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Edit File : x509.js \| Size : 18.61 KB
// Copyright 2017 Joyent, Inc. module.exports = { read: read, verify: verify, sign: sign, signAsync: signAsync, write: write }; var assert = require('assert-plus'); var asn1 = require('asn1'); var Buffer = require('safer-buffer').Buffer; var algs = require('../algs'); var utils = require('../utils'); var Key = require('../key'); var PrivateKey = require('../private-key'); var pem = require('./pem'); var Identity = require('../identity'); var Signature = require('../signature'); var Certificate = require('../certificate'); var pkcs8 = require('./pkcs8'); /* * This file is based on RFC5280 (X.509). / / Helper to read in a single mpint / function readMPInt(der, nm) { assert.strictEqual(der.peek(), asn1.Ber.Integer, nm + ' is not an Integer'); return (utils.mpNormalize(der.readString(asn1.Ber.Integer, true))); } function verify(cert, key) { var sig = cert.signatures.x509; assert.object(sig, 'x509 signature'); var algParts = sig.algo.split('-'); if (algParts[0] !== key.type) return (false); var blob = sig.cache; if (blob === undefined) { var der = new asn1.BerWriter(); writeTBSCert(cert, der); blob = der.buffer; } var verifier = key.createVerify(algParts[1]); verifier.write(blob); return (verifier.verify(sig.signature)); } function Local(i) { return (asn1.Ber.Context \| asn1.Ber.Constructor \| i); } function Context(i) { return (asn1.Ber.Context \| i); } var SIGN_ALGS = { 'rsa-md5': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.4', 'rsa-sha1': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.5', 'rsa-sha256': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.11', 'rsa-sha384': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.12', 'rsa-sha512': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.13', 'dsa-sha1': '1.2.840.10040.4.3', 'dsa-sha256': '2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.2', 'ecdsa-sha1': '1.2.840.10045.4.1', 'ecdsa-sha256': '1.2.840.10045.4.3.2', 'ecdsa-sha384': '1.2.840.10045.4.3.3', 'ecdsa-sha512': '1.2.840.10045.4.3.4', 'ed25519-sha512': '1.3.101.112' }; Object.keys(SIGN_ALGS).forEach(function (k) { SIGN_ALGS[SIGN_ALGS[k]] = k; }); SIGN_ALGS['1.3.14.3.2.3'] = 'rsa-md5'; SIGN_ALGS['1.3.14.3.2.29'] = 'rsa-sha1'; var EXTS = { 'issuerKeyId': '2.5.29.35', 'altName': '2.5.29.17', 'basicConstraints': '2.5.29.19', 'keyUsage': '2.5.29.15', 'extKeyUsage': '2.5.29.37' }; function read(buf, options) { if (typeof (buf) === 'string') { buf = Buffer.from(buf, 'binary'); } assert.buffer(buf, 'buf'); var der = new asn1.BerReader(buf); der.readSequence(); if (Math.abs(der.length - der.remain) > 1) { throw (new Error('DER sequence does not contain whole byte ' + 'stream')); } var tbsStart = der.offset; der.readSequence(); var sigOffset = der.offset + der.length; var tbsEnd = sigOffset; if (der.peek() === Local(0)) { der.readSequence(Local(0)); var version = der.readInt(); assert.ok(version <= 3, 'only x.509 versions up to v3 supported'); } var cert = {}; cert.signatures = {}; var sig = (cert.signatures.x509 = {}); sig.extras = {}; cert.serial = readMPInt(der, 'serial'); der.readSequence(); var after = der.offset + der.length; var certAlgOid = der.readOID(); var certAlg = SIGN_ALGS[certAlgOid]; if (certAlg === undefined) throw (new Error('unknown signature algorithm ' + certAlgOid)); der._offset = after; cert.issuer = Identity.parseAsn1(der); der.readSequence(); cert.validFrom = readDate(der); cert.validUntil = readDate(der); cert.subjects = [Identity.parseAsn1(der)]; der.readSequence(); after = der.offset + der.length; cert.subjectKey = pkcs8.readPkcs8(undefined, 'public', der); der._offset = after; / issuerUniqueID / if (der.peek() === Local(1)) { der.readSequence(Local(1)); sig.extras.issuerUniqueID = buf.slice(der.offset, der.offset + der.length); der._offset += der.length; } / subjectUniqueID / if (der.peek() === Local(2)) { der.readSequence(Local(2)); sig.extras.subjectUniqueID = buf.slice(der.offset, der.offset + der.length); der._offset += der.length; } / extensions / if (der.peek() === Local(3)) { der.readSequence(Local(3)); var extEnd = der.offset + der.length; der.readSequence(); while (der.offset < extEnd) readExtension(cert, buf, der); assert.strictEqual(der.offset, extEnd); } assert.strictEqual(der.offset, sigOffset); der.readSequence(); after = der.offset + der.length; var sigAlgOid = der.readOID(); var sigAlg = SIGN_ALGS[sigAlgOid]; if (sigAlg === undefined) throw (new Error('unknown signature algorithm ' + sigAlgOid)); der._offset = after; var sigData = der.readString(asn1.Ber.BitString, true); if (sigData[0] === 0) sigData = sigData.slice(1); var algParts = sigAlg.split('-'); sig.signature = Signature.parse(sigData, algParts[0], 'asn1'); sig.signature.hashAlgorithm = algParts[1]; sig.algo = sigAlg; sig.cache = buf.slice(tbsStart, tbsEnd); return (new Certificate(cert)); } function readDate(der) { if (der.peek() === asn1.Ber.UTCTime) { return (utcTimeToDate(der.readString(asn1.Ber.UTCTime))); } else if (der.peek() === asn1.Ber.GeneralizedTime) { return (gTimeToDate(der.readString(asn1.Ber.GeneralizedTime))); } else { throw (new Error('Unsupported date format')); } } / RFC5280, section 4.2.1.6 (GeneralName type) / var ALTNAME = { OtherName: Local(0), RFC822Name: Context(1), DNSName: Context(2), X400Address: Local(3), DirectoryName: Local(4), EDIPartyName: Local(5), URI: Context(6), IPAddress: Context(7), OID: Context(8) }; / RFC5280, section 4.2.1.12 (KeyPurposeId) / var EXTPURPOSE = { 'serverAuth': '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1', 'clientAuth': '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2', 'codeSigning': '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3', / See https://github.com/joyent/oid-docs/blob/master/root.md / 'joyentDocker': '1.3.6.1.4.1.38678.1.4.1', 'joyentCmon': '1.3.6.1.4.1.38678.1.4.2' }; var EXTPURPOSE_REV = {}; Object.keys(EXTPURPOSE).forEach(function (k) { EXTPURPOSE_REV[EXTPURPOSE[k]] = k; }); var KEYUSEBITS = [ 'signature', 'identity', 'keyEncryption', 'encryption', 'keyAgreement', 'ca', 'crl' ]; function readExtension(cert, buf, der) { der.readSequence(); var after = der.offset + der.length; var extId = der.readOID(); var id; var sig = cert.signatures.x509; sig.extras.exts = []; var critical; if (der.peek() === asn1.Ber.Boolean) critical = der.readBoolean(); switch (extId) { case (EXTS.basicConstraints): der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); der.readSequence(); var bcEnd = der.offset + der.length; var ca = false; if (der.peek() === asn1.Ber.Boolean) ca = der.readBoolean(); if (cert.purposes === undefined) cert.purposes = []; if (ca === true) cert.purposes.push('ca'); var bc = { oid: extId, critical: critical }; if (der.offset < bcEnd && der.peek() === asn1.Ber.Integer) bc.pathLen = der.readInt(); sig.extras.exts.push(bc); break; case (EXTS.extKeyUsage): der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); der.readSequence(); if (cert.purposes === undefined) cert.purposes = []; var ekEnd = der.offset + der.length; while (der.offset < ekEnd) { var oid = der.readOID(); cert.purposes.push(EXTPURPOSE_REV[oid] \|\| oid); } / * This is a bit of a hack: in the case where we have a cert * that's only allowed to do serverAuth or clientAuth (and not * the other), we want to make sure all our Subjects are of * the right type. But we already parsed our Subjects and * decided if they were hosts or users earlier (since it appears * first in the cert). * * So we go through and mutate them into the right kind here if * it doesn't match. This might not be hugely beneficial, as it * seems that single-purpose certs are not often seen in the * wild. / if (cert.purposes.indexOf('serverAuth') !== -1 && cert.purposes.indexOf('clientAuth') === -1) { cert.subjects.forEach(function (ide) { if (ide.type !== 'host') { ide.type = 'host'; ide.hostname = ide.uid \|\| ide.email \|\| ide.components[0].value; } }); } else if (cert.purposes.indexOf('clientAuth') !== -1 && cert.purposes.indexOf('serverAuth') === -1) { cert.subjects.forEach(function (ide) { if (ide.type !== 'user') { ide.type = 'user'; ide.uid = ide.hostname \|\| ide.email \|\| ide.components[0].value; } }); } sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical }); break; case (EXTS.keyUsage): der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); var bits = der.readString(asn1.Ber.BitString, true); var setBits = readBitField(bits, KEYUSEBITS); setBits.forEach(function (bit) { if (cert.purposes === undefined) cert.purposes = []; if (cert.purposes.indexOf(bit) === -1) cert.purposes.push(bit); }); sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical, bits: bits }); break; case (EXTS.altName): der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); der.readSequence(); var aeEnd = der.offset + der.length; while (der.offset < aeEnd) { switch (der.peek()) { case ALTNAME.OtherName: case ALTNAME.EDIPartyName: der.readSequence(); der._offset += der.length; break; case ALTNAME.OID: der.readOID(ALTNAME.OID); break; case ALTNAME.RFC822Name: / RFC822 specifies email addresses / var email = der.readString(ALTNAME.RFC822Name); id = Identity.forEmail(email); if (!cert.subjects[0].equals(id)) cert.subjects.push(id); break; case ALTNAME.DirectoryName: der.readSequence(ALTNAME.DirectoryName); id = Identity.parseAsn1(der); if (!cert.subjects[0].equals(id)) cert.subjects.push(id); break; case ALTNAME.DNSName: var host = der.readString( ALTNAME.DNSName); id = Identity.forHost(host); if (!cert.subjects[0].equals(id)) cert.subjects.push(id); break; default: der.readString(der.peek()); break; } } sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical }); break; default: sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical, data: der.readString(asn1.Ber.OctetString, true) }); break; } der._offset = after; } var UTCTIME_RE = /^([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})?Z$/; function utcTimeToDate(t) { var m = t.match(UTCTIME_RE); assert.ok(m, 'timestamps must be in UTC'); var d = new Date(); var thisYear = d.getUTCFullYear(); var century = Math.floor(thisYear / 100) 100; var year = parseInt(m[1], 10); if (thisYear % 100 < 50 && year >= 60) year += (century - 1); else year += century; d.setUTCFullYear(year, parseInt(m[2], 10) - 1, parseInt(m[3], 10)); d.setUTCHours(parseInt(m[4], 10), parseInt(m[5], 10)); if (m[6] && m[6].length > 0) d.setUTCSeconds(parseInt(m[6], 10)); return (d); } var GTIME_RE = /^([0-9]{4})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})?Z$/; function gTimeToDate(t) { var m = t.match(GTIME_RE); assert.ok(m); var d = new Date(); d.setUTCFullYear(parseInt(m[1], 10), parseInt(m[2], 10) - 1, parseInt(m[3], 10)); d.setUTCHours(parseInt(m[4], 10), parseInt(m[5], 10)); if (m[6] && m[6].length > 0) d.setUTCSeconds(parseInt(m[6], 10)); return (d); } function zeroPad(n) { var s = '' + n; while (s.length < 2) s = '0' + s; return (s); } function dateToUTCTime(d) { var s = ''; s += zeroPad(d.getUTCFullYear() % 100); s += zeroPad(d.getUTCMonth() + 1); s += zeroPad(d.getUTCDate()); s += zeroPad(d.getUTCHours()); s += zeroPad(d.getUTCMinutes()); s += zeroPad(d.getUTCSeconds()); s += 'Z'; return (s); } function sign(cert, key) { if (cert.signatures.x509 === undefined) cert.signatures.x509 = {}; var sig = cert.signatures.x509; sig.algo = key.type + '-' + key.defaultHashAlgorithm(); if (SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo] === undefined) return (false); var der = new asn1.BerWriter(); writeTBSCert(cert, der); var blob = der.buffer; sig.cache = blob; var signer = key.createSign(); signer.write(blob); cert.signatures.x509.signature = signer.sign(); return (true); } function signAsync(cert, signer, done) { if (cert.signatures.x509 === undefined) cert.signatures.x509 = {}; var sig = cert.signatures.x509; var der = new asn1.BerWriter(); writeTBSCert(cert, der); var blob = der.buffer; sig.cache = blob; signer(blob, function (err, signature) { if (err) { done(err); return; } sig.algo = signature.type + '-' + signature.hashAlgorithm; if (SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo] === undefined) { done(new Error('Invalid signing algorithm "' + sig.algo + '"')); return; } sig.signature = signature; done(); }); } function write(cert, options) { var sig = cert.signatures.x509; assert.object(sig, 'x509 signature'); var der = new asn1.BerWriter(); der.startSequence(); if (sig.cache) { der._ensure(sig.cache.length); sig.cache.copy(der._buf, der._offset); der._offset += sig.cache.length; } else { writeTBSCert(cert, der); } der.startSequence(); der.writeOID(SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo]); if (sig.algo.match(/^rsa-/)) der.writeNull(); der.endSequence(); var sigData = sig.signature.toBuffer('asn1'); var data = Buffer.alloc(sigData.length + 1); data[0] = 0; sigData.copy(data, 1); der.writeBuffer(data, asn1.Ber.BitString); der.endSequence(); return (der.buffer); } function writeTBSCert(cert, der) { var sig = cert.signatures.x509; assert.object(sig, 'x509 signature'); der.startSequence(); der.startSequence(Local(0)); der.writeInt(2); der.endSequence(); der.writeBuffer(utils.mpNormalize(cert.serial), asn1.Ber.Integer); der.startSequence(); der.writeOID(SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo]); if (sig.algo.match(/^rsa-/)) der.writeNull(); der.endSequence(); cert.issuer.toAsn1(der); der.startSequence(); der.writeString(dateToUTCTime(cert.validFrom), asn1.Ber.UTCTime); der.writeString(dateToUTCTime(cert.validUntil), asn1.Ber.UTCTime); der.endSequence(); var subject = cert.subjects[0]; var altNames = cert.subjects.slice(1); subject.toAsn1(der); pkcs8.writePkcs8(der, cert.subjectKey); if (sig.extras && sig.extras.issuerUniqueID) { der.writeBuffer(sig.extras.issuerUniqueID, Local(1)); } if (sig.extras && sig.extras.subjectUniqueID) { der.writeBuffer(sig.extras.subjectUniqueID, Local(2)); } if (altNames.length > 0 \|\| subject.type === 'host' \|\| (cert.purposes !== undefined && cert.purposes.length > 0) \|\| (sig.extras && sig.extras.exts)) { der.startSequence(Local(3)); der.startSequence(); var exts = []; if (cert.purposes !== undefined && cert.purposes.length > 0) { exts.push({ oid: EXTS.basicConstraints, critical: true }); exts.push({ oid: EXTS.keyUsage, critical: true }); exts.push({ oid: EXTS.extKeyUsage, critical: true }); } exts.push({ oid: EXTS.altName }); if (sig.extras && sig.extras.exts) exts = sig.extras.exts; for (var i = 0; i < exts.length; ++i) { der.startSequence(); der.writeOID(exts[i].oid); if (exts[i].critical !== undefined) der.writeBoolean(exts[i].critical); if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.altName) { der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); der.startSequence(); if (subject.type === 'host') { der.writeString(subject.hostname, Context(2)); } for (var j = 0; j < altNames.length; ++j) { if (altNames[j].type === 'host') { der.writeString( altNames[j].hostname, ALTNAME.DNSName); } else if (altNames[j].type === 'email') { der.writeString( altNames[j].email, ALTNAME.RFC822Name); } else { /* * Encode anything else as a * DN style name for now. / der.startSequence( ALTNAME.DirectoryName); altNames[j].toAsn1(der); der.endSequence(); } } der.endSequence(); der.endSequence(); } else if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.basicConstraints) { der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); der.startSequence(); var ca = (cert.purposes.indexOf('ca') !== -1); var pathLen = exts[i].pathLen; der.writeBoolean(ca); if (pathLen !== undefined) der.writeInt(pathLen); der.endSequence(); der.endSequence(); } else if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.extKeyUsage) { der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); der.startSequence(); cert.purposes.forEach(function (purpose) { if (purpose === 'ca') return; if (KEYUSEBITS.indexOf(purpose) !== -1) return; var oid = purpose; if (EXTPURPOSE[purpose] !== undefined) oid = EXTPURPOSE[purpose]; der.writeOID(oid); }); der.endSequence(); der.endSequence(); } else if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.keyUsage) { der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString); / * If we parsed this certificate from a byte * stream (i.e. we didn't generate it in sshpk) * then we'll have a ".bits" property on the * ext with the original raw byte contents. * * If we have this, use it here instead of * regenerating it. This guarantees we output * the same data we parsed, so signatures still * validate. / if (exts[i].bits !== undefined) { der.writeBuffer(exts[i].bits, asn1.Ber.BitString); } else { var bits = writeBitField(cert.purposes, KEYUSEBITS); der.writeBuffer(bits, asn1.Ber.BitString); } der.endSequence(); } else { der.writeBuffer(exts[i].data, asn1.Ber.OctetString); } der.endSequence(); } der.endSequence(); der.endSequence(); } der.endSequence(); } / * Reads an ASN.1 BER bitfield out of the Buffer produced by doing * `BerReader#readString(asn1.Ber.BitString)`. That function gives us the raw * contents of the BitString tag, which is a count of unused bits followed by * the bits as a right-padded byte string. * * `bits` is the Buffer, `bitIndex` should contain an array of string names * for the bits in the string, ordered starting with bit #0 in the ASN.1 spec. * * Returns an array of Strings, the names of the bits that were set to 1. / function readBitField(bits, bitIndex) { var bitLen = 8 (bits.length - 1) - bits[0]; var setBits = {}; for (var i = 0; i < bitLen; ++i) { var byteN = 1 + Math.floor(i / 8); var bit = 7 - (i % 8); var mask = 1 << bit; var bitVal = ((bits[byteN] & mask) !== 0); var name = bitIndex[i]; if (bitVal && typeof (name) === 'string') { setBits[name] = true; } } return (Object.keys(setBits)); } /* * `setBits` is an array of strings, containing the names for each bit that * sould be set to 1. `bitIndex` is same as in `readBitField()`. * * Returns a Buffer, ready to be written out with `BerWriter#writeString()`. / function writeBitField(setBits, bitIndex) { var bitLen = bitIndex.length; var blen = Math.ceil(bitLen / 8); var unused = blen 8 - bitLen; var bits = Buffer.alloc(1 + blen); // zero-filled bits[0] = unused; for (var i = 0; i < bitLen; ++i) { var byteN = 1 + Math.floor(i / 8); var bit = 7 - (i % 8); var mask = 1 << bit; var name = bitIndex[i]; if (name === undefined) continue; var bitVal = (setBits.indexOf(name) !== -1); if (bitVal) { bits[byteN] \|= mask; } } return (bits); } Back

Edit File : x509.js | Size : 18.61 KB

module.exports = {
	read: read,
	verify: verify,
	sign: sign,
	signAsync: signAsync,
	write: write
};

var assert = require('assert-plus');
var asn1 = require('asn1');
var Buffer = require('safer-buffer').Buffer;
var algs = require('../algs');
var utils = require('../utils');
var Key = require('../key');
var PrivateKey = require('../private-key');
var pem = require('./pem');
var Identity = require('../identity');
var Signature = require('../signature');
var Certificate = require('../certificate');
var pkcs8 = require('./pkcs8');

/*
 * This file is based on RFC5280 (X.509).
 */

/* Helper to read in a single mpint */
function readMPInt(der, nm) {
	assert.strictEqual(der.peek(), asn1.Ber.Integer,
	    nm + ' is not an Integer');
	return (utils.mpNormalize(der.readString(asn1.Ber.Integer, true)));
}

function verify(cert, key) {
	var sig = cert.signatures.x509;
	assert.object(sig, 'x509 signature');

var algParts = sig.algo.split('-');
	if (algParts[0] !== key.type)
		return (false);

var blob = sig.cache;
	if (blob === undefined) {
		var der = new asn1.BerWriter();
		writeTBSCert(cert, der);
		blob = der.buffer;
	}

var verifier = key.createVerify(algParts[1]);
	verifier.write(blob);
	return (verifier.verify(sig.signature));
}

function Local(i) {
	return (asn1.Ber.Context | asn1.Ber.Constructor | i);
}

function Context(i) {
	return (asn1.Ber.Context | i);
}

var SIGN_ALGS = {
	'rsa-md5': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.4',
	'rsa-sha1': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.5',
	'rsa-sha256': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.11',
	'rsa-sha384': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.12',
	'rsa-sha512': '1.2.840.113549.1.1.13',
	'dsa-sha1': '1.2.840.10040.4.3',
	'dsa-sha256': '2.16.840.1.101.3.4.3.2',
	'ecdsa-sha1': '1.2.840.10045.4.1',
	'ecdsa-sha256': '1.2.840.10045.4.3.2',
	'ecdsa-sha384': '1.2.840.10045.4.3.3',
	'ecdsa-sha512': '1.2.840.10045.4.3.4',
	'ed25519-sha512': '1.3.101.112'
};
Object.keys(SIGN_ALGS).forEach(function (k) {
	SIGN_ALGS[SIGN_ALGS[k]] = k;
});
SIGN_ALGS['1.3.14.3.2.3'] = 'rsa-md5';
SIGN_ALGS['1.3.14.3.2.29'] = 'rsa-sha1';

var EXTS = {
	'issuerKeyId': '2.5.29.35',
	'altName': '2.5.29.17',
	'basicConstraints': '2.5.29.19',
	'keyUsage': '2.5.29.15',
	'extKeyUsage': '2.5.29.37'
};

function read(buf, options) {
	if (typeof (buf) === 'string') {
		buf = Buffer.from(buf, 'binary');
	}
	assert.buffer(buf, 'buf');

var der = new asn1.BerReader(buf);

der.readSequence();
	if (Math.abs(der.length - der.remain) > 1) {
		throw (new Error('DER sequence does not contain whole byte ' +
		    'stream'));
	}

var tbsStart = der.offset;
	der.readSequence();
	var sigOffset = der.offset + der.length;
	var tbsEnd = sigOffset;

if (der.peek() === Local(0)) {
		der.readSequence(Local(0));
		var version = der.readInt();
		assert.ok(version <= 3,
		    'only x.509 versions up to v3 supported');
	}

var cert = {};
	cert.signatures = {};
	var sig = (cert.signatures.x509 = {});
	sig.extras = {};

cert.serial = readMPInt(der, 'serial');

der.readSequence();
	var after = der.offset + der.length;
	var certAlgOid = der.readOID();
	var certAlg = SIGN_ALGS[certAlgOid];
	if (certAlg === undefined)
		throw (new Error('unknown signature algorithm ' + certAlgOid));

der._offset = after;
	cert.issuer = Identity.parseAsn1(der);

der.readSequence();
	cert.validFrom = readDate(der);
	cert.validUntil = readDate(der);

cert.subjects = [Identity.parseAsn1(der)];

der.readSequence();
	after = der.offset + der.length;
	cert.subjectKey = pkcs8.readPkcs8(undefined, 'public', der);
	der._offset = after;

/* issuerUniqueID */
	if (der.peek() === Local(1)) {
		der.readSequence(Local(1));
		sig.extras.issuerUniqueID =
		    buf.slice(der.offset, der.offset + der.length);
		der._offset += der.length;
	}

/* subjectUniqueID */
	if (der.peek() === Local(2)) {
		der.readSequence(Local(2));
		sig.extras.subjectUniqueID =
		    buf.slice(der.offset, der.offset + der.length);
		der._offset += der.length;
	}

/* extensions */
	if (der.peek() === Local(3)) {
		der.readSequence(Local(3));
		var extEnd = der.offset + der.length;
		der.readSequence();

while (der.offset < extEnd)
			readExtension(cert, buf, der);

assert.strictEqual(der.offset, extEnd);
	}

assert.strictEqual(der.offset, sigOffset);

der.readSequence();
	after = der.offset + der.length;
	var sigAlgOid = der.readOID();
	var sigAlg = SIGN_ALGS[sigAlgOid];
	if (sigAlg === undefined)
		throw (new Error('unknown signature algorithm ' + sigAlgOid));
	der._offset = after;

var sigData = der.readString(asn1.Ber.BitString, true);
	if (sigData[0] === 0)
		sigData = sigData.slice(1);
	var algParts = sigAlg.split('-');

sig.signature = Signature.parse(sigData, algParts[0], 'asn1');
	sig.signature.hashAlgorithm = algParts[1];
	sig.algo = sigAlg;
	sig.cache = buf.slice(tbsStart, tbsEnd);

return (new Certificate(cert));
}

/* RFC5280, section 4.2.1.6 (GeneralName type) */
var ALTNAME = {
	OtherName: Local(0),
	RFC822Name: Context(1),
	DNSName: Context(2),
	X400Address: Local(3),
	DirectoryName: Local(4),
	EDIPartyName: Local(5),
	URI: Context(6),
	IPAddress: Context(7),
	OID: Context(8)
};

/* RFC5280, section 4.2.1.12 (KeyPurposeId) */
var EXTPURPOSE = {
	'serverAuth': '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1',
	'clientAuth': '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2',
	'codeSigning': '1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3',

/* See https://github.com/joyent/oid-docs/blob/master/root.md */
	'joyentDocker': '1.3.6.1.4.1.38678.1.4.1',
	'joyentCmon': '1.3.6.1.4.1.38678.1.4.2'
};
var EXTPURPOSE_REV = {};
Object.keys(EXTPURPOSE).forEach(function (k) {
	EXTPURPOSE_REV[EXTPURPOSE[k]] = k;
});

var KEYUSEBITS = [
	'signature', 'identity', 'keyEncryption',
	'encryption', 'keyAgreement', 'ca', 'crl'
];

function readExtension(cert, buf, der) {
	der.readSequence();
	var after = der.offset + der.length;
	var extId = der.readOID();
	var id;
	var sig = cert.signatures.x509;
	sig.extras.exts = [];

var critical;
	if (der.peek() === asn1.Ber.Boolean)
		critical = der.readBoolean();

switch (extId) {
	case (EXTS.basicConstraints):
		der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
		der.readSequence();
		var bcEnd = der.offset + der.length;
		var ca = false;
		if (der.peek() === asn1.Ber.Boolean)
			ca = der.readBoolean();
		if (cert.purposes === undefined)
			cert.purposes = [];
		if (ca === true)
			cert.purposes.push('ca');
		var bc = { oid: extId, critical: critical };
		if (der.offset < bcEnd && der.peek() === asn1.Ber.Integer)
			bc.pathLen = der.readInt();
		sig.extras.exts.push(bc);
		break;
	case (EXTS.extKeyUsage):
		der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
		der.readSequence();
		if (cert.purposes === undefined)
			cert.purposes = [];
		var ekEnd = der.offset + der.length;
		while (der.offset < ekEnd) {
			var oid = der.readOID();
			cert.purposes.push(EXTPURPOSE_REV[oid] || oid);
		}
		/*
		 * This is a bit of a hack: in the case where we have a cert
		 * that's only allowed to do serverAuth or clientAuth (and not
		 * the other), we want to make sure all our Subjects are of
		 * the right type. But we already parsed our Subjects and
		 * decided if they were hosts or users earlier (since it appears
		 * first in the cert).
		 *
		 * So we go through and mutate them into the right kind here if
		 * it doesn't match. This might not be hugely beneficial, as it
		 * seems that single-purpose certs are not often seen in the
		 * wild.
		 */
		if (cert.purposes.indexOf('serverAuth') !== -1 &&
		    cert.purposes.indexOf('clientAuth') === -1) {
			cert.subjects.forEach(function (ide) {
				if (ide.type !== 'host') {
					ide.type = 'host';
					ide.hostname = ide.uid ||
					    ide.email ||
					    ide.components[0].value;
				}
			});
		} else if (cert.purposes.indexOf('clientAuth') !== -1 &&
		    cert.purposes.indexOf('serverAuth') === -1) {
			cert.subjects.forEach(function (ide) {
				if (ide.type !== 'user') {
					ide.type = 'user';
					ide.uid = ide.hostname ||
					    ide.email ||
					    ide.components[0].value;
				}
			});
		}
		sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical });
		break;
	case (EXTS.keyUsage):
		der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
		var bits = der.readString(asn1.Ber.BitString, true);
		var setBits = readBitField(bits, KEYUSEBITS);
		setBits.forEach(function (bit) {
			if (cert.purposes === undefined)
				cert.purposes = [];
			if (cert.purposes.indexOf(bit) === -1)
				cert.purposes.push(bit);
		});
		sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical,
		    bits: bits });
		break;
	case (EXTS.altName):
		der.readSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
		der.readSequence();
		var aeEnd = der.offset + der.length;
		while (der.offset < aeEnd) {
			switch (der.peek()) {
			case ALTNAME.OtherName:
			case ALTNAME.EDIPartyName:
				der.readSequence();
				der._offset += der.length;
				break;
			case ALTNAME.OID:
				der.readOID(ALTNAME.OID);
				break;
			case ALTNAME.RFC822Name:
				/* RFC822 specifies email addresses */
				var email = der.readString(ALTNAME.RFC822Name);
				id = Identity.forEmail(email);
				if (!cert.subjects[0].equals(id))
					cert.subjects.push(id);
				break;
			case ALTNAME.DirectoryName:
				der.readSequence(ALTNAME.DirectoryName);
				id = Identity.parseAsn1(der);
				if (!cert.subjects[0].equals(id))
					cert.subjects.push(id);
				break;
			case ALTNAME.DNSName:
				var host = der.readString(
				    ALTNAME.DNSName);
				id = Identity.forHost(host);
				if (!cert.subjects[0].equals(id))
					cert.subjects.push(id);
				break;
			default:
				der.readString(der.peek());
				break;
			}
		}
		sig.extras.exts.push({ oid: extId, critical: critical });
		break;
	default:
		sig.extras.exts.push({
			oid: extId,
			critical: critical,
			data: der.readString(asn1.Ber.OctetString, true)
		});
		break;
	}

der._offset = after;
}

var thisYear = d.getUTCFullYear();
	var century = Math.floor(thisYear / 100) * 100;

var year = parseInt(m[1], 10);
	if (thisYear % 100 < 50 && year >= 60)
		year += (century - 1);
	else
		year += century;
	d.setUTCFullYear(year, parseInt(m[2], 10) - 1, parseInt(m[3], 10));
	d.setUTCHours(parseInt(m[4], 10), parseInt(m[5], 10));
	if (m[6] && m[6].length > 0)
		d.setUTCSeconds(parseInt(m[6], 10));
	return (d);
}

var GTIME_RE =
    /^([0-9]{4})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})([0-9]{2})?Z$/;
function gTimeToDate(t) {
	var m = t.match(GTIME_RE);
	assert.ok(m);
	var d = new Date();

d.setUTCFullYear(parseInt(m[1], 10), parseInt(m[2], 10) - 1,
	    parseInt(m[3], 10));
	d.setUTCHours(parseInt(m[4], 10), parseInt(m[5], 10));
	if (m[6] && m[6].length > 0)
		d.setUTCSeconds(parseInt(m[6], 10));
	return (d);
}

function zeroPad(n) {
	var s = '' + n;
	while (s.length < 2)
		s = '0' + s;
	return (s);
}

function dateToUTCTime(d) {
	var s = '';
	s += zeroPad(d.getUTCFullYear() % 100);
	s += zeroPad(d.getUTCMonth() + 1);
	s += zeroPad(d.getUTCDate());
	s += zeroPad(d.getUTCHours());
	s += zeroPad(d.getUTCMinutes());
	s += zeroPad(d.getUTCSeconds());
	s += 'Z';
	return (s);
}

function sign(cert, key) {
	if (cert.signatures.x509 === undefined)
		cert.signatures.x509 = {};
	var sig = cert.signatures.x509;

sig.algo = key.type + '-' + key.defaultHashAlgorithm();
	if (SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo] === undefined)
		return (false);

var der = new asn1.BerWriter();
	writeTBSCert(cert, der);
	var blob = der.buffer;
	sig.cache = blob;

var signer = key.createSign();
	signer.write(blob);
	cert.signatures.x509.signature = signer.sign();

return (true);
}

function signAsync(cert, signer, done) {
	if (cert.signatures.x509 === undefined)
		cert.signatures.x509 = {};
	var sig = cert.signatures.x509;

var der = new asn1.BerWriter();
	writeTBSCert(cert, der);
	var blob = der.buffer;
	sig.cache = blob;

signer(blob, function (err, signature) {
		if (err) {
			done(err);
			return;
		}
		sig.algo = signature.type + '-' + signature.hashAlgorithm;
		if (SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo] === undefined) {
			done(new Error('Invalid signing algorithm "' +
			    sig.algo + '"'));
			return;
		}
		sig.signature = signature;
		done();
	});
}

function write(cert, options) {
	var sig = cert.signatures.x509;
	assert.object(sig, 'x509 signature');

var der = new asn1.BerWriter();
	der.startSequence();
	if (sig.cache) {
		der._ensure(sig.cache.length);
		sig.cache.copy(der._buf, der._offset);
		der._offset += sig.cache.length;
	} else {
		writeTBSCert(cert, der);
	}

der.startSequence();
	der.writeOID(SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo]);
	if (sig.algo.match(/^rsa-/))
		der.writeNull();
	der.endSequence();

var sigData = sig.signature.toBuffer('asn1');
	var data = Buffer.alloc(sigData.length + 1);
	data[0] = 0;
	sigData.copy(data, 1);
	der.writeBuffer(data, asn1.Ber.BitString);
	der.endSequence();

return (der.buffer);
}

function writeTBSCert(cert, der) {
	var sig = cert.signatures.x509;
	assert.object(sig, 'x509 signature');

der.startSequence();

der.startSequence(Local(0));
	der.writeInt(2);
	der.endSequence();

der.writeBuffer(utils.mpNormalize(cert.serial), asn1.Ber.Integer);

der.startSequence();
	der.writeOID(SIGN_ALGS[sig.algo]);
	if (sig.algo.match(/^rsa-/))
		der.writeNull();
	der.endSequence();

cert.issuer.toAsn1(der);

der.startSequence();
	der.writeString(dateToUTCTime(cert.validFrom), asn1.Ber.UTCTime);
	der.writeString(dateToUTCTime(cert.validUntil), asn1.Ber.UTCTime);
	der.endSequence();

var subject = cert.subjects[0];
	var altNames = cert.subjects.slice(1);
	subject.toAsn1(der);

pkcs8.writePkcs8(der, cert.subjectKey);

if (sig.extras && sig.extras.issuerUniqueID) {
		der.writeBuffer(sig.extras.issuerUniqueID, Local(1));
	}

if (sig.extras && sig.extras.subjectUniqueID) {
		der.writeBuffer(sig.extras.subjectUniqueID, Local(2));
	}

if (altNames.length > 0 || subject.type === 'host' ||
	    (cert.purposes !== undefined && cert.purposes.length > 0) ||
	    (sig.extras && sig.extras.exts)) {
		der.startSequence(Local(3));
		der.startSequence();

for (var i = 0; i < exts.length; ++i) {
			der.startSequence();
			der.writeOID(exts[i].oid);

if (exts[i].critical !== undefined)
				der.writeBoolean(exts[i].critical);

if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.altName) {
				der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
				der.startSequence();
				if (subject.type === 'host') {
					der.writeString(subject.hostname,
					    Context(2));
				}
				for (var j = 0; j < altNames.length; ++j) {
					if (altNames[j].type === 'host') {
						der.writeString(
						    altNames[j].hostname,
						    ALTNAME.DNSName);
					} else if (altNames[j].type ===
					    'email') {
						der.writeString(
						    altNames[j].email,
						    ALTNAME.RFC822Name);
					} else {
						/*
						 * Encode anything else as a
						 * DN style name for now.
						 */
						der.startSequence(
						    ALTNAME.DirectoryName);
						altNames[j].toAsn1(der);
						der.endSequence();
					}
				}
				der.endSequence();
				der.endSequence();
			} else if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.basicConstraints) {
				der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
				der.startSequence();
				var ca = (cert.purposes.indexOf('ca') !== -1);
				var pathLen = exts[i].pathLen;
				der.writeBoolean(ca);
				if (pathLen !== undefined)
					der.writeInt(pathLen);
				der.endSequence();
				der.endSequence();
			} else if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.extKeyUsage) {
				der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
				der.startSequence();
				cert.purposes.forEach(function (purpose) {
					if (purpose === 'ca')
						return;
					if (KEYUSEBITS.indexOf(purpose) !== -1)
						return;
					var oid = purpose;
					if (EXTPURPOSE[purpose] !== undefined)
						oid = EXTPURPOSE[purpose];
					der.writeOID(oid);
				});
				der.endSequence();
				der.endSequence();
			} else if (exts[i].oid === EXTS.keyUsage) {
				der.startSequence(asn1.Ber.OctetString);
				/*
				 * If we parsed this certificate from a byte
				 * stream (i.e. we didn't generate it in sshpk)
				 * then we'll have a ".bits" property on the
				 * ext with the original raw byte contents.
				 *
				 * If we have this, use it here instead of
				 * regenerating it. This guarantees we output
				 * the same data we parsed, so signatures still
				 * validate.
				 */
				if (exts[i].bits !== undefined) {
					der.writeBuffer(exts[i].bits,
					    asn1.Ber.BitString);
				} else {
					var bits = writeBitField(cert.purposes,
					    KEYUSEBITS);
					der.writeBuffer(bits,
					    asn1.Ber.BitString);
				}
				der.endSequence();
			} else {
				der.writeBuffer(exts[i].data,
				    asn1.Ber.OctetString);
			}

der.endSequence();
		}

der.endSequence();
		der.endSequence();
	}

der.endSequence();
}

/*
 * Reads an ASN.1 BER bitfield out of the Buffer produced by doing
 * `BerReader#readString(asn1.Ber.BitString)`. That function gives us the raw
 * contents of the BitString tag, which is a count of unused bits followed by
 * the bits as a right-padded byte string.
 *
 * `bits` is the Buffer, `bitIndex` should contain an array of string names
 * for the bits in the string, ordered starting with bit #0 in the ASN.1 spec.
 *
 * Returns an array of Strings, the names of the bits that were set to 1.
 */
function readBitField(bits, bitIndex) {
	var bitLen = 8 * (bits.length - 1) - bits[0];
	var setBits = {};
	for (var i = 0; i < bitLen; ++i) {
		var byteN = 1 + Math.floor(i / 8);
		var bit = 7 - (i % 8);
		var mask = 1 << bit;
		var bitVal = ((bits[byteN] & mask) !== 0);
		var name = bitIndex[i];
		if (bitVal && typeof (name) === 'string') {
			setBits[name] = true;
		}
	}
	return (Object.keys(setBits));
}

/*
 * `setBits` is an array of strings, containing the names for each bit that
 * sould be set to 1. `bitIndex` is same as in `readBitField()`.
 *
 * Returns a Buffer, ready to be written out with `BerWriter#writeString()`.
 */
function writeBitField(setBits, bitIndex) {
	var bitLen = bitIndex.length;
	var blen = Math.ceil(bitLen / 8);
	var unused = blen * 8 - bitLen;
	var bits = Buffer.alloc(1 + blen); // zero-filled
	bits[0] = unused;
	for (var i = 0; i < bitLen; ++i) {
		var byteN = 1 + Math.floor(i / 8);
		var bit = 7 - (i % 8);
		var mask = 1 << bit;
		var name = bitIndex[i];
		if (name === undefined)
			continue;
		var bitVal = (setBits.indexOf(name) !== -1);
		if (bitVal) {
			bits[byteN] |= mask;
		}
	}
	return (bits);
}

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