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Edit File : vengine_gen.py \| Size : 26.05 KB
# # DEPRECATED: implementation for ffi.verify() # import sys, os import types from . import model from .error import VerificationError class VGenericEngine(object): _class_key = 'g' _gen_python_module = False def __init__(self, verifier): self.verifier = verifier self.ffi = verifier.ffi self.export_symbols = [] self._struct_pending_verification = {} def patch_extension_kwds(self, kwds): # add 'export_symbols' to the dictionary. Note that we add the # list before filling it. When we fill it, it will thus also show # up in kwds['export_symbols']. kwds.setdefault('export_symbols', self.export_symbols) def find_module(self, module_name, path, so_suffixes): for so_suffix in so_suffixes: basename = module_name + so_suffix if path is None: path = sys.path for dirname in path: filename = os.path.join(dirname, basename) if os.path.isfile(filename): return filename def collect_types(self): pass # not needed in the generic engine def _prnt(self, what=''): self._f.write(what + '\n') def write_source_to_f(self): prnt = self._prnt # first paste some standard set of lines that are mostly '#include' prnt(cffimod_header) # then paste the C source given by the user, verbatim. prnt(self.verifier.preamble) # # call generate_gen_xxx_decl(), for every xxx found from # ffi._parser._declarations. This generates all the functions. self._generate('decl') # # on Windows, distutils insists on putting init_cffi_xyz in # 'export_symbols', so instead of fighting it, just give up and # give it one if sys.platform == 'win32': if sys.version_info >= (3,): prefix = 'PyInit_' else: prefix = 'init' modname = self.verifier.get_module_name() prnt("void %s%s(void) { }\n" % (prefix, modname)) def load_library(self, flags=0): # import it with the CFFI backend backend = self.ffi._backend # needs to make a path that contains '/', on Posix filename = os.path.join(os.curdir, self.verifier.modulefilename) module = backend.load_library(filename, flags) # # call loading_gen_struct() to get the struct layout inferred by # the C compiler self._load(module, 'loading') # build the FFILibrary class and instance, this is a module subclass # because modules are expected to have usually-constant-attributes and # in PyPy this means the JIT is able to treat attributes as constant, # which we want. class FFILibrary(types.ModuleType): _cffi_generic_module = module _cffi_ffi = self.ffi _cffi_dir = [] def __dir__(self): return FFILibrary._cffi_dir library = FFILibrary("") # # finally, call the loaded_gen_xxx() functions. This will set # up the 'library' object. self._load(module, 'loaded', library=library) return library def _get_declarations(self): lst = [(key, tp) for (key, (tp, qual)) in self.ffi._parser._declarations.items()] lst.sort() return lst def _generate(self, step_name): for name, tp in self._get_declarations(): kind, realname = name.split(' ', 1) try: method = getattr(self, '_generate_gen_%s_%s' % (kind, step_name)) except AttributeError: raise VerificationError( "not implemented in verify(): %r" % name) try: method(tp, realname) except Exception as e: model.attach_exception_info(e, name) raise def _load(self, module, step_name, kwds): for name, tp in self._get_declarations(): kind, realname = name.split(' ', 1) method = getattr(self, '_%s_gen_%s' % (step_name, kind)) try: method(tp, realname, module, kwds) except Exception as e: model.attach_exception_info(e, name) raise def _generate_nothing(self, tp, name): pass def _loaded_noop(self, tp, name, module, *kwds): pass # ---------- # typedefs: generates no code so far _generate_gen_typedef_decl = _generate_nothing _loading_gen_typedef = _loaded_noop _loaded_gen_typedef = _loaded_noop # ---------- # function declarations def _generate_gen_function_decl(self, tp, name): assert isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType) if tp.ellipsis: # cannot support vararg functions better than this: check for its # exact type (including the fixed arguments), and build it as a # constant function pointer (no _cffi_f_%s wrapper) self._generate_gen_const(False, name, tp) return prnt = self._prnt numargs = len(tp.args) argnames = [] for i, type in enumerate(tp.args): indirection = '' if isinstance(type, model.StructOrUnion): indirection = '' argnames.append('%sx%d' % (indirection, i)) context = 'argument of %s' % name arglist = [type.get_c_name(' %s' % arg, context) for type, arg in zip(tp.args, argnames)] tpresult = tp.result if isinstance(tpresult, model.StructOrUnion): arglist.insert(0, tpresult.get_c_name(' r', context)) tpresult = model.void_type arglist = ', '.join(arglist) or 'void' wrappername = '_cffi_f_%s' % name self.export_symbols.append(wrappername) if tp.abi: abi = tp.abi + ' ' else: abi = '' funcdecl = ' %s%s(%s)' % (abi, wrappername, arglist) context = 'result of %s' % name prnt(tpresult.get_c_name(funcdecl, context)) prnt('{') # if isinstance(tp.result, model.StructOrUnion): result_code = 'r = ' elif not isinstance(tp.result, model.VoidType): result_code = 'return ' else: result_code = '' prnt(' %s%s(%s);' % (result_code, name, ', '.join(argnames))) prnt('}') prnt() _loading_gen_function = _loaded_noop def _loaded_gen_function(self, tp, name, module, library): assert isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType) if tp.ellipsis: newfunction = self._load_constant(False, tp, name, module) else: indirections = [] base_tp = tp if (any(isinstance(typ, model.StructOrUnion) for typ in tp.args) or isinstance(tp.result, model.StructOrUnion)): indirect_args = [] for i, typ in enumerate(tp.args): if isinstance(typ, model.StructOrUnion): typ = model.PointerType(typ) indirections.append((i, typ)) indirect_args.append(typ) indirect_result = tp.result if isinstance(indirect_result, model.StructOrUnion): if indirect_result.fldtypes is None: raise TypeError("'%s' is used as result type, " "but is opaque" % ( indirect_result._get_c_name(),)) indirect_result = model.PointerType(indirect_result) indirect_args.insert(0, indirect_result) indirections.insert(0, ("result", indirect_result)) indirect_result = model.void_type tp = model.FunctionPtrType(tuple(indirect_args), indirect_result, tp.ellipsis) BFunc = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp) wrappername = '_cffi_f_%s' % name newfunction = module.load_function(BFunc, wrappername) for i, typ in indirections: newfunction = self._make_struct_wrapper(newfunction, i, typ, base_tp) setattr(library, name, newfunction) type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name) def _make_struct_wrapper(self, oldfunc, i, tp, base_tp): backend = self.ffi._backend BType = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp) if i == "result": ffi = self.ffi def newfunc(args): res = ffi.new(BType) oldfunc(res, args) return res[0] else: def newfunc(args): args = args[:i] + (backend.newp(BType, args[i]),) + args[i+1:] return oldfunc(args) newfunc._cffi_base_type = base_tp return newfunc # ---------- # named structs def _generate_gen_struct_decl(self, tp, name): assert name == tp.name self._generate_struct_or_union_decl(tp, 'struct', name) def _loading_gen_struct(self, tp, name, module): self._loading_struct_or_union(tp, 'struct', name, module) def _loaded_gen_struct(self, tp, name, module, kwds): self._loaded_struct_or_union(tp) def _generate_gen_union_decl(self, tp, name): assert name == tp.name self._generate_struct_or_union_decl(tp, 'union', name) def _loading_gen_union(self, tp, name, module): self._loading_struct_or_union(tp, 'union', name, module) def _loaded_gen_union(self, tp, name, module, kwds): self._loaded_struct_or_union(tp) def _generate_struct_or_union_decl(self, tp, prefix, name): if tp.fldnames is None: return # nothing to do with opaque structs checkfuncname = '_cffi_check_%s_%s' % (prefix, name) layoutfuncname = '_cffi_layout_%s_%s' % (prefix, name) cname = ('%s %s' % (prefix, name)).strip() # prnt = self._prnt prnt('static void %s(%s p)' % (checkfuncname, cname)) prnt('{') prnt(' / only to generate compile-time warnings or errors /') prnt(' (void)p;') for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields(): if (isinstance(ftype, model.PrimitiveType) and ftype.is_integer_type()) or fbitsize >= 0: # accept all integers, but complain on float or double prnt(' (void)((p->%s) << 1);' % fname) else: # only accept exactly the type declared. try: prnt(' { %s = &p->%s; (void)tmp; }' % ( ftype.get_c_name('tmp', 'field %r'%fname, quals=fqual), fname)) except VerificationError as e: prnt(' /* %s /' % str(e)) # cannot verify it, ignore prnt('}') self.export_symbols.append(layoutfuncname) prnt('intptr_t %s(intptr_t i)' % (layoutfuncname,)) prnt('{') prnt(' struct _cffi_aligncheck { char x; %s y; };' % cname) prnt(' static intptr_t nums[] = {') prnt(' sizeof(%s),' % cname) prnt(' offsetof(struct _cffi_aligncheck, y),') for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields(): if fbitsize >= 0: continue # xxx ignore fbitsize for now prnt(' offsetof(%s, %s),' % (cname, fname)) if isinstance(ftype, model.ArrayType) and ftype.length is None: prnt(' 0, / %s /' % ftype._get_c_name()) else: prnt(' sizeof(((%s )0)->%s),' % (cname, fname)) prnt(' -1') prnt(' };') prnt(' return nums[i];') prnt(' /* the next line is not executed, but compiled /') prnt(' %s(0);' % (checkfuncname,)) prnt('}') prnt() def _loading_struct_or_union(self, tp, prefix, name, module): if tp.fldnames is None: return # nothing to do with opaque structs layoutfuncname = '_cffi_layout_%s_%s' % (prefix, name) # BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("intptr_t()(intptr_t)")[0] function = module.load_function(BFunc, layoutfuncname) layout = [] num = 0 while True: x = function(num) if x < 0: break layout.append(x) num += 1 if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion) and tp.partial: # use the function()'s sizes and offsets to guide the # layout of the struct totalsize = layout[0] totalalignment = layout[1] fieldofs = layout[2::2] fieldsize = layout[3::2] tp.force_flatten() assert len(fieldofs) == len(fieldsize) == len(tp.fldnames) tp.fixedlayout = fieldofs, fieldsize, totalsize, totalalignment else: cname = ('%s %s' % (prefix, name)).strip() self._struct_pending_verification[tp] = layout, cname def _loaded_struct_or_union(self, tp): if tp.fldnames is None: return # nothing to do with opaque structs self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp) # force 'fixedlayout' to be considered if tp in self._struct_pending_verification: # check that the layout sizes and offsets match the real ones def check(realvalue, expectedvalue, msg): if realvalue != expectedvalue: raise VerificationError( "%s (we have %d, but C compiler says %d)" % (msg, expectedvalue, realvalue)) ffi = self.ffi BStruct = ffi._get_cached_btype(tp) layout, cname = self._struct_pending_verification.pop(tp) check(layout[0], ffi.sizeof(BStruct), "wrong total size") check(layout[1], ffi.alignof(BStruct), "wrong total alignment") i = 2 for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields(): if fbitsize >= 0: continue # xxx ignore fbitsize for now check(layout[i], ffi.offsetof(BStruct, fname), "wrong offset for field %r" % (fname,)) if layout[i+1] != 0: BField = ffi._get_cached_btype(ftype) check(layout[i+1], ffi.sizeof(BField), "wrong size for field %r" % (fname,)) i += 2 assert i == len(layout) # ---------- # 'anonymous' declarations. These are produced for anonymous structs # or unions; the 'name' is obtained by a typedef. def _generate_gen_anonymous_decl(self, tp, name): if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType): self._generate_gen_enum_decl(tp, name, '') else: self._generate_struct_or_union_decl(tp, '', name) def _loading_gen_anonymous(self, tp, name, module): if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType): self._loading_gen_enum(tp, name, module, '') else: self._loading_struct_or_union(tp, '', name, module) def _loaded_gen_anonymous(self, tp, name, module, kwds): if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType): self._loaded_gen_enum(tp, name, module, kwds) else: self._loaded_struct_or_union(tp) # ---------- # constants, likely declared with '#define' def _generate_gen_const(self, is_int, name, tp=None, category='const', check_value=None): prnt = self._prnt funcname = '_cffi_%s_%s' % (category, name) self.export_symbols.append(funcname) if check_value is not None: assert is_int assert category == 'const' prnt('int %s(char out_error)' % funcname) prnt('{') self._check_int_constant_value(name, check_value) prnt(' return 0;') prnt('}') elif is_int: assert category == 'const' prnt('int %s(long long out_value)' % funcname) prnt('{') prnt(' out_value = (long long)(%s);' % (name,)) prnt(' return (%s) <= 0;' % (name,)) prnt('}') else: assert tp is not None assert check_value is None if category == 'var': ampersand = '&' else: ampersand = '' extra = '' if category == 'const' and isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion): extra = 'const ' ampersand = '&' prnt(tp.get_c_name(' %s%s(void)' % (extra, funcname), name)) prnt('{') prnt(' return (%s%s);' % (ampersand, name)) prnt('}') prnt() def _generate_gen_constant_decl(self, tp, name): is_int = isinstance(tp, model.PrimitiveType) and tp.is_integer_type() self._generate_gen_const(is_int, name, tp) _loading_gen_constant = _loaded_noop def _load_constant(self, is_int, tp, name, module, check_value=None): funcname = '_cffi_const_%s' % name if check_value is not None: assert is_int self._load_known_int_constant(module, funcname) value = check_value elif is_int: BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("long long")[0] BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int()(long long)")[0] function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname) p = self.ffi.new(BType) negative = function(p) value = int(p[0]) if value < 0 and not negative: BLongLong = self.ffi._typeof_locked("long long")[0] value += (1 << (8self.ffi.sizeof(BLongLong))) else: assert check_value is None fntypeextra = '()(void)' if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion): fntypeextra = '' + fntypeextra BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked(tp.get_c_name(fntypeextra, name))[0] function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname) value = function() if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion): value = value[0] return value def _loaded_gen_constant(self, tp, name, module, library): is_int = isinstance(tp, model.PrimitiveType) and tp.is_integer_type() value = self._load_constant(is_int, tp, name, module) setattr(library, name, value) type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name) # ---------- # enums def _check_int_constant_value(self, name, value): prnt = self._prnt if value <= 0: prnt(' if ((%s) > 0 \|\| (long)(%s) != %dL) {' % ( name, name, value)) else: prnt(' if ((%s) <= 0 \|\| (unsigned long)(%s) != %dUL) {' % ( name, name, value)) prnt(' char buf[64];') prnt(' if ((%s) <= 0)' % name) prnt(' sprintf(buf, "%%ld", (long)(%s));' % name) prnt(' else') prnt(' sprintf(buf, "%%lu", (unsigned long)(%s));' % name) prnt(' sprintf(out_error, "%s has the real value %s, not %s",') prnt(' "%s", buf, "%d");' % (name[:100], value)) prnt(' return -1;') prnt(' }') def _load_known_int_constant(self, module, funcname): BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("char[]")[0] BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int()(char)")[0] function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname) p = self.ffi.new(BType, 256) if function(p) < 0: error = self.ffi.string(p) if sys.version_info >= (3,): error = str(error, 'utf-8') raise VerificationError(error) def _enum_funcname(self, prefix, name): # "$enum_$1" => "___D_enum____D_1" name = name.replace('$', '___D_') return '_cffi_e_%s_%s' % (prefix, name) def _generate_gen_enum_decl(self, tp, name, prefix='enum'): if tp.partial: for enumerator in tp.enumerators: self._generate_gen_const(True, enumerator) return # funcname = self._enum_funcname(prefix, name) self.export_symbols.append(funcname) prnt = self._prnt prnt('int %s(char out_error)' % funcname) prnt('{') for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues): self._check_int_constant_value(enumerator, enumvalue) prnt(' return 0;') prnt('}') prnt() def _loading_gen_enum(self, tp, name, module, prefix='enum'): if tp.partial: enumvalues = [self._load_constant(True, tp, enumerator, module) for enumerator in tp.enumerators] tp.enumvalues = tuple(enumvalues) tp.partial_resolved = True else: funcname = self._enum_funcname(prefix, name) self._load_known_int_constant(module, funcname) def _loaded_gen_enum(self, tp, name, module, library): for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues): setattr(library, enumerator, enumvalue) type(library)._cffi_dir.append(enumerator) # ---------- # macros: for now only for integers def _generate_gen_macro_decl(self, tp, name): if tp == '...': check_value = None else: check_value = tp # an integer self._generate_gen_const(True, name, check_value=check_value) _loading_gen_macro = _loaded_noop def _loaded_gen_macro(self, tp, name, module, library): if tp == '...': check_value = None else: check_value = tp # an integer value = self._load_constant(True, tp, name, module, check_value=check_value) setattr(library, name, value) type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name) # ---------- # global variables def _generate_gen_variable_decl(self, tp, name): if isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType): if tp.length == '...': prnt = self._prnt funcname = '_cffi_sizeof_%s' % (name,) self.export_symbols.append(funcname) prnt("size_t %s(void)" % funcname) prnt("{") prnt(" return sizeof(%s);" % (name,)) prnt("}") tp_ptr = model.PointerType(tp.item) self._generate_gen_const(False, name, tp_ptr) else: tp_ptr = model.PointerType(tp) self._generate_gen_const(False, name, tp_ptr, category='var') _loading_gen_variable = _loaded_noop def _loaded_gen_variable(self, tp, name, module, library): if isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType): # int a[5] is "constant" in the # sense that "a=..." is forbidden if tp.length == '...': funcname = '_cffi_sizeof_%s' % (name,) BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked('size_t()(void)')[0] function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname) size = function() BItemType = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp.item) length, rest = divmod(size, self.ffi.sizeof(BItemType)) if rest != 0: raise VerificationError( "bad size: %r does not seem to be an array of %s" % (name, tp.item)) tp = tp.resolve_length(length) tp_ptr = model.PointerType(tp.item) value = self._load_constant(False, tp_ptr, name, module) # 'value' is a <cdata 'type '> which we have to replace with # a <cdata 'type[N]'> if the N is actually known if tp.length is not None: BArray = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp) value = self.ffi.cast(BArray, value) setattr(library, name, value) type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name) return # remove ptr=<cdata 'int '> from the library instance, and replace # it by a property on the class, which reads/writes into ptr[0]. funcname = '_cffi_var_%s' % name BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked(tp.get_c_name('()(void)', name))[0] function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname) ptr = function() def getter(library): return ptr[0] def setter(library, value): ptr[0] = value setattr(type(library), name, property(getter, setter)) type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name) cffimod_header = r''' #include <stdio.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <stdarg.h> #include <errno.h> #include <sys/types.h> /* XXX for ssize_t on some platforms / / this block of #ifs should be kept exactly identical between c/_cffi_backend.c, cffi/vengine_cpy.py, cffi/vengine_gen.py and cffi/_cffi_include.h / #if defined(_MSC_VER) # include <malloc.h> / for alloca() / # if _MSC_VER < 1600 / MSVC < 2010 / typedef __int8 int8_t; typedef __int16 int16_t; typedef __int32 int32_t; typedef __int64 int64_t; typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t; typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t; typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t; typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t; typedef __int8 int_least8_t; typedef __int16 int_least16_t; typedef __int32 int_least32_t; typedef __int64 int_least64_t; typedef unsigned __int8 uint_least8_t; typedef unsigned __int16 uint_least16_t; typedef unsigned __int32 uint_least32_t; typedef unsigned __int64 uint_least64_t; typedef __int8 int_fast8_t; typedef __int16 int_fast16_t; typedef __int32 int_fast32_t; typedef __int64 int_fast64_t; typedef unsigned __int8 uint_fast8_t; typedef unsigned __int16 uint_fast16_t; typedef unsigned __int32 uint_fast32_t; typedef unsigned __int64 uint_fast64_t; typedef __int64 intmax_t; typedef unsigned __int64 uintmax_t; # else # include <stdint.h> # endif # if _MSC_VER < 1800 / MSVC < 2013 */ # ifndef __cplusplus typedef unsigned char _Bool; # endif # endif #else # include <stdint.h> # if (defined (__SVR4) && defined (__sun)) \|\| defined(_AIX) \|\| defined(__hpux) # include <alloca.h> # endif #endif ''' Back

Edit File : vengine_gen.py | Size : 26.05 KB

#
# DEPRECATED: implementation for ffi.verify()
#
import sys, os
import types

from . import model
from .error import VerificationError

class VGenericEngine(object):
    _class_key = 'g'
    _gen_python_module = False

def __init__(self, verifier):
        self.verifier = verifier
        self.ffi = verifier.ffi
        self.export_symbols = []
        self._struct_pending_verification = {}

def patch_extension_kwds(self, kwds):
        # add 'export_symbols' to the dictionary.  Note that we add the
        # list before filling it.  When we fill it, it will thus also show
        # up in kwds['export_symbols'].
        kwds.setdefault('export_symbols', self.export_symbols)

def find_module(self, module_name, path, so_suffixes):
        for so_suffix in so_suffixes:
            basename = module_name + so_suffix
            if path is None:
                path = sys.path
            for dirname in path:
                filename = os.path.join(dirname, basename)
                if os.path.isfile(filename):
                    return filename

def collect_types(self):
        pass      # not needed in the generic engine

def _prnt(self, what=''):
        self._f.write(what + '\n')

def write_source_to_f(self):
        prnt = self._prnt
        # first paste some standard set of lines that are mostly '#include'
        prnt(cffimod_header)
        # then paste the C source given by the user, verbatim.
        prnt(self.verifier.preamble)
        #
        # call generate_gen_xxx_decl(), for every xxx found from
        # ffi._parser._declarations.  This generates all the functions.
        self._generate('decl')
        #
        # on Windows, distutils insists on putting init_cffi_xyz in
        # 'export_symbols', so instead of fighting it, just give up and
        # give it one
        if sys.platform == 'win32':
            if sys.version_info >= (3,):
                prefix = 'PyInit_'
            else:
                prefix = 'init'
            modname = self.verifier.get_module_name()
            prnt("void %s%s(void) { }\n" % (prefix, modname))

def load_library(self, flags=0):
        # import it with the CFFI backend
        backend = self.ffi._backend
        # needs to make a path that contains '/', on Posix
        filename = os.path.join(os.curdir, self.verifier.modulefilename)
        module = backend.load_library(filename, flags)
        #
        # call loading_gen_struct() to get the struct layout inferred by
        # the C compiler
        self._load(module, 'loading')

# build the FFILibrary class and instance, this is a module subclass
        # because modules are expected to have usually-constant-attributes and
        # in PyPy this means the JIT is able to treat attributes as constant,
        # which we want.
        class FFILibrary(types.ModuleType):
            _cffi_generic_module = module
            _cffi_ffi = self.ffi
            _cffi_dir = []
            def __dir__(self):
                return FFILibrary._cffi_dir
        library = FFILibrary("")
        #
        # finally, call the loaded_gen_xxx() functions.  This will set
        # up the 'library' object.
        self._load(module, 'loaded', library=library)
        return library

def _get_declarations(self):
        lst = [(key, tp) for (key, (tp, qual)) in
                                self.ffi._parser._declarations.items()]
        lst.sort()
        return lst

def _generate(self, step_name):
        for name, tp in self._get_declarations():
            kind, realname = name.split(' ', 1)
            try:
                method = getattr(self, '_generate_gen_%s_%s' % (kind,
                                                                step_name))
            except AttributeError:
                raise VerificationError(
                    "not implemented in verify(): %r" % name)
            try:
                method(tp, realname)
            except Exception as e:
                model.attach_exception_info(e, name)
                raise

def _load(self, module, step_name, **kwds):
        for name, tp in self._get_declarations():
            kind, realname = name.split(' ', 1)
            method = getattr(self, '_%s_gen_%s' % (step_name, kind))
            try:
                method(tp, realname, module, **kwds)
            except Exception as e:
                model.attach_exception_info(e, name)
                raise

def _generate_nothing(self, tp, name):
        pass

def _loaded_noop(self, tp, name, module, **kwds):
        pass

# ----------
    # typedefs: generates no code so far

_generate_gen_typedef_decl   = _generate_nothing
    _loading_gen_typedef         = _loaded_noop
    _loaded_gen_typedef          = _loaded_noop

# ----------
    # function declarations

def _generate_gen_function_decl(self, tp, name):
        assert isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType)
        if tp.ellipsis:
            # cannot support vararg functions better than this: check for its
            # exact type (including the fixed arguments), and build it as a
            # constant function pointer (no _cffi_f_%s wrapper)
            self._generate_gen_const(False, name, tp)
            return
        prnt = self._prnt
        numargs = len(tp.args)
        argnames = []
        for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
            indirection = ''
            if isinstance(type, model.StructOrUnion):
                indirection = '*'
            argnames.append('%sx%d' % (indirection, i))
        context = 'argument of %s' % name
        arglist = [type.get_c_name(' %s' % arg, context)
                   for type, arg in zip(tp.args, argnames)]
        tpresult = tp.result
        if isinstance(tpresult, model.StructOrUnion):
            arglist.insert(0, tpresult.get_c_name(' *r', context))
            tpresult = model.void_type
        arglist = ', '.join(arglist) or 'void'
        wrappername = '_cffi_f_%s' % name
        self.export_symbols.append(wrappername)
        if tp.abi:
            abi = tp.abi + ' '
        else:
            abi = ''
        funcdecl = ' %s%s(%s)' % (abi, wrappername, arglist)
        context = 'result of %s' % name
        prnt(tpresult.get_c_name(funcdecl, context))
        prnt('{')
        #
        if isinstance(tp.result, model.StructOrUnion):
            result_code = '*r = '
        elif not isinstance(tp.result, model.VoidType):
            result_code = 'return '
        else:
            result_code = ''
        prnt('  %s%s(%s);' % (result_code, name, ', '.join(argnames)))
        prnt('}')
        prnt()

_loading_gen_function = _loaded_noop

def _loaded_gen_function(self, tp, name, module, library):
        assert isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType)
        if tp.ellipsis:
            newfunction = self._load_constant(False, tp, name, module)
        else:
            indirections = []
            base_tp = tp
            if (any(isinstance(typ, model.StructOrUnion) for typ in tp.args)
                    or isinstance(tp.result, model.StructOrUnion)):
                indirect_args = []
                for i, typ in enumerate(tp.args):
                    if isinstance(typ, model.StructOrUnion):
                        typ = model.PointerType(typ)
                        indirections.append((i, typ))
                    indirect_args.append(typ)
                indirect_result = tp.result
                if isinstance(indirect_result, model.StructOrUnion):
                    if indirect_result.fldtypes is None:
                        raise TypeError("'%s' is used as result type, "
                                        "but is opaque" % (
                                            indirect_result._get_c_name(),))
                    indirect_result = model.PointerType(indirect_result)
                    indirect_args.insert(0, indirect_result)
                    indirections.insert(0, ("result", indirect_result))
                    indirect_result = model.void_type
                tp = model.FunctionPtrType(tuple(indirect_args),
                                           indirect_result, tp.ellipsis)
            BFunc = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)
            wrappername = '_cffi_f_%s' % name
            newfunction = module.load_function(BFunc, wrappername)
            for i, typ in indirections:
                newfunction = self._make_struct_wrapper(newfunction, i, typ,
                                                        base_tp)
        setattr(library, name, newfunction)
        type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name)

def _make_struct_wrapper(self, oldfunc, i, tp, base_tp):
        backend = self.ffi._backend
        BType = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)
        if i == "result":
            ffi = self.ffi
            def newfunc(*args):
                res = ffi.new(BType)
                oldfunc(res, *args)
                return res[0]
        else:
            def newfunc(*args):
                args = args[:i] + (backend.newp(BType, args[i]),) + args[i+1:]
                return oldfunc(*args)
        newfunc._cffi_base_type = base_tp
        return newfunc

# ----------
    # named structs

def _generate_gen_struct_decl(self, tp, name):
        assert name == tp.name
        self._generate_struct_or_union_decl(tp, 'struct', name)

def _loading_gen_struct(self, tp, name, module):
        self._loading_struct_or_union(tp, 'struct', name, module)

def _loaded_gen_struct(self, tp, name, module, **kwds):
        self._loaded_struct_or_union(tp)

def _generate_gen_union_decl(self, tp, name):
        assert name == tp.name
        self._generate_struct_or_union_decl(tp, 'union', name)

def _loading_gen_union(self, tp, name, module):
        self._loading_struct_or_union(tp, 'union', name, module)

def _loaded_gen_union(self, tp, name, module, **kwds):
        self._loaded_struct_or_union(tp)

def _generate_struct_or_union_decl(self, tp, prefix, name):
        if tp.fldnames is None:
            return     # nothing to do with opaque structs
        checkfuncname = '_cffi_check_%s_%s' % (prefix, name)
        layoutfuncname = '_cffi_layout_%s_%s' % (prefix, name)
        cname = ('%s %s' % (prefix, name)).strip()
        #
        prnt = self._prnt
        prnt('static void %s(%s *p)' % (checkfuncname, cname))
        prnt('{')
        prnt('  /* only to generate compile-time warnings or errors */')
        prnt('  (void)p;')
        for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields():
            if (isinstance(ftype, model.PrimitiveType)
                and ftype.is_integer_type()) or fbitsize >= 0:
                # accept all integers, but complain on float or double
                prnt('  (void)((p->%s) << 1);' % fname)
            else:
                # only accept exactly the type declared.
                try:
                    prnt('  { %s = &p->%s; (void)tmp; }' % (
                        ftype.get_c_name('*tmp', 'field %r'%fname, quals=fqual),
                        fname))
                except VerificationError as e:
                    prnt('  /* %s */' % str(e))   # cannot verify it, ignore
        prnt('}')
        self.export_symbols.append(layoutfuncname)
        prnt('intptr_t %s(intptr_t i)' % (layoutfuncname,))
        prnt('{')
        prnt('  struct _cffi_aligncheck { char x; %s y; };' % cname)
        prnt('  static intptr_t nums[] = {')
        prnt('    sizeof(%s),' % cname)
        prnt('    offsetof(struct _cffi_aligncheck, y),')
        for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields():
            if fbitsize >= 0:
                continue      # xxx ignore fbitsize for now
            prnt('    offsetof(%s, %s),' % (cname, fname))
            if isinstance(ftype, model.ArrayType) and ftype.length is None:
                prnt('    0,  /* %s */' % ftype._get_c_name())
            else:
                prnt('    sizeof(((%s *)0)->%s),' % (cname, fname))
        prnt('    -1')
        prnt('  };')
        prnt('  return nums[i];')
        prnt('  /* the next line is not executed, but compiled */')
        prnt('  %s(0);' % (checkfuncname,))
        prnt('}')
        prnt()

def _loading_struct_or_union(self, tp, prefix, name, module):
        if tp.fldnames is None:
            return     # nothing to do with opaque structs
        layoutfuncname = '_cffi_layout_%s_%s' % (prefix, name)
        #
        BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("intptr_t(*)(intptr_t)")[0]
        function = module.load_function(BFunc, layoutfuncname)
        layout = []
        num = 0
        while True:
            x = function(num)
            if x < 0: break
            layout.append(x)
            num += 1
        if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion) and tp.partial:
            # use the function()'s sizes and offsets to guide the
            # layout of the struct
            totalsize = layout[0]
            totalalignment = layout[1]
            fieldofs = layout[2::2]
            fieldsize = layout[3::2]
            tp.force_flatten()
            assert len(fieldofs) == len(fieldsize) == len(tp.fldnames)
            tp.fixedlayout = fieldofs, fieldsize, totalsize, totalalignment
        else:
            cname = ('%s %s' % (prefix, name)).strip()
            self._struct_pending_verification[tp] = layout, cname

def _loaded_struct_or_union(self, tp):
        if tp.fldnames is None:
            return     # nothing to do with opaque structs
        self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)   # force 'fixedlayout' to be considered

if tp in self._struct_pending_verification:
            # check that the layout sizes and offsets match the real ones
            def check(realvalue, expectedvalue, msg):
                if realvalue != expectedvalue:
                    raise VerificationError(
                        "%s (we have %d, but C compiler says %d)"
                        % (msg, expectedvalue, realvalue))
            ffi = self.ffi
            BStruct = ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)
            layout, cname = self._struct_pending_verification.pop(tp)
            check(layout[0], ffi.sizeof(BStruct), "wrong total size")
            check(layout[1], ffi.alignof(BStruct), "wrong total alignment")
            i = 2
            for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields():
                if fbitsize >= 0:
                    continue        # xxx ignore fbitsize for now
                check(layout[i], ffi.offsetof(BStruct, fname),
                      "wrong offset for field %r" % (fname,))
                if layout[i+1] != 0:
                    BField = ffi._get_cached_btype(ftype)
                    check(layout[i+1], ffi.sizeof(BField),
                          "wrong size for field %r" % (fname,))
                i += 2
            assert i == len(layout)

# ----------
    # 'anonymous' declarations.  These are produced for anonymous structs
    # or unions; the 'name' is obtained by a typedef.

def _generate_gen_anonymous_decl(self, tp, name):
        if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
            self._generate_gen_enum_decl(tp, name, '')
        else:
            self._generate_struct_or_union_decl(tp, '', name)

def _loading_gen_anonymous(self, tp, name, module):
        if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
            self._loading_gen_enum(tp, name, module, '')
        else:
            self._loading_struct_or_union(tp, '', name, module)

def _loaded_gen_anonymous(self, tp, name, module, **kwds):
        if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
            self._loaded_gen_enum(tp, name, module, **kwds)
        else:
            self._loaded_struct_or_union(tp)

# ----------
    # constants, likely declared with '#define'

def _generate_gen_const(self, is_int, name, tp=None, category='const',
                            check_value=None):
        prnt = self._prnt
        funcname = '_cffi_%s_%s' % (category, name)
        self.export_symbols.append(funcname)
        if check_value is not None:
            assert is_int
            assert category == 'const'
            prnt('int %s(char *out_error)' % funcname)
            prnt('{')
            self._check_int_constant_value(name, check_value)
            prnt('  return 0;')
            prnt('}')
        elif is_int:
            assert category == 'const'
            prnt('int %s(long long *out_value)' % funcname)
            prnt('{')
            prnt('  *out_value = (long long)(%s);' % (name,))
            prnt('  return (%s) <= 0;' % (name,))
            prnt('}')
        else:
            assert tp is not None
            assert check_value is None
            if category == 'var':
                ampersand = '&'
            else:
                ampersand = ''
            extra = ''
            if category == 'const' and isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
                extra = 'const *'
                ampersand = '&'
            prnt(tp.get_c_name(' %s%s(void)' % (extra, funcname), name))
            prnt('{')
            prnt('  return (%s%s);' % (ampersand, name))
            prnt('}')
        prnt()

def _generate_gen_constant_decl(self, tp, name):
        is_int = isinstance(tp, model.PrimitiveType) and tp.is_integer_type()
        self._generate_gen_const(is_int, name, tp)

_loading_gen_constant = _loaded_noop

def _load_constant(self, is_int, tp, name, module, check_value=None):
        funcname = '_cffi_const_%s' % name
        if check_value is not None:
            assert is_int
            self._load_known_int_constant(module, funcname)
            value = check_value
        elif is_int:
            BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("long long*")[0]
            BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int(*)(long long*)")[0]
            function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
            p = self.ffi.new(BType)
            negative = function(p)
            value = int(p[0])
            if value < 0 and not negative:
                BLongLong = self.ffi._typeof_locked("long long")[0]
                value += (1 << (8*self.ffi.sizeof(BLongLong)))
        else:
            assert check_value is None
            fntypeextra = '(*)(void)'
            if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
                fntypeextra = '*' + fntypeextra
            BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked(tp.get_c_name(fntypeextra, name))[0]
            function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
            value = function()
            if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
                value = value[0]
        return value

def _loaded_gen_constant(self, tp, name, module, library):
        is_int = isinstance(tp, model.PrimitiveType) and tp.is_integer_type()
        value = self._load_constant(is_int, tp, name, module)
        setattr(library, name, value)
        type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name)

# ----------
    # enums

def _check_int_constant_value(self, name, value):
        prnt = self._prnt
        if value <= 0:
            prnt('  if ((%s) > 0 || (long)(%s) != %dL) {' % (
                name, name, value))
        else:
            prnt('  if ((%s) <= 0 || (unsigned long)(%s) != %dUL) {' % (
                name, name, value))
        prnt('    char buf[64];')
        prnt('    if ((%s) <= 0)' % name)
        prnt('        sprintf(buf, "%%ld", (long)(%s));' % name)
        prnt('    else')
        prnt('        sprintf(buf, "%%lu", (unsigned long)(%s));' %
             name)
        prnt('    sprintf(out_error, "%s has the real value %s, not %s",')
        prnt('            "%s", buf, "%d");' % (name[:100], value))
        prnt('    return -1;')
        prnt('  }')

def _load_known_int_constant(self, module, funcname):
        BType = self.ffi._typeof_locked("char[]")[0]
        BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked("int(*)(char*)")[0]
        function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
        p = self.ffi.new(BType, 256)
        if function(p) < 0:
            error = self.ffi.string(p)
            if sys.version_info >= (3,):
                error = str(error, 'utf-8')
            raise VerificationError(error)

def _enum_funcname(self, prefix, name):
        # "$enum_$1" => "___D_enum____D_1"
        name = name.replace('$', '___D_')
        return '_cffi_e_%s_%s' % (prefix, name)

def _generate_gen_enum_decl(self, tp, name, prefix='enum'):
        if tp.partial:
            for enumerator in tp.enumerators:
                self._generate_gen_const(True, enumerator)
            return
        #
        funcname = self._enum_funcname(prefix, name)
        self.export_symbols.append(funcname)
        prnt = self._prnt
        prnt('int %s(char *out_error)' % funcname)
        prnt('{')
        for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
            self._check_int_constant_value(enumerator, enumvalue)
        prnt('  return 0;')
        prnt('}')
        prnt()

def _loading_gen_enum(self, tp, name, module, prefix='enum'):
        if tp.partial:
            enumvalues = [self._load_constant(True, tp, enumerator, module)
                          for enumerator in tp.enumerators]
            tp.enumvalues = tuple(enumvalues)
            tp.partial_resolved = True
        else:
            funcname = self._enum_funcname(prefix, name)
            self._load_known_int_constant(module, funcname)

def _loaded_gen_enum(self, tp, name, module, library):
        for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
            setattr(library, enumerator, enumvalue)
            type(library)._cffi_dir.append(enumerator)

# ----------
    # macros: for now only for integers

def _generate_gen_macro_decl(self, tp, name):
        if tp == '...':
            check_value = None
        else:
            check_value = tp     # an integer
        self._generate_gen_const(True, name, check_value=check_value)

_loading_gen_macro = _loaded_noop

def _loaded_gen_macro(self, tp, name, module, library):
        if tp == '...':
            check_value = None
        else:
            check_value = tp     # an integer
        value = self._load_constant(True, tp, name, module,
                                    check_value=check_value)
        setattr(library, name, value)
        type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name)

# ----------
    # global variables

def _generate_gen_variable_decl(self, tp, name):
        if isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType):
            if tp.length == '...':
                prnt = self._prnt
                funcname = '_cffi_sizeof_%s' % (name,)
                self.export_symbols.append(funcname)
                prnt("size_t %s(void)" % funcname)
                prnt("{")
                prnt("  return sizeof(%s);" % (name,))
                prnt("}")
            tp_ptr = model.PointerType(tp.item)
            self._generate_gen_const(False, name, tp_ptr)
        else:
            tp_ptr = model.PointerType(tp)
            self._generate_gen_const(False, name, tp_ptr, category='var')

_loading_gen_variable = _loaded_noop

def _loaded_gen_variable(self, tp, name, module, library):
        if isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType):   # int a[5] is "constant" in the
                                              # sense that "a=..." is forbidden
            if tp.length == '...':
                funcname = '_cffi_sizeof_%s' % (name,)
                BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked('size_t(*)(void)')[0]
                function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
                size = function()
                BItemType = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp.item)
                length, rest = divmod(size, self.ffi.sizeof(BItemType))
                if rest != 0:
                    raise VerificationError(
                        "bad size: %r does not seem to be an array of %s" %
                        (name, tp.item))
                tp = tp.resolve_length(length)
            tp_ptr = model.PointerType(tp.item)
            value = self._load_constant(False, tp_ptr, name, module)
            # 'value' is a <cdata 'type *'> which we have to replace with
            # a <cdata 'type[N]'> if the N is actually known
            if tp.length is not None:
                BArray = self.ffi._get_cached_btype(tp)
                value = self.ffi.cast(BArray, value)
            setattr(library, name, value)
            type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name)
            return
        # remove ptr=<cdata 'int *'> from the library instance, and replace
        # it by a property on the class, which reads/writes into ptr[0].
        funcname = '_cffi_var_%s' % name
        BFunc = self.ffi._typeof_locked(tp.get_c_name('*(*)(void)', name))[0]
        function = module.load_function(BFunc, funcname)
        ptr = function()
        def getter(library):
            return ptr[0]
        def setter(library, value):
            ptr[0] = value
        setattr(type(library), name, property(getter, setter))
        type(library)._cffi_dir.append(name)

cffimod_header = r'''
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/types.h>   /* XXX for ssize_t on some platforms */

/* this block of #ifs should be kept exactly identical between
   c/_cffi_backend.c, cffi/vengine_cpy.py, cffi/vengine_gen.py
   and cffi/_cffi_include.h */
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
# include <malloc.h>   /* for alloca() */
# if _MSC_VER < 1600   /* MSVC < 2010 */
   typedef __int8 int8_t;
   typedef __int16 int16_t;
   typedef __int32 int32_t;
   typedef __int64 int64_t;
   typedef unsigned __int8 uint8_t;
   typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
   typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
   typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
   typedef __int8 int_least8_t;
   typedef __int16 int_least16_t;
   typedef __int32 int_least32_t;
   typedef __int64 int_least64_t;
   typedef unsigned __int8 uint_least8_t;
   typedef unsigned __int16 uint_least16_t;
   typedef unsigned __int32 uint_least32_t;
   typedef unsigned __int64 uint_least64_t;
   typedef __int8 int_fast8_t;
   typedef __int16 int_fast16_t;
   typedef __int32 int_fast32_t;
   typedef __int64 int_fast64_t;
   typedef unsigned __int8 uint_fast8_t;
   typedef unsigned __int16 uint_fast16_t;
   typedef unsigned __int32 uint_fast32_t;
   typedef unsigned __int64 uint_fast64_t;
   typedef __int64 intmax_t;
   typedef unsigned __int64 uintmax_t;
# else
#  include <stdint.h>
# endif
# if _MSC_VER < 1800   /* MSVC < 2013 */
#  ifndef __cplusplus
    typedef unsigned char _Bool;
#  endif
# endif
#else
# include <stdint.h>
# if (defined (__SVR4) && defined (__sun)) || defined(_AIX) || defined(__hpux)
#  include <alloca.h>
# endif
#endif
'''

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