2 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
            if not 0 <= time_hi_version < 1<<16:
                raise ValueError('field 3 out of range (need a 16-bit value)')
            if not 0 <= clock_seq_hi_variant < 1<<8:
                raise ValueError('field 4 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
            if not 0 <= clock_seq_low < 1<<8:
                raise ValueError('field 5 out of range (need an 8-bit value)')
            if not 0 <= node < 1<<48:
                raise ValueError('field 6 out of range (need a 48-bit value)')
            clock_seq = (clock_seq_hi_variant << 8) | clock_seq_low
            int = ((time_low << 96) | (time_mid << 80) |
                   (time_hi_version << 64) | (clock_seq << 48) | node)
        if int is not None:
            if not 0 <= int < 1<<128:
                raise ValueError('int is out of range (need a 128-bit value)')
        if version is not None:
            if not 1 <= version <= 5:
                raise ValueError('illegal version number')
            # Set the variant to RFC 4122.
            int &= ~(0xc000 << 48)
            int |= 0x8000 << 48
            # Set the version number.
            int &= ~(0xf000 << 64)
            int |= version << 76
        object.__setattr__(self, 'int', int)
        object.__setattr__(self, 'is_safe', is_safe)

def __getstate__(self):
        d = {'int': self.int}
        if self.is_safe != SafeUUID.unknown:
            # is_safe is a SafeUUID instance.  Return just its value, so that
            # it can be un-pickled in older Python versions without SafeUUID.
            d['is_safe'] = self.is_safe.value
        return d

def __setstate__(self, state):
        object.__setattr__(self, 'int', state['int'])
        # is_safe was added in 3.7; it is also omitted when it is "unknown"
        object.__setattr__(self, 'is_safe',
                           SafeUUID(state['is_safe'])
                           if 'is_safe' in state else SafeUUID.unknown)

def __eq__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UUID):
            return self.int == other.int
        return NotImplemented

# Q. What's the value of being able to sort UUIDs?
    # A. Use them as keys in a B-Tree or similar mapping.

def __lt__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UUID):
            return self.int < other.int
        return NotImplemented

def __gt__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UUID):
            return self.int > other.int
        return NotImplemented

def __le__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UUID):
            return self.int <= other.int
        return NotImplemented

def __ge__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, UUID):
            return self.int >= other.int
        return NotImplemented

def __hash__(self):
        return hash(self.int)

def __int__(self):
        return self.int

def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, str(self))

def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        raise TypeError('UUID objects are immutable')

def __str__(self):
        hex = '%032x' % self.int
        return '%s-%s-%s-%s-%s' % (
            hex[:8], hex[8:12], hex[12:16], hex[16:20], hex[20:])

@property
    def bytes(self):
        return self.int.to_bytes(16, 'big')

@property
    def bytes_le(self):
        bytes = self.bytes
        return (bytes[4-1::-1] + bytes[6-1:4-1:-1] + bytes[8-1:6-1:-1] +
                bytes[8:])

@property
    def fields(self):
        return (self.time_low, self.time_mid, self.time_hi_version,
                self.clock_seq_hi_variant, self.clock_seq_low, self.node)

@property
    def time_low(self):
        return self.int >> 96

@property
    def time_mid(self):
        return (self.int >> 80) & 0xffff

@property
    def time_hi_version(self):
        return (self.int >> 64) & 0xffff

@property
    def clock_seq_hi_variant(self):
        return (self.int >> 56) & 0xff

@property
    def clock_seq_low(self):
        return (self.int >> 48) & 0xff

@property
    def time(self):
        return (((self.time_hi_version & 0x0fff) << 48) |
                (self.time_mid << 32) | self.time_low)

@property
    def clock_seq(self):
        return (((self.clock_seq_hi_variant & 0x3f) << 8) |
                self.clock_seq_low)

@property
    def node(self):
        return self.int & 0xffffffffffff

@property
    def hex(self):
        return '%032x' % self.int

@property
    def urn(self):
        return 'urn:uuid:' + str(self)

@property
    def variant(self):
        if not self.int & (0x8000 << 48):
            return RESERVED_NCS
        elif not self.int & (0x4000 << 48):
            return RFC_4122
        elif not self.int & (0x2000 << 48):
            return RESERVED_MICROSOFT
        else:
            return RESERVED_FUTURE

@property
    def version(self):
        # The version bits are only meaningful for RFC 4122 UUIDs.
        if self.variant == RFC_4122:
            return int((self.int >> 76) & 0xf)

def _popen(command, *args):
    import os, shutil, subprocess
    executable = shutil.which(command)
    if executable is None:
        path = os.pathsep.join(('/sbin', '/usr/sbin'))
        executable = shutil.which(command, path=path)
        if executable is None:
            return None
    # LC_ALL=C to ensure English output, stderr=DEVNULL to prevent output
    # on stderr (Note: we don't have an example where the words we search
    # for are actually localized, but in theory some system could do so.)
    env = dict(os.environ)
    env['LC_ALL'] = 'C'
    proc = subprocess.Popen((executable,) + args,
                            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                            stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
                            env=env)
    return proc

# For MAC (a.k.a. IEEE 802, or EUI-48) addresses, the second least significant
# bit of the first octet signifies whether the MAC address is universally (0)
# or locally (1) administered.  Network cards from hardware manufacturers will
# always be universally administered to guarantee global uniqueness of the MAC
# address, but any particular machine may have other interfaces which are
# locally administered.  An example of the latter is the bridge interface to
# the Touch Bar on MacBook Pros.
#
# This bit works out to be the 42nd bit counting from 1 being the least
# significant, or 1<<41.  We'll prefer universally administered MAC addresses
# over locally administered ones since the former are globally unique, but
# we'll return the first of the latter found if that's all the machine has.
#
# See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Universal_vs._local

def _is_universal(mac):
    return not (mac & (1 << 41))

def _find_mac(command, args, hw_identifiers, get_index):
    first_local_mac = None
    try:
        proc = _popen(command, *args.split())
        if not proc:
            return None
        with proc:
            for line in proc.stdout:
                words = line.lower().rstrip().split()
                for i in range(len(words)):
                    if words[i] in hw_identifiers:
                        try:
                            word = words[get_index(i)]
                            mac = int(word.replace(b':', b''), 16)
                            if _is_universal(mac):
                                return mac
                            first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
                        except (ValueError, IndexError):
                            # Virtual interfaces, such as those provided by
                            # VPNs, do not have a colon-delimited MAC address
                            # as expected, but a 16-byte HWAddr separated by
                            # dashes. These should be ignored in favor of a
                            # real MAC address
                            pass
    except OSError:
        pass
    return first_local_mac or None

def _ifconfig_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ifconfig."""
    # This works on Linux ('' or '-a'), Tru64 ('-av'), but not all Unixes.
    keywords = (b'hwaddr', b'ether', b'address:', b'lladdr')
    for args in ('', '-a', '-av'):
        mac = _find_mac('ifconfig', args, keywords, lambda i: i+1)
        if mac:
            return mac
        return None

def _ip_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running ip."""
    # This works on Linux with iproute2.
    mac = _find_mac('ip', 'link', [b'link/ether'], lambda i: i+1)
    if mac:
        return mac
    return None

def _arp_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running arp."""
    import os, socket
    try:
        ip_addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
    except OSError:
        return None

# Try getting the MAC addr from arp based on our IP address (Solaris).
    mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode(ip_addr)], lambda i: -1)
    if mac:
        return mac

# This works on OpenBSD
    mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode(ip_addr)], lambda i: i+1)
    if mac:
        return mac

# This works on Linux, FreeBSD and NetBSD
    mac = _find_mac('arp', '-an', [os.fsencode('(%s)' % ip_addr)],
                    lambda i: i+2)
    # Return None instead of 0.
    if mac:
        return mac
    return None

def _lanscan_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running lanscan."""
    # This might work on HP-UX.
    return _find_mac('lanscan', '-ai', [b'lan0'], lambda i: 0)

def _netstat_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Unix by running netstat."""
    # This might work on AIX, Tru64 UNIX.
    first_local_mac = None
    try:
        proc = _popen('netstat', '-ia')
        if not proc:
            return None
        with proc:
            words = proc.stdout.readline().rstrip().split()
            try:
                i = words.index(b'Address')
            except ValueError:
                return None
            for line in proc.stdout:
                try:
                    words = line.rstrip().split()
                    word = words[i]
                    if len(word) == 17 and word.count(b':') == 5:
                        mac = int(word.replace(b':', b''), 16)
                        if _is_universal(mac):
                            return mac
                        first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
                except (ValueError, IndexError):
                    pass
    except OSError:
        pass
    return first_local_mac or None

def _ipconfig_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Windows by running ipconfig.exe."""
    import os, re, subprocess
    first_local_mac = None
    dirs = ['', r'c:\windows\system32', r'c:\winnt\system32']
    try:
        import ctypes
        buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(300)
        ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetSystemDirectoryA(buffer, 300)
        dirs.insert(0, buffer.value.decode('mbcs'))
    except:
        pass
    for dir in dirs:
        try:
            proc = subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(dir, 'ipconfig'), '/all'],
                                    stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                                    encoding="oem")
        except OSError:
            continue
        with proc:
            for line in proc.stdout:
                value = line.split(':')[-1].strip().lower()
                if re.fullmatch('(?:[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]-){5}[0-9a-f][0-9a-f]', value):
                    mac = int(value.replace('-', ''), 16)
                    if _is_universal(mac):
                        return mac
                    first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
    return first_local_mac or None

def _netbios_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Windows using NetBIOS calls.
    See http://support.microsoft.com/kb/118623 for details."""
    import win32wnet, netbios
    first_local_mac = None
    ncb = netbios.NCB()
    ncb.Command = netbios.NCBENUM
    ncb.Buffer = adapters = netbios.LANA_ENUM()
    adapters._pack()
    if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
        return None
    adapters._unpack()
    for i in range(adapters.length):
        ncb.Reset()
        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBRESET
        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
            continue
        ncb.Reset()
        ncb.Command = netbios.NCBASTAT
        ncb.Lana_num = ord(adapters.lana[i])
        ncb.Callname = '*'.ljust(16)
        ncb.Buffer = status = netbios.ADAPTER_STATUS()
        if win32wnet.Netbios(ncb) != 0:
            continue
        status._unpack()
        bytes = status.adapter_address[:6]
        if len(bytes) != 6:
            continue
        mac = int.from_bytes(bytes, 'big')
        if _is_universal(mac):
            return mac
        first_local_mac = first_local_mac or mac
    return first_local_mac or None

_generate_time_safe = _UuidCreate = None
_has_uuid_generate_time_safe = None

# Import optional C extension at toplevel, to help disabling it when testing
try:
    import _uuid
except ImportError:
    _uuid = None

def _load_system_functions():
    """
    Try to load platform-specific functions for generating uuids.
    """
    global _generate_time_safe, _UuidCreate, _has_uuid_generate_time_safe

if _has_uuid_generate_time_safe is not None:
        return

_has_uuid_generate_time_safe = False

if sys.platform == "darwin" and int(os.uname().release.split('.')[0]) < 9:
        # The uuid_generate_* functions are broken on MacOS X 10.5, as noted
        # in issue #8621 the function generates the same sequence of values
        # in the parent process and all children created using fork (unless
        # those children use exec as well).
        #
        # Assume that the uuid_generate functions are broken from 10.5 onward,
        # the test can be adjusted when a later version is fixed.
        pass
    elif _uuid is not None:
        _generate_time_safe = _uuid.generate_time_safe
        _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = _uuid.has_uuid_generate_time_safe
        return

try:
        # If we couldn't find an extension module, try ctypes to find
        # system routines for UUID generation.
        # Thanks to Thomas Heller for ctypes and for his help with its use here.
        import ctypes
        import ctypes.util

# The uuid_generate_* routines are provided by libuuid on at least
        # Linux and FreeBSD, and provided by libc on Mac OS X.
        _libnames = ['uuid']
        if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
            _libnames.append('c')
        for libname in _libnames:
            try:
                lib = ctypes.CDLL(ctypes.util.find_library(libname))
            except Exception:                           # pragma: nocover
                continue
            # Try to find the safe variety first.
            if hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time_safe'):
                _uuid_generate_time_safe = lib.uuid_generate_time_safe
                # int uuid_generate_time_safe(uuid_t out);
                def _generate_time_safe():
                    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
                    res = _uuid_generate_time_safe(_buffer)
                    return bytes(_buffer.raw), res
                _has_uuid_generate_time_safe = True
                break

elif hasattr(lib, 'uuid_generate_time'):    # pragma: nocover
                _uuid_generate_time = lib.uuid_generate_time
                # void uuid_generate_time(uuid_t out);
                _uuid_generate_time.restype = None
                def _generate_time_safe():
                    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
                    _uuid_generate_time(_buffer)
                    return bytes(_buffer.raw), None
                break

# On Windows prior to 2000, UuidCreate gives a UUID containing the
        # hardware address.  On Windows 2000 and later, UuidCreate makes a
        # random UUID and UuidCreateSequential gives a UUID containing the
        # hardware address.  These routines are provided by the RPC runtime.
        # NOTE:  at least on Tim's WinXP Pro SP2 desktop box, while the last
        # 6 bytes returned by UuidCreateSequential are fixed, they don't appear
        # to bear any relationship to the MAC address of any network device
        # on the box.
        try:
            lib = ctypes.windll.rpcrt4
        except:
            lib = None
        _UuidCreate = getattr(lib, 'UuidCreateSequential',
                              getattr(lib, 'UuidCreate', None))

except Exception as exc:
        import warnings
        warnings.warn(f"Could not find fallback ctypes uuid functions: {exc}",
                      ImportWarning)

def _unix_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Unix using the _uuid extension module
    or ctypes."""
    _load_system_functions()
    uuid_time, _ = _generate_time_safe()
    return UUID(bytes=uuid_time).node

def _windll_getnode():
    """Get the hardware address on Windows using ctypes."""
    import ctypes
    _load_system_functions()
    _buffer = ctypes.create_string_buffer(16)
    if _UuidCreate(_buffer) == 0:
        return UUID(bytes=bytes_(_buffer.raw)).node

def _random_getnode():
    """Get a random node ID."""
    # RFC 4122, $4.1.6 says "For systems with no IEEE address, a randomly or
    # pseudo-randomly generated value may be used; see Section 4.5.  The
    # multicast bit must be set in such addresses, in order that they will
    # never conflict with addresses obtained from network cards."
    #
    # The "multicast bit" of a MAC address is defined to be "the least
    # significant bit of the first octet".  This works out to be the 41st bit
    # counting from 1 being the least significant bit, or 1<<40.
    #
    # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address#Unicast_vs._multicast
    import random
    return random.getrandbits(48) | (1 << 40)

# _OS_GETTERS, when known, are targeted for a specific OS or platform.
# The order is by 'common practice' on the specified platform.
# Note: 'posix' and 'windows' _OS_GETTERS are prefixed by a dll/dlload() method
# which, when successful, means none of these "external" methods are called.
# _GETTERS is (also) used by test_uuid.py to SkipUnless(), e.g.,
#     @unittest.skipUnless(_uuid._ifconfig_getnode in _uuid._GETTERS, ...)
if _LINUX:
    _OS_GETTERS = [_ip_getnode, _ifconfig_getnode]
elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
    _OS_GETTERS = [_ifconfig_getnode, _arp_getnode, _netstat_getnode]
elif sys.platform == 'win32':
    _OS_GETTERS = [_netbios_getnode, _ipconfig_getnode]
elif _AIX:
    _OS_GETTERS = [_netstat_getnode]
else:
    _OS_GETTERS = [_ifconfig_getnode, _ip_getnode, _arp_getnode,
                   _netstat_getnode, _lanscan_getnode]
if os.name == 'posix':
    _GETTERS = [_unix_getnode] + _OS_GETTERS
elif os.name == 'nt':
    _GETTERS = [_windll_getnode] + _OS_GETTERS
else:
    _GETTERS = _OS_GETTERS

_node = None

def getnode(*, getters=None):
    """Get the hardware address as a 48-bit positive integer.

The first time this runs, it may launch a separate program, which could
    be quite slow.  If all attempts to obtain the hardware address fail, we
    choose a random 48-bit number with its eighth bit set to 1 as recommended
    in RFC 4122.
    """
    global _node
    if _node is not None:
        return _node

for getter in _GETTERS + [_random_getnode]:
        try:
            _node = getter()
        except:
            continue
        if (_node is not None) and (0 <= _node < (1 << 48)):
            return _node
    assert False, '_random_getnode() returned invalid value: {}'.format(_node)

_last_timestamp = None

def uuid1(node=None, clock_seq=None):
    """Generate a UUID from a host ID, sequence number, and the current time.
    If 'node' is not given, getnode() is used to obtain the hardware
    address.  If 'clock_seq' is given, it is used as the sequence number;
    otherwise a random 14-bit sequence number is chosen."""

# When the system provides a version-1 UUID generator, use it (but don't
    # use UuidCreate here because its UUIDs don't conform to RFC 4122).
    _load_system_functions()
    if _generate_time_safe is not None and node is clock_seq is None:
        uuid_time, safely_generated = _generate_time_safe()
        try:
            is_safe = SafeUUID(safely_generated)
        except ValueError:
            is_safe = SafeUUID.unknown
        return UUID(bytes=uuid_time, is_safe=is_safe)

global _last_timestamp
    import time
    nanoseconds = time.time_ns()
    # 0x01b21dd213814000 is the number of 100-ns intervals between the
    # UUID epoch 1582-10-15 00:00:00 and the Unix epoch 1970-01-01 00:00:00.
    timestamp = nanoseconds // 100 + 0x01b21dd213814000
    if _last_timestamp is not None and timestamp <= _last_timestamp:
        timestamp = _last_timestamp + 1
    _last_timestamp = timestamp
    if clock_seq is None:
        import random
        clock_seq = random.getrandbits(14) # instead of stable storage
    time_low = timestamp & 0xffffffff
    time_mid = (timestamp >> 32) & 0xffff
    time_hi_version = (timestamp >> 48) & 0x0fff
    clock_seq_low = clock_seq & 0xff
    clock_seq_hi_variant = (clock_seq >> 8) & 0x3f
    if node is None:
        node = getnode()
    return UUID(fields=(time_low, time_mid, time_hi_version,
                        clock_seq_hi_variant, clock_seq_low, node), version=1)

def uuid3(namespace, name):
    """Generate a UUID from the MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
    from hashlib import md5
    digest = md5(
        namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8"),
        usedforsecurity=False
    ).digest()
    return UUID(bytes=digest[:16], version=3)

def uuid4():
    """Generate a random UUID."""
    return UUID(bytes=os.urandom(16), version=4)

def uuid5(namespace, name):
    """Generate a UUID from the SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name."""
    from hashlib import sha1
    hash = sha1(namespace.bytes + bytes(name, "utf-8")).digest()
    return UUID(bytes=hash[:16], version=5)

# The following standard UUIDs are for use with uuid3() or uuid5().

NAMESPACE_DNS = UUID('6ba7b810-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_URL = UUID('6ba7b811-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_OID = UUID('6ba7b812-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')
NAMESPACE_X500 = UUID('6ba7b814-9dad-11d1-80b4-00c04fd430c8')

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